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E T Jones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into Forest biodiversity conservation in the pacific northwest
Forest Ecology and Management, 2007Co-Authors: Susan Charnley, Paige A Fischer, E T JonesAbstract:Abstract The potential for traditional and local ecological knowledge to contribute to biodiversity conservation has been widely recognized, but the actual application of this knowledge to biodiversity conservation is not easy. This paper synthesizes literature about traditional and local ecological knowledge and Forest management in the Pacific Northwest to evaluate what is needed to accomplish this goal. We address three topics: (1) views and values people have relating to biodiversity; (2) the resource use and management practices of local Forest users, and their effects on biodiversity; (3) models for integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into biodiversity conservation on public and private lands. We focus on the ecological knowledge of Forest users belonging to three groups who inhabit the region: American Indians, family Forest owners, and commercial Nontimber Forest Product harvesters. We argue that integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into Forest biodiversity conservation is most likely to be successful if the knowledge holders are directly engaged as active participants in these efforts. Although several promising models exist for how to integrate traditional and local ecological knowledge into Forest management, a number of social, economic, and policy constraints have prevented this knowledge from flourishing and being applied. These constraints should be addressed alongside any strategy for knowledge integration. Also needed is more information about how different groups of Forest practitioners are currently implementing traditional and local ecological knowledge in Forest use and management, and what the ecological outcomes are with regard to biodiversity.
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Nontimber Forest Products and biodiversity management in the pacific northwest
Forest Ecology and Management, 2007Co-Authors: E T Jones, Kathryn A LynchAbstract:Nontimber Forest Product harvesting in the Pacific Northwest is neither a new activity nor a disappearing relic of the pre-industrial era. Though the emphasis may have shifted from subsistence to commercial and recreational pursuits, harvesting and harvesters of wild species are still widespread throughout the region. Hundreds of businesses and thousands of harvesters earn part or all of their income from the harvests. Every year thousands of pounds and hundreds of Nontimber Forest Products valued in the hundreds of millions of dollars are harvested from regional public and private Forests. This harvesting of a large diversity of species represents a considerable subset of the overall terrestrial biodiversity in Pacific Northwest Forests. Despite widespread extraction, little investment in research, planning, or basic inventorying and monitoring has been done on Nontimber Forest Products. Without better information, land managers will be increasingly unable to make informed decisions on how to manage Nontimber Forest Product biodiversity sustainably as demand for Products increases.
Silva, Hugo Rody Vianna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phytochemistry prospection and evaluation of mutagenic, genotoxic and antioxidant activities from brazilian fig species - Ficus subg. Pharmacosycea (Miq.) Miq.
Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012Co-Authors: Silva, Hugo Rody ViannaAbstract:O gênero Ficus, representado por plantas popularmente conhecidas no Brasil como figueiras, constitui um dos maiores gêneros de angiospermas com mais de 800 espécies distribuídas nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais de todo o mundo. Existe grande interesse na pesquisa de produtos florestais não-madereiros de espécies do gênero Ficus, principalmente pelo fato de existirem vários relatos do uso tradicional dessas plantas como alimentos e medicamentos. Dada importância de se investigar a composição química e os efeitos toxicológicos de espécies vegetais utilizadas na medicina popular, o presente estudo visou a prospecção fitoquímica de extratos de folhas de quatro espécies de Ficus, bem como quantificação de polifenóis totais pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau, e avaliação da ação antioxidante utilizando o sistema β caroteno/ácido linoleico e método de captura do radical livre DPPH. Para três desses extratos foram avaliadas as atividades mutagênica pelo ensaio de mutação gênica reversa com Salmonella typhimurium, com e sem metabolização; e genotóxica pelo teste de clivagem plasmidial com o plasmídeo pUC18. A prospecção fitoquímica revelou metabólitos secundários das classes de taninos e flavonóides nos extratos das espécies de F. pulchella, F. adhatodifolia, F. nevesiae e F. obtusiuscula. Os extratos de F. pulchella e F. obtusiuscula apresentaram maiores teores de polifenóis totais (117 e 127,26 mg EAT/g, respectivamente) e também maiores potenciais antioxidantes avaliados pelos dois métodos utilizados neste estudo. No ensaio de mutação gênica reversa com Salmonella typhimurium, o extrato de F. pulchella foi considerado mutagênico para as linhagens TA98 (S9+ e S9-), TA100 (S9-) e TA102 (S9+). Os extratos de F. adhatodifolia e F. obtusiuscula foram considerados mutagênicos positivos apenas para a linhagem TA102 (S9+). Esses dois últimos extratos também apresentaram potencial genotóxico na dose de 1 mg, indicado pela diminuição da conformação superhelicoidal do DNA plasmidial. O efeito genotóxico do extrato de F. pulchella não pode ser avaliado devido ao não surgimento de bandas de DNA no gel de agarose, atribuída à degradação do DNA plasmidial por polifenóis. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam a presença de altos teores de compostos fenólicos nas quatro espécies de Ficus avaliadas, indicando possível atribuição de ação antioxidante a esses compostos presentes nos extratos hidrofílicos, sendo observada pelo método do -caroteno/ácido linoléico correlação entre o teor de polifenóis e atividade antioxidante. A detecção de ação mutagênica para as espécies F. pulchella, F. adhatodifolia e F. obtusiuscula e de efeito genotóxico para estas duas últimas dentro das doses avaliadas remete ao uso mais cauteloso dessas espécies na medicina popular, já que eles atuam diretamente sobre o DNA. Contudo, mais estudos devem ser realizados com estas espécies de Ficus para atestar sua potencial toxicidade.The genus Ficus, represented by plants popularly known as figs, makes up one of the largest genera of angiosperms with more than 800 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. There is great interest in the study of Nontimber Forest Product species of the genus Ficus, especially because there are several reports on the traditional use of these plants as food and medicine sources. Given the importance of investigating the chemical composition and toxicological effects of lant species used in folk medicine, the objective of this study was to explore phytochemical extracts of leaves from four species of Ficus, as well as quantify to total polyphenols by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and evaluate of antioxidant activity using the β-carotene/linoleic acid system and method for capture of the free radical DPPH. For three of these extracts the mutagenic activities were evaluated by the reverse mutation test with Salmonella typhimurium, with and without metabolization; and genotoxic potential on plasmid DNA pUC18. Phytochemical prospection revealed secondary metabolites of the classes of tannins and flavonoids in extracts of the species F. pulchella, F. adhatodifolia, F. nevesiae and F. obtusiuscula. The extracts of F. pulchella and F. obtusiuscula showed higher levels of total polyphenols (117 and 127.26 mg TAE/g, respectively) and higher antioxidant potential assessed by the two methods used in this study. In the test with Salmonella typhimurium, the extract of F. pulchella was considered mutagenic for the strains TA98 (S9+ and S9-), TA100 (S9-) and TA102 (S9+). The extracts of F. adhatodifolia and F. obtusiuscula were considered mutagenic only for the strain TA102 (S9+). These last two extracts also showed genotoxic effect in a dose of 1 mg, indicated by the decrease in superhelical conformation of the plasmid DNA. Genotoxic effects of the F. pulchella extract could not be assessed since no DNA bands were observed on the agarose gel, attributed to the degradation of plasmid DNA by polyphenols. Results obtained in this study indicate the presence of high levels of phenolic compounds in the four Ficus species evaluated, indicating the possible attribution of antioxidant action to these compounds present in hydrophilic extracts; was observed by the method of β-carotene/linoleic acid correlation between polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. The detection of mutagenic action for the species F. pulchella, F. adhatodifolia and F. obtusiuscula, and genotoxic effects for these last two in the doses evaluated indicates that these species should be used with care in folk medicine, because they act directly on DNA. However, further studies should be conducted with these Ficus species to confirm its potential toxicity
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Phytochemistry prospection and evaluation of mutagenic, genotoxic and antioxidant activities from brazilian fig species - Ficus subg. Pharmacosycea (Miq.) Miq.
'Departamento de Educacao UFV', 2012Co-Authors: Silva, Hugo Rody ViannaAbstract:O gênero Ficus, representado por plantas popularmente conhecidas no Brasil como figueiras, constitui um dos maiores gêneros de angiospermas com mais de 800 espécies distribuídas nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais de todo o mundo. Existe grande interesse na pesquisa de produtos florestais não-madereiros de espécies do gênero Ficus, principalmente pelo fato de existirem vários relatos do uso tradicional dessas plantas como alimentos e medicamentos. Dada importância de se investigar a composição química e os efeitos toxicológicos de espécies vegetais utilizadas na medicina popular, o presente estudo visou a prospecção fitoquímica de extratos de folhas de quatro espécies de Ficus, bem como quantificação de polifenóis totais pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau, e avaliação da ação antioxidante utilizando o sistema β caroteno/ácido linoleico e método de captura do radical livre DPPH. Para três desses extratos foram avaliadas as atividades mutagênica pelo ensaio de mutação gênica reversa com Salmonella typhimurium, com e sem metabolização; e genotóxica pelo teste de clivagem plasmidial com o plasmídeo pUC18. A prospecção fitoquímica revelou metabólitos secundários das classes de taninos e flavonóides nos extratos das espécies de F. pulchella, F. adhatodifolia, F. nevesiae e F. obtusiuscula. Os extratos de F. pulchella e F. obtusiuscula apresentaram maiores teores de polifenóis totais (117 e 127,26 mg EAT/g, respectivamente) e também maiores potenciais antioxidantes avaliados pelos dois métodos utilizados neste estudo. No ensaio de mutação gênica reversa com Salmonella typhimurium, o extrato de F. pulchella foi considerado mutagênico para as linhagens TA98 (S9+ e S9-), TA100 (S9-) e TA102 (S9+). Os extratos de F. adhatodifolia e F. obtusiuscula foram considerados mutagênicos positivos apenas para a linhagem TA102 (S9+). Esses dois últimos extratos também apresentaram potencial genotóxico na dose de 1 mg, indicado pela diminuição da conformação superhelicoidal do DNA plasmidial. O efeito genotóxico do extrato de F. pulchella não pode ser avaliado devido ao não surgimento de bandas de DNA no gel de agarose, atribuída à degradação do DNA plasmidial por polifenóis. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam a presença de altos teores de compostos fenólicos nas quatro espécies de Ficus avaliadas, indicando possível atribuição de ação antioxidante a esses compostos presentes nos extratos hidrofílicos, sendo observada pelo método do -caroteno/ácido linoléico correlação entre o teor de polifenóis e atividade antioxidante. A detecção de ação mutagênica para as espécies F. pulchella, F. adhatodifolia e F. obtusiuscula e de efeito genotóxico para estas duas últimas dentro das doses avaliadas remete ao uso mais cauteloso dessas espécies na medicina popular, já que eles atuam diretamente sobre o DNA. Contudo, mais estudos devem ser realizados com estas espécies de Ficus para atestar sua potencial toxicidade.The genus Ficus, represented by plants popularly known as figs, makes up one of the largest genera of angiosperms with more than 800 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. There is great interest in the study of Nontimber Forest Product species of the genus Ficus, especially because there are several reports on the traditional use of these plants as food and medicine sources. Given the importance of investigating the chemical composition and toxicological effects of lant species used in folk medicine, the objective of this study was to explore phytochemical extracts of leaves from four species of Ficus, as well as quantify to total polyphenols by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and evaluate of antioxidant activity using the β-carotene/linoleic acid system and method for capture of the free radical DPPH. For three of these extracts the mutagenic activities were evaluated by the reverse mutation test with Salmonella typhimurium, with and without metabolization; and genotoxic potential on plasmid DNA pUC18. Phytochemical prospection revealed secondary metabolites of the classes of tannins and flavonoids in extracts of the species F. pulchella, F. adhatodifolia, F. nevesiae and F. obtusiuscula. The extracts of F. pulchella and F. obtusiuscula showed higher levels of total polyphenols (117 and 127.26 mg TAE/g, respectively) and higher antioxidant potential assessed by the two methods used in this study. In the test with Salmonella typhimurium, the extract of F. pulchella was considered mutagenic for the strains TA98 (S9+ and S9-), TA100 (S9-) and TA102 (S9+). The extracts of F. adhatodifolia and F. obtusiuscula were considered mutagenic only for the strain TA102 (S9+). These last two extracts also showed genotoxic effect in a dose of 1 mg, indicated by the decrease in superhelical conformation of the plasmid DNA. Genotoxic effects of the F. pulchella extract could not be assessed since no DNA bands were observed on the agarose gel, attributed to the degradation of plasmid DNA by polyphenols. Results obtained in this study indicate the presence of high levels of phenolic compounds in the four Ficus species evaluated, indicating the possible attribution of antioxidant action to these compounds present in hydrophilic extracts; was observed by the method of β-carotene/linoleic acid correlation between polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. The detection of mutagenic action for the species F. pulchella, F. adhatodifolia and F. obtusiuscula, and genotoxic effects for these last two in the doses evaluated indicates that these species should be used with care in folk medicine, because they act directly on DNA. However, further studies should be conducted with these Ficus species to confirm its potential toxicity.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio
Kathryn A Lynch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nontimber Forest Products and biodiversity management in the pacific northwest
Forest Ecology and Management, 2007Co-Authors: E T Jones, Kathryn A LynchAbstract:Nontimber Forest Product harvesting in the Pacific Northwest is neither a new activity nor a disappearing relic of the pre-industrial era. Though the emphasis may have shifted from subsistence to commercial and recreational pursuits, harvesting and harvesters of wild species are still widespread throughout the region. Hundreds of businesses and thousands of harvesters earn part or all of their income from the harvests. Every year thousands of pounds and hundreds of Nontimber Forest Products valued in the hundreds of millions of dollars are harvested from regional public and private Forests. This harvesting of a large diversity of species represents a considerable subset of the overall terrestrial biodiversity in Pacific Northwest Forests. Despite widespread extraction, little investment in research, planning, or basic inventorying and monitoring has been done on Nontimber Forest Products. Without better information, land managers will be increasingly unable to make informed decisions on how to manage Nontimber Forest Product biodiversity sustainably as demand for Products increases.
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National Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry By
2004Co-Authors: Kathryn A Lynch, Eric T. Jones, Rebecca J. MclainAbstract:This document explores the potential of collaborative approaches for Nontimber Forest Product inventory and monitoring in the United States. It begins by reviewing results of a federal and state survey that documented inventory and monitoring efforts for Nontimber Forest Products in the United States. The surveys show that the majority of NTFP-related inventory and monitoring on National Forests and state Forests consists of non-scientific forms of monitoring, such as tracking permits, general site inspections, and informal visual checks of harvest areas. We argue that broadening participation in inventory and monitoring efforts can provide managers and policymakers with the data needed to develop and maintain sustainable NTFP management programs in an era of declining Forest management budgets and staffing levels. Our fieldwork with NTFP harvesters identified several characteristics of harvesters and their work that could be compatible with or enhance inventory and monitoring efforts. In addition, harvester perspectives regarding incentives for participation are discussed. Profiles of eight participatory inventory and monitoring projects illustrate how this concept has already been put into practice. We then draw on our ethnographic research and results from four regional workshops to explore the barriers to involving harvesters in inventory and monitoring of NTFP species. In testing the idea of collaboration, we found that NTFP stakeholders are generally supportive of th
Manuel Ruiz Perez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Balancing development and conservation? An assessment of livelihood and environmental outcomes of Nontimber Forest Product Trade in Research, part of a Special Feature on Navigating tradeoffs Balancing Development an
2020Co-Authors: Latin America Africa, Ramadhani Achdiawan, B. Belcher, Koen Kusters, Ruiz M Perez, Manuel Ruiz PerezAbstract:ABSTRACT. This article addresses the question, to what extent and under which conditions Nontimber Forest Product (NTFP) trade leads to both livelihood improvement and Forest conservation. We based the analysis on a standardized expert-judgment assessment of the livelihood and environmental outcomes of 55 cases of NTFP trade from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The results show that NTFP trade benefits several components of peoples' livelihoods, but may increase inequality between households. Involvement of women in the Production-to-consumption system (PCS) tends to have a positive impact on intrahousehold equity. In 80% of the cases, the commercial Production of NTFPs does not enable people to make financial investments to increase quality and quantity of Production, limiting the potential for development. In our set of cases, commercial extraction from the wild, without further management, tends to lead to resource depletion. NTFP Production systems are generally considered to have lower environmental values than natural Forest, but do contribute positively to the environmental values in the landscape. We found that higher livelihood outcomes are associated with lower environmental outcomes and conclude that NTFP trade is not likely to reconcile development and conservation of natural Forest
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balancing development and conservation an assessment of livelihood and environmental outcomes of Nontimber Forest Product trade in asia africa and latin america
Ecology and Society, 2006Co-Authors: Koen Kusters, Ramadhani Achdiawan, B. Belcher, Manuel Ruiz PerezAbstract:This article addresses the question, to what extent and under which conditions Nontimber Forest Product (NTFP) trade leads to both livelihood improvement and Forest conservation. We based the analysis on a standardized expert-judgment assessment of the livelihood and environmental outcomes of 55 cases of NTFP trade from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The results show that NTFP trade benefits several components of peoples' livelihoods, but may increase inequality between households. Involvement of women in the Production-to-consumption system (PCS) tends to have a positive impact on intrahousehold equity. In 80% of the cases, the commercial Production of NTFPs does not enable people to make financial investments to increase quality and quantity of Production, limiting the potential for development. In our set of cases, commercial extraction from the wild, without further management, tends to lead to resource depletion. NTFP Production systems are generally considered to have lower environmental values than natural Forest, but do contribute positively to the environmental values in the landscape. We found that higher livelihood outcomes are associated with lower environmental outcomes and conclude that NTFP trade is not likely to reconcile development and conservation of natural Forest.
Jim Del Alcazar Chilo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trade-offs among Forest value components in community Forests of southwestern Amazonia
Ecology and Society, 2014Co-Authors: Christopher Baraloto, Paula Alverga, Sufer Baéz Quispe, Grenville Barnes, Nino Bejar Chura, Izaias Brasil Da Silva, Wendeson Castro, Harrison Da Souza, Iracema Elisabeth De Souza Moll, Jim Del Alcazar ChiloAbstract:Contemporary conservation interventions must balance potential trade-offs between multiple ecosystem services. In tropical Forests, much attention has focused on the extent to which carbon-based conservation provided by REDD+ policies can also mitigate biodiversity conservation. In the nearly one-third of tropical Forests that are community owned or managed, conservation strategies must also balance the multiple uses of Forest Products that support local livelihoods. Although much discussion has focused on policy options, little empirical evidence exists to evaluate the potential for trade-offs among different tropical Forest value components. We assessed multiple components of Forest value, including tree diversity, carbon stocks, and both timber and Nontimber Forest Product resources, in Forest communities across the trinational frontier of Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. We installed 69 0.5-ha vegetation plots in local communities, and we characterized 15 components of Forest value for each plot. Principal components analyses revealed two major axes of Forest value, the first of which defined a trade-off between diversity of woody plant communities (taxonomic and functional) versus aboveground biomass and standing timber volume. The second axis described abundance of commercial species, with strong positive loadings for density of timber and Nontimber Forest Products, including Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) and copaiba oil (Copaifera spp.). The observed trade-off between different components of Forest value suggests a potential for management conflicts prioritizing biodiversity conservation versus carbon stocks in the region. We discuss the potential for integrative indices of Forest value for tropical Forest conservation.
