The Experts below are selected from a list of 63 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Gary M. Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sucralose non carcinogenicity a review of the scientific and regulatory rationale
Nutrition and Cancer, 2016Co-Authors: Colin Berry, Lee V Grotz, Jerry F Hardisty, David Brusick, Samuel Monroe Cohen, Gary M. WilliamsAbstract:Regulatory authorities worldwide have found the Nonnutritive Sweetener, sucralose, to be noncarcinogenic, based on a range of studies. A review of these and other studies found through a comprehensive search of electronic databases, using appropriate key terms, was conducted and results of that review are reported here. An overview of the types of studies relied upon by regulatory agencies to assess carcinogenicity potential is also provided as context. Physiochemical and pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic studies confirm stability under conditions of use and reveal no metabolites of carcinogenic potential. In vitro and in vivo assays reveal no confirmed genotoxic activity. Long-term carcinogenicity studies in animal models provide no evidence of carcinogenic potential for sucralose. In studies in healthy adults, sucralose was well-tolerated and without evidence of toxicity or other changes that might suggest a potential for carcinogenic effects. In summary, sucralose does not demonstrate carcinogenic activity even when exposure levels are several orders of magnitude greater than the range of anticipated daily ingestion levels.
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aspartame a safety evaluation based on current use levels regulations and toxicological and epidemiological studies
Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2007Co-Authors: B A Magnuson, G A Burdock, John Doull, Rob Kroes, Gary M Marsh, M W Pariza, Peter S Spencer, William J Waddell, R Walker, Gary M. WilliamsAbstract:Aspartame is a methyl ester of a dipeptide used as a synthetic Nonnutritive Sweetener in over 90 countries worldwide in over 6000 products. The purpose of this investigation was to review the scientific literature on the absorption and metabolism, the current consumption levels worldwide, the toxicology, and recent epidemiological studies on aspartame. Current use levels of aspartame, even by high users in special subgroups, remains well below the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Food Safety Authority established acceptable daily intake levels of 50 and 40 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Consumption of large doses of aspartame in a single bolus dose will have an effect on some biochemical parameters, including plasma amino acid levels and brain neurotransmitter levels. The rise in plasma levels of phenylalanine and aspartic acid following administration of aspartame at doses less than or equal to 50 mg/kg bw do not exceed those observed postprandially. Acute, subacute and chronic toxicity studies with aspartame, and its decomposition products, conducted in mice, rats, hamsters and dogs have consistently found no adverse effect of aspartame with doses up to at least 4000 mg/kg bw/day. Critical review of all carcinogenicity studies conducted on aspartame found no credible evidence that aspartame is carcinogenic. The data from the extensive investigations into the possibility of neurotoxic effects of aspartame, in general, do not support the hypothesis that aspartame in the human diet will affect nervous system function, learning or behavior. Epidemiological studies on aspartame include several case-control studies and one well-conducted prospective epidemiological study with a large cohort, in which the consumption of aspartame was measured. The studies provide no evidence to support an association between aspartame and cancer in any tissue. The weight of existing evidence is that aspartame is safe at current levels of consumption as a Nonnutritive Sweetener.
Donald C. Beitz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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short term consumption of sucralose a Nonnutritive Sweetener is similar to water with regard to select markers of hunger signaling and short term glucose homeostasis in women
Nutrition Research, 2011Co-Authors: Andrew W. Brown, Michelle Bohan M Brown, Kristine L Onken, Donald C. BeitzAbstract:Abstract Nonnutritive Sweeteners have been used to lower the energy density of foods with the intention of affecting weight loss or weight maintenance. However, some epidemiological and animal evidence indicates an association between weight gain or insulin resistance and artificial Sweetener consumption. In the present study, we hypothesized that the Nonnutritive Sweetener sucralose, a trichlorinated sucrose molecule, would elicit responses similar to water but different from sucrose and sucrose combined with sucralose on subjective and hormonal indications of hunger and short-term glucose homeostasis. Eight female volunteers (body mass index, 22.16 ± 1.71 kg/m 2 ; age, 21.75 ± 2.25 years) consumed sucrose and/or sucralose in water in a factorial design. Blood samples were taken at fasting and 30 and 60 minutes after treatment followed by a standardized breakfast across treatments, and blood samples were taken 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after breakfast. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, insulin, glucagon, triacylglycerols (TAG), and acylated ghrelin. Perceptions of hunger and other subjective measurements were assessed before each blood sample. No differences were detected in subjective responses, circulating triacylglycerol, or glucagon concentrations among treatments over time. Significant differences were observed in insulin, glucose, and acylated ghrelin concentrations over time only between sucrose-containing treatments and non–sucrose-containing treatments regardless of sucralose consumption. Therefore, sucralose may be a relatively inert Nonnutritive Sweetener with regard to hunger signaling and short-term glucose homeostasis.
David B Thomas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of the carcinogenicity of the Nonnutritive Sweetener cyclamate
Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 1992Co-Authors: Farid E Ahmed, David B ThomasAbstract:AbstractThe weight of the evidence from metabolic studies, short-term tests, animal bioassays, and epidemiological studies indicates that cyclamate (CHS) is not carcinogenic by itself; however, there is evidence fromin vitro andin vivo studies in animals that implies it may have cancer-promoting or cocarcinogenic activity. Epidemiological studies indicate that the use of Nonnutritive Sweeteners (CHS and saccharin) has not resulted in a measurable overall increase in the risk of bladder cancer in individuals who have ever used these products. No epidemiological information exists on the possible associations of these Sweeteners and cancers other than those of the urinary tract. It is recommended that (1) no further studies on the metabolism of CHS to evaluate its carcinogenicity are required since no potentially hazardous metabolites have been appreciably detected in humans; (2) no further animal bioassays to test for the carcinogenicity of CHS by itself are necessary; (3) the studies in rodents that sugge...
Ormond A Macdougald - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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administration of saccharin to neonatal mice influences body composition of adult males and reduces body weight of females
Endocrinology, 2014Co-Authors: Sebastian D Parlee, Becky R Simon, Erica L Scheller, Emilyn U Alejandro, Brian S Learman, Venkatesh Krishnan, Ernesto Bernalmizrachi, Ormond A MacdougaldAbstract:Nutritional or pharmacological perturbations during perinatal growth can cause persistent effects on the function of white adipose tissue, altering susceptibility to obesity later in life. Previous studies have established that saccharin, a Nonnutritive Sweetener, inhibits lipolysis in mature adipocytes and stimulates adipogenesis. Thus, the current study tested whether neonatal exposure to saccharin via maternal lactation increased susceptibility of mice to diet-induced obesity. Saccharin decreased body weight of female mice beginning postnatal week 3. Decreased liver weights on week 14 corroborated this diminished body weight. Initially, saccharin also reduced male mouse body weight. By week 5, weights transiently rebounded above controls, and by week 14, male body weights did not differ. Body composition analysis revealed that saccharin increased lean and decreased fat mass of male mice, the latter due to decreased adipocyte size and epididymal, perirenal, and sc adipose weights. A mild improvement in glucose tolerance without a change in insulin sensitivity or secretion aligned with this leaner phenotype. Interestingly, microcomputed tomography analysis indicated that saccharin also increased cortical and trabecular bone mass of male mice and modified cortical bone alone in female mice. A modest increase in circulating testosterone may contribute to the leaner phenotype in male mice. Accordingly, the current study established a developmental period in which saccharin at high concentrations reduces adiposity and increases lean and bone mass in male mice while decreasing generalized growth in female mice.
Andrew W. Brown - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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short term consumption of sucralose a Nonnutritive Sweetener is similar to water with regard to select markers of hunger signaling and short term glucose homeostasis in women
Nutrition Research, 2011Co-Authors: Andrew W. Brown, Michelle Bohan M Brown, Kristine L Onken, Donald C. BeitzAbstract:Abstract Nonnutritive Sweeteners have been used to lower the energy density of foods with the intention of affecting weight loss or weight maintenance. However, some epidemiological and animal evidence indicates an association between weight gain or insulin resistance and artificial Sweetener consumption. In the present study, we hypothesized that the Nonnutritive Sweetener sucralose, a trichlorinated sucrose molecule, would elicit responses similar to water but different from sucrose and sucrose combined with sucralose on subjective and hormonal indications of hunger and short-term glucose homeostasis. Eight female volunteers (body mass index, 22.16 ± 1.71 kg/m 2 ; age, 21.75 ± 2.25 years) consumed sucrose and/or sucralose in water in a factorial design. Blood samples were taken at fasting and 30 and 60 minutes after treatment followed by a standardized breakfast across treatments, and blood samples were taken 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after breakfast. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, insulin, glucagon, triacylglycerols (TAG), and acylated ghrelin. Perceptions of hunger and other subjective measurements were assessed before each blood sample. No differences were detected in subjective responses, circulating triacylglycerol, or glucagon concentrations among treatments over time. Significant differences were observed in insulin, glucose, and acylated ghrelin concentrations over time only between sucrose-containing treatments and non–sucrose-containing treatments regardless of sucralose consumption. Therefore, sucralose may be a relatively inert Nonnutritive Sweetener with regard to hunger signaling and short-term glucose homeostasis.
