The Experts below are selected from a list of 42876 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jikun Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does the application of ICTs facilitate rural economic transformation in China? Empirical evidence from the use of smartphones among farmers
Journal of Asian Economics, 2020Co-Authors: Shi Min, Min Liu, Jikun HuangAbstract:Abstract This paper investigates the role of information communication technologies (ICTs) in the transformation of rural economies by evaluating the use of smartphones among farmers in China. We use unique three-wave panel data to document the transformation path of rural economies in recent years. An endogenous switching probit model and a counterfactual analysis are applied to estimate the effects of smartphone use. The results show that from 2008 to 2015, rural economies in China could be characterized by the following three aspects: a) increased off-Farm Employment, b) expanded grain cultivation, and c) decreased crop diversification. The estimation results indicate that the use of smartphones among farmers had significant impacts on the transformation of rural economies by facilitating the off-Farm Employment of the farmers' family members, the cultivation of nongrain crops and crop specialization. These findings complement the empirical evidence on the role of ICTs, particularly smartphones, in the development of rural economies in China and other developing countries.
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off-Farm Employment and agricultural specialization in China
China Economic Review, 2017Co-Authors: Xiaobing Wang, Jikun Huang, Scott RozelleAbstract:Abstract While it is well known that China's off farm labor market is emerging rapidly, less is known about the effect of movement off the farm on the farming practices of those that have continued to farm. The overall goal of this paper is to analyze the effects of changes in China's off farm Employment on one aspect of the performance of China's agricultural sector: the emergence of specialization in farming. To achieve this goal, we have three specific objectives. First, we document the changes in the flow of labor out of China's villages. Second, we examine how specialization in farming has changed over time. Third, we examine the association between off farm labor flows and specialization. Using panel data from a national representative data collected by the authors between 1999 and 2008, the analysis finds that off farm Employment is indeed rising rapidly. At the same time, specialization is occurring off and on the farm. There is a strong and robust correlation between off farm Employment and on farm specialization. The results imply that China's agriculture has responded dynamically to the modernization happening elsewhere in the economy.
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Gender and off-Farm Employment： Evidence from Rural China
China & World Economy, 2016Co-Authors: Xiaobing Wang, Linxiu Zhang, Jikun Huang, Linghui Han, Scott RozelleAbstract:The goal of the present paper is to examine how the expansion of the economy from 2000 has affected rural off-Farm labor market participation. Specifically, we seek to determine whether off-Farm labor increased after 2000, what forms of Employment are driving trends in off-Farm labor and whether gender differences can be observed in off-Farm Employment trends. Using a nationally representative dataset that consist of two waves of surveys conducted in 2000 and 2008 in six provinces, this paper finds that off-Farm labor market participation continued to rise steadily in the early 2000s. However, there is a clear difference in the trends associated with occupational choice before and after 2000. In addition, we find that rural off-Farm Employment trends are different for men and women. Our analysis also shows that the rise of wage-earning Employment corresponds with an increasing unskilled wage for both men and women.
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The bittersweet fruits of industrialization in rural China: The cost of environment and the benefit from off-Farm Employment
China Economic Review, 2016Co-Authors: Ying Liu, Jikun Huang, Precious ZikhaliAbstract:While it is widely accepted that industrialization has brought both environmental pollution and economic growth in rural areas of China, very little is known about whether the negative effects of industrial pollution on rural residents have been proportionally offset by positive effects due to improvements in off-Farm income. This paper improves our understanding of these tradeoffs by conducting an empirical analysis based on a set of nationwide panel data collected in 2008 and 2012 and covering five provinces, 101 villages, and 2020 households. Evidence is found to suggest that it is not always the case that rural households that are affected by pollution reap the off-Farm Employment benefits associated with industrialization. Specifically, although industrial pollution incidence is found to be positively related with the level of local off-Farm Employment, this relationship is statistically insignificant when migrant labor is included. It can be explained as areas that less economically benefited from industrialization tent to have more labors migrated out and the average annual wage income of one migrant labor is much higher than that of local off-Farm labor.
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Impact of the Global Financial Crisis in Rural China: Gender, off-Farm Employment, and Wages
Feminist Economics, 2013Co-Authors: Huayong Zhi, Jikun Huang, Scott Rozelle, Zhurong Huang, Andrew MasonAbstract:This contribution documents the effect of the global financial crisis on women's off-Farm Employment in China's rural labor force. It begins by comparing the difference between the actual off-Farm Employment rate and the off-Farm Employment rate under the assumption of “business as usual” (BAU – a counterfactual of what off-Farm Employment would have been in the absence of the crisis). The study also examines how the impact of the financial crisis hit different segments of the rural off-Farm labor market. Using a primary dataset, the study found that the global financial crisis affected women workers. By April 2009, there was a 5.3 percentage point difference between off-Farm Employment under BAU and actual off-Farm Employment for women, and the monthly wages of women declined. Most of this impact affected migrant wage earners; however, the impact did not fall disproportionately on women. The recovery of women's Employment was as fast as that of men's Employment.
Scott Rozelle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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off-Farm Employment and agricultural specialization in China
China Economic Review, 2017Co-Authors: Xiaobing Wang, Jikun Huang, Scott RozelleAbstract:Abstract While it is well known that China's off farm labor market is emerging rapidly, less is known about the effect of movement off the farm on the farming practices of those that have continued to farm. The overall goal of this paper is to analyze the effects of changes in China's off farm Employment on one aspect of the performance of China's agricultural sector: the emergence of specialization in farming. To achieve this goal, we have three specific objectives. First, we document the changes in the flow of labor out of China's villages. Second, we examine how specialization in farming has changed over time. Third, we examine the association between off farm labor flows and specialization. Using panel data from a national representative data collected by the authors between 1999 and 2008, the analysis finds that off farm Employment is indeed rising rapidly. At the same time, specialization is occurring off and on the farm. There is a strong and robust correlation between off farm Employment and on farm specialization. The results imply that China's agriculture has responded dynamically to the modernization happening elsewhere in the economy.
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Gender and off-Farm Employment： Evidence from Rural China
China & World Economy, 2016Co-Authors: Xiaobing Wang, Linxiu Zhang, Jikun Huang, Linghui Han, Scott RozelleAbstract:The goal of the present paper is to examine how the expansion of the economy from 2000 has affected rural off-Farm labor market participation. Specifically, we seek to determine whether off-Farm labor increased after 2000, what forms of Employment are driving trends in off-Farm labor and whether gender differences can be observed in off-Farm Employment trends. Using a nationally representative dataset that consist of two waves of surveys conducted in 2000 and 2008 in six provinces, this paper finds that off-Farm labor market participation continued to rise steadily in the early 2000s. However, there is a clear difference in the trends associated with occupational choice before and after 2000. In addition, we find that rural off-Farm Employment trends are different for men and women. Our analysis also shows that the rise of wage-earning Employment corresponds with an increasing unskilled wage for both men and women.
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Impact of the Global Financial Crisis in Rural China: Gender, off-Farm Employment, and Wages
Feminist Economics, 2013Co-Authors: Huayong Zhi, Jikun Huang, Scott Rozelle, Zhurong Huang, Andrew MasonAbstract:This contribution documents the effect of the global financial crisis on women's off-Farm Employment in China's rural labor force. It begins by comparing the difference between the actual off-Farm Employment rate and the off-Farm Employment rate under the assumption of “business as usual” (BAU – a counterfactual of what off-Farm Employment would have been in the absence of the crisis). The study also examines how the impact of the financial crisis hit different segments of the rural off-Farm labor market. Using a primary dataset, the study found that the global financial crisis affected women workers. By April 2009, there was a 5.3 percentage point difference between off-Farm Employment under BAU and actual off-Farm Employment for women, and the monthly wages of women declined. Most of this impact affected migrant wage earners; however, the impact did not fall disproportionately on women. The recovery of women's Employment was as fast as that of men's Employment.
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the effect of off farm Employment on the decisions of households to rent out and rent in cultivated land in china
China Agricultural Economic Review, 2012Co-Authors: Jikun Huang, Liangliang Gao, Scott RozelleAbstract:Purpose - Developing nations need good cultivated land rental markets to foster rational resource use and to enhance productivity and equity. Can cultivated land rental markets emerge in the face of rapidly developing off-Farm labor markets? The purpose of this paper is to measure the correlation between the emergence of off-Farm Employment and cultivated land rental in China. Design/methodology/approach - Based on a panel data from 2000 and 2008, the authors constructed econometric models to identify the impact of off-Farm Employment on the decisions of households to rent out and rent in cultivated land. Findings - This paper finds that the emergence of off-Farm Employment has significant and positive impacts on stimulating household to rent out cultivated land. The effect is less prominent for renting-in decisions. Originality/value - The paper empirically estimates the impacts of off-Farm Employment on cultivated land rent markets based on a unique panel data set from a national representative sample.
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The effect of off‐farm Employment on the decisions of households to rent out and rent in cultivated land in China
China Agricultural Economic Review, 2012Co-Authors: Jikun Huang, Liangliang Gao, Scott RozelleAbstract:Purpose - Developing nations need good cultivated land rental markets to foster rational resource use and to enhance productivity and equity. Can cultivated land rental markets emerge in the face of rapidly developing off-Farm labor markets? The purpose of this paper is to measure the correlation between the emergence of off-Farm Employment and cultivated land rental in China. Design/methodology/approach - Based on a panel data from 2000 and 2008, the authors constructed econometric models to identify the impact of off-Farm Employment on the decisions of households to rent out and rent in cultivated land. Findings - This paper finds that the emergence of off-Farm Employment has significant and positive impacts on stimulating household to rent out cultivated land. The effect is less prominent for renting-in decisions. Originality/value - The paper empirically estimates the impacts of off-Farm Employment on cultivated land rent markets based on a unique panel data set from a national representative sample.
Linxiu Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does road accessibility benefit rural poor? Evidence on the extent of household off-Farm Employment from 2004 to 2018
China Agricultural Economic Review, 2021Co-Authors: Yunli Bai, Tianhao Zhou, Linxiu ZhangAbstract:PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of infrastructure on the income growth and poverty reduction of rural household in China by estimating the impact of road accessibility on the extent of household off-Farm Employment and its heterogeneous effects among the groups with different income level and earning capacity.Design/methodology/approachUsing nationally representative panel data collected in 100 villages about 2000 households across five provinces in 2005, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2019. This study adopts Tobit model with panel data, zero-inflated Poisson model and static nonbalanced panel model to yield consistent results.FindingsWe find that road accessibility generally has no effect on the number of off-Farm laborers and duration of off-Farm Employment. However, road accessibility is not beneficial for the households in the low-income villages or with low educational attainment, but it benefits the households in the high-income villages by promoting local off-Farm Employment or with high educational attainment by increasing the duration of migrant off-Farm Employment.Originality/valueThis study identifies the heterogeneous effects of road accessibility on the extent of off-Farm Employment among rural households, which narrows the research gap and enriches the literature. The empirical findings imply that road accessibility widens the gap between rich and poor in off-Farm Employment, which is of great important to the alleviation of relative poverty after 2020 in China.
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off farm Employment land renting and concentration of farmland in the process of urbanization chinese evidence
China Agricultural Economic Review, 2018Co-Authors: Tor Eriksson, Linxiu ZhangAbstract:Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of off-Farm Employment on the concentration of farmland via households’ land rental activities in rural China. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses Probit and Tobit models to estimate the effect of off-Farm Employment on land rental activities. Furthermore, the paper compares the degree of land concentration between pre-renting and post-renting in terms of Gini coefficients of farmland ownership at village level. Findings The authors find that off-Farm Employment has a positive effect on the renting out farmland, and insignificant effect on renting in farmland. Moreover, off-Farm Employment intensifies the concentration of farmland from small farms toward big farms by renting activities. Originality/value The authors believe that the results will contribute positively to the assessment of the effect of off-Farm Employment on land concentration in the context of the urbanization process in China.
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off-Farm Employment over the past four decades in rural China
China Agricultural Economic Review, 2018Co-Authors: Linxiu Zhang, Yongqing Dong, Chengfang Liu, Yunli BaiAbstract:The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the trend of off-Farm Employment in rural China over the past four decades since the reform and opening-up.,Using two sets of panel survey data, the China National Rural Survey conducted in 2000 and 2008, and the China Rural Development Survey conducted in 2005, 2008, 2012 and 2016, this study offers a re-visit of China’s off-Farm Employment to give us the latest information about its evolution and whether rural labor markets have developed in a way that will allow them to facilitate the transformation of China’s economy more effectively. The evolution of off-Farm Employment is further examined through decomposition of types, destinations, industries, and population sub-groups as well as the change in the wage rate.,The data show the rapid increase in rural labor activities over the whole study period. Most notably, the authors findnd that a rapid rise in off-Farm Employment has continued even until after 2008 and into the mid-2010s, which is a time when some feared that macroeconomic conditions might keep rural residents on the farm or drive them back to the farm. In the disaggregation of labor market trends, the authors show that labor markets are acting consistently with an economy that is in transition from being dominated by agriculture to being dominated by other forms of production and with a population that is consistently becoming more urban.,The authors believe that the results will contribute positively to the exploration of answers to the question whether or not rural labor markets have developed in a way that will allow them to facilitate the transformation of China’s economy more effectively over the last four decades.
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Gender and off-Farm Employment： Evidence from Rural China
China & World Economy, 2016Co-Authors: Xiaobing Wang, Linxiu Zhang, Jikun Huang, Linghui Han, Scott RozelleAbstract:The goal of the present paper is to examine how the expansion of the economy from 2000 has affected rural off-Farm labor market participation. Specifically, we seek to determine whether off-Farm labor increased after 2000, what forms of Employment are driving trends in off-Farm labor and whether gender differences can be observed in off-Farm Employment trends. Using a nationally representative dataset that consist of two waves of surveys conducted in 2000 and 2008 in six provinces, this paper finds that off-Farm labor market participation continued to rise steadily in the early 2000s. However, there is a clear difference in the trends associated with occupational choice before and after 2000. In addition, we find that rural off-Farm Employment trends are different for men and women. Our analysis also shows that the rise of wage-earning Employment corresponds with an increasing unskilled wage for both men and women.
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How Off‐farm Employment Affects Technical Efficiency of China's Farms: The Case of Jiangsu
China & World Economy, 2016Co-Authors: Linxiu Zhang, Tor Eriksson, Chengfang LiuAbstract:Using three-wave survey data for four villages of Jiangsu Province in China, the present paper examines whether and to what extent off-Farm Employment affects the technical efficiency of agricultural production. The level of technical efficiency is measured using a stochastic frontier production function approach. Based on estimation results from instrumental variable panel quantile regressions we find that there is a positive significant effect of off-Farm Employment on the level of farm technical efficiency. We also find that fragmentation of farmland is a barrier to the improvement of technical efficiency. In addition, we find a downward trend in the level of agricultural technical efficiency among our sample. Therefore, the Chinese Government should stimulate agricultural mechanization and the development of farming techniques to improve technical efficiency in the context of increasing off-Farm Employment.
Adrian Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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off-Farm Employment, land, and life cycle: transmigrant households in South Sumatra, Indonesia.
Economic geography, 1994Co-Authors: Thomas R. Leinbach, Adrian SmithAbstract:This paper examines the role that off-Farm Employment (OFE) plays in the restructuring of peasant economies. In particular we examine the incidence and pattern of labor allocation as it relates to landownership and family life cycle (FLC) stages in the Indonesian transmigration program....Using a sample of South Sumatran transmigration schemes our findings show that both size of landholdings and the life cycle stage of the family influence labor allocation decisions....The results show how landownership and other means of production can influence the trade-off between childrens education and the use of child labor at various stages in the FLC."
Thomas R. Leinbach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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off-Farm Employment, land, and life cycle: transmigrant households in South Sumatra, Indonesia.
Economic geography, 1994Co-Authors: Thomas R. Leinbach, Adrian SmithAbstract:This paper examines the role that off-Farm Employment (OFE) plays in the restructuring of peasant economies. In particular we examine the incidence and pattern of labor allocation as it relates to landownership and family life cycle (FLC) stages in the Indonesian transmigration program....Using a sample of South Sumatran transmigration schemes our findings show that both size of landholdings and the life cycle stage of the family influence labor allocation decisions....The results show how landownership and other means of production can influence the trade-off between childrens education and the use of child labor at various stages in the FLC."
