Olfactory Receptor

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Valeria Giandomenico - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Barry W. Ache - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Intrinsically bursting Olfactory Receptor neurons.
    Journal of neurophysiology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Yuriy V. Bobkov, Barry W. Ache
    Abstract:

    Rhythmically bursting neurons are fundamental to neuronal network function but typically are not considered in the context of primary sensory signaling. We now report intrinsically bursting lobster primary Olfactory Receptor neurons that respond to odors with a phase-dependent burst of action potentials. Rhythmic odor input as might be generated by sniffing entrains the intrinsic bursting rhythm in a concentration-dependent manner and presumably synchronizes the ensemble of bursting cells. We suggest such intrinsically bursting Olfactory Receptor cells provide a novel way for encoding odor information.

  • Presynaptic inhibition of Olfactory Receptor neurons in crustaceans.
    Microscopy Research and Technique, 2002
    Co-Authors: Matt Wachowiak, Lawrence B. Cohen, Barry W. Ache
    Abstract:

    Presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release from primary sensory afferents is a common strategy for regulating sensory input to the arthropod central nervous system. In the Olfactory system, presynaptic inhibition of Olfactory Receptor neurons has been long suspected, but until recently could not be demonstrated directly because of the difficulty in recording from the afferent nerve terminals. A preparation using the isolated but intact brain of the spiny lobster in combination with voltage-sensitive dye staining has allowed stimulus-evoked responses of Olfactory Receptor axons to be recorded selectively with optical imaging methods. This approach has provided the first direct physiological evidence for presynaptic inhibition of Olfactory Receptor neurons. As in other arthropod sensory systems, the cellular mechanism underlying presynaptic afferent inhibition appears to be a reduction of action potential amplitude in the axon terminal. In the spiny lobster, two inhibitory transmitters, GABA and histamine, can independently mediate presynaptic inhibition. GABA- and histaminergic interneurons in the lobster Olfactory lobe (the target of Olfactory Receptor neurons) constitute dual, functionally distinct inhibitory pathways that are likely to play different roles in regulating primary Olfactory input to the CNS. Presynaptic inhibition in the vertebrate Olfactory system is also mediated by dual inhibitory pathways, but via a different cellular mechanism. Thus, it is possible that presynaptic inhibition of primary Olfactory afferents evolved independently in vertebrates and invertebrates to fill a common, fundamental role in processing Olfactory information. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:365–375, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  • Presynaptic inhibition of Olfactory Receptor neurons in crustaceans.
    Microscopy research and technique, 2002
    Co-Authors: Matt Wachowiak, Lawrence B. Cohen, Barry W. Ache
    Abstract:

    Presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release from primary sensory afferents is a common strategy for regulating sensory input to the arthropod central nervous system. In the Olfactory system, presynaptic inhibition of Olfactory Receptor neurons has been long suspected, but until recently could not be demonstrated directly because of the difficulty in recording from the afferent nerve terminals. A preparation using the isolated but intact brain of the spiny lobster in combination with voltage-sensitive dye staining has allowed stimulus-evoked responses of Olfactory Receptor axons to be recorded selectively with optical imaging methods. This approach has provided the first direct physiological evidence for presynaptic inhibition of Olfactory Receptor neurons. As in other arthropod sensory systems, the cellular mechanism underlying presynaptic afferent inhibition appears to be a reduction of action potential amplitude in the axon terminal. In the spiny lobster, two inhibitory transmitters, GABA and histamine, can independently mediate presynaptic inhibition. GABA- and histaminergic interneurons in the lobster Olfactory lobe (the target of Olfactory Receptor neurons) constitute dual, functionally distinct inhibitory pathways that are likely to play different roles in regulating primary Olfactory input to the CNS. Presynaptic inhibition in the vertebrate Olfactory system is also mediated by dual inhibitory pathways, but via a different cellular mechanism. Thus, it is possible that presynaptic inhibition of primary Olfactory afferents evolved independently in vertebrates and invertebrates to fill a common, fundamental role in processing Olfactory information.

  • Organizational Complexity in Lobster Olfactory Receptor Cellsa
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1998
    Co-Authors: Barry W. Ache, Steven D. Munger, A. B. Zhainazarov
    Abstract:

    : The current working model of transduction in lobster Olfactory Receptor cells suggests that: (1) inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) is the excitatory Olfactory second messenger in these cells; (2) activation of the cell also involves a secondary, current-carrying channel; and (3) the phosphoinositol pathway works in parallel to a second, cyclic nucleotide-mediated signaling pathway that provides input of opposite polarity into the cell. The complexity of intracellular signaling in lobster Olfactory Receptor cells renders the cells capable of fine tuning, and even integrating, the signal they send to the brain.

  • SODIUM-GATED CATION CHANNEL IMPLICATED IN THE ACTIVATION OF LOBSTER Olfactory Receptor NEURONS
    Journal of Neurophysiology, 1998
    Co-Authors: A. B. Zhainazarov, Richard E. Doolin, Barry W. Ache
    Abstract:

    Zhainazarov, Aslbek B., Richard E. Doolin, and Barry W. Ache. Sodium-gated cation channel implicated in the activation of lobster Olfactory Receptor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1349–1359, 1998. The role of Na+-activated channels in cellular function, if any, is still elusive. We have attempted to implicate a Na+-activated nonselective cation channel in the activation of lobster Olfactory Receptor neurons. We show that a Na+-activated channel occurs in the odor-detecting outer dendrites. With the use of pharmacological blockers of the channel together with ion substitution, we show that a substantial part of the odor-evoked depolarization in these cells can be ascribed to a Na+-activated conductance. We hypothesize, therefore, that the Na+-activated channel amplifies the Receptor current as a result of being secondarily activated by the primary odor transduction pathway.

Richard Benton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Olfactory Receptor pseudo-pseudogenes
    Nature, 2016
    Co-Authors: Lucia L. Prieto-godino, Raphael Rytz, Beno�te Bargeton, J. R. Argüello, Matteo Dal Peraro, Liliane Abuin, Richard Benton
    Abstract:

    Drosophila sechellia, a species closely related to the model species Drosophila melanogaster, bypasses a premature stop codon in neuronal cells to express a functional Olfactory Receptor protein from an assumed pseudogene template. Pseudogenes—genes that have accumulated premature termination codons (PTC)—are considered 'junk' DNA. They may produce regulatory RNAs or small polypeptidic fragments but no functional protein, or so it was thought. Here Richard Benton and colleagues report that the Ir75a pseudogene in Drosophila sechelia encodes a functional Olfactory Receptor as a consequence of efficient translational read-through of its PTC, exclusively in neurons. The authors go on to identify several other such 'pseudo-pseudogenes' that act as functional genes despite PTCs, among different Olfactory Receptor families and various species, which suggests that genome annotation should be reconsidered, especially with respect to PTC-containing disease genes. Pseudogenes are generally considered to be non-functional DNA sequences that arise through nonsense or frame-shift mutations of protein-coding genes1. Although certain pseudogene-derived RNAs have regulatory roles2, and some pseudogene fragments are translated3, no clear functions for pseudogene-derived proteins are known. Olfactory Receptor families contain many pseudogenes, which reflect low selection pressures on loci no longer relevant to the fitness of a species4. Here we report the characterization of a pseudogene in the chemosensory variant ionotropic glutamate Receptor repertoire5,6 of Drosophila sechellia, an insect endemic to the Seychelles that feeds almost exclusively on the ripe fruit of Morinda citrifolia7. This locus, D. sechellia Ir75a, bears a premature termination codon (PTC) that appears to be fixed in the population. However, D. sechellia Ir75a encodes a functional Receptor, owing to efficient translational read-through of the PTC. Read-through is detected only in neurons and is independent of the type of termination codon, but depends on the sequence downstream of the PTC. Furthermore, although the intact Drosophila melanogaster Ir75a orthologue detects acetic acid—a chemical cue important for locating fermenting food8,9 found only at trace levels in Morinda fruit10—D. sechellia Ir75a has evolved distinct odour-tuning properties through amino-acid changes in its ligand-binding domain. We identify functional PTC-containing loci within different Olfactory Receptor repertoires and species, suggesting that such ‘pseudo-pseudogenes’ could represent a widespread phenomenon.

  • Olfactory Receptor pseudo-pseudogenes
    Nature, 2016
    Co-Authors: Lucia L. Prieto-godino, Raphael Rytz, Beno�te Bargeton, J. R. Argüello, Matteo Dal Peraro, Liliane Abuin, Richard Benton
    Abstract:

    Pseudogenes are generally considered to be non-functional DNA sequences that arise through nonsense or frame-shift mutations of protein-coding genes1. Although certain pseudogene-derived RNAs have regulatory roles2, and some pseudogene fragments are translated3, no clear functions for pseudogene-derived proteins are known. Olfactory Receptor families contain many pseudogenes, which reflect low selection pressures on loci no longer relevant to the fitness of a species4. Here we report the characterization of a pseudogene in the chemosensory variant ionotropic glutamate Receptor repertoire5, 6 of Drosophila sechellia, an insect endemic to the Seychelles that feeds almost exclusively on the ripe fruit of Morinda citrifolia7. This locus, D. sechellia Ir75a, bears a premature termination codon (PTC) that appears to be fixed in the population. However, D. sechellia Ir75a encodes a functional Receptor, owing to efficient translational read-through of the PTC. Read-through is detected only in neurons and is independent of the type of termination codon, but depends on the sequence downstream of the PTC. Furthermore, although the intact Drosophila melanogaster Ir75a orthologue detects acetic acid—a chemical cue important for locating fermenting food8, 9 found only at trace levels in Morinda fruit10—D. sechellia Ir75a has evolved distinct odour-tuning properties through amino-acid changes in its ligand-binding domain. We identify functional PTC-containing loci within different Olfactory Receptor repertoires and species, suggesting that such ‘pseudo-pseudogenes’ could represent a widespread phenomenon.

  • Visualizing Olfactory Receptor expression and localization in Drosophila.
    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton N.J.), 2013
    Co-Authors: Michael Saina, Richard Benton
    Abstract:

    Odor detection and discrimination by Olfactory systems in vertebrates and invertebrates depend both on the selective expression of individual Olfactory Receptor genes in subpopulations of Olfactory sensory neurons, and on the targeting of the encoded proteins to the exposed, ciliated endings of sensory dendrites. Techniques to visualize the expression and localization of Olfactory Receptor gene products in vivo have been essential to reveal the molecular logic of peripheral odor coding and to permit investigation of the developmental and cellular neurobiology of this sensory system. Here, we describe methods for detection of Olfactory Receptor transcripts and proteins in the antennal Olfactory organ of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, an important genetic model organism. We include protocols both for antennal cryosections and whole-mount antennae. These methods can be adapted for detection of Receptor expression in other Olfactory and gustatory tissues in Drosophila, as well as in the chemosensory systems of other insects.

Gordon M. Shepherd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Olfactory Receptor family album
    Genome biology, 2001
    Co-Authors: Chiquito J. Crasto, Michael S. Singer, Gordon M. Shepherd
    Abstract:

    Analysis of the human genome draft sequences has revealed a more complete portrait of the Olfactory Receptor gene repertoire in humans than was available previously. The new information provides a basis for deeper analysis of the functions of the Receptors, and promises new insights into the evolutionary history of the family.

  • Olfactory Receptor Database: a sensory chemoReceptor resource
    Nucleic acids research, 2000
    Co-Authors: Emmanouil Skoufos, Luis N. Marenco, Prakash M. Nadkarni, Perry L. Miller, Gordon M. Shepherd
    Abstract:

    The Olfactory Receptor Database (ORDB) is a WWW-accessible database that has been expanded from an Olfactory Receptor resource to a chemoReceptor resource. It stores data on six classes of G-protein-coupled sensory chemoReceptors: (i) Olfactory Receptor-like proteins, (ii) vomeronasal Receptors, (iii) insect Olfactory Receptors, (iv) worm chemoReceptors, (v) taste papilla Receptors and (vi) fungal pheromone Receptors. A complementary database of the ligands of these Receptors (OdorDB) has been constructed and is publicly available in a pilot mode. The database schema of ORDB has been changed from traditional relational to EAV/CR (Entity-Attribute-Value with Classes and Relationships), which allows the interoperability of ORDB with other related databases as well as the creation of intradatabase associations among objects. This interoperability facilitates users to follow information from odor molecule binding to its putative Receptor, to the properties of the neuron expressing the Receptor, to a computational model of activity of Olfactory bulb neurons. In addition, tools and resources have been added allowing users to access interactive phylogenetic trees and alignments of sensory chemoReceptors. ORDB is available via the WWW at http://ycmi.med.yale.edu/senselab/ordb/

  • Olfactory Receptor Database (ORDB): A Resource for Sharing and Analyzing Published and Unpublished Data
    Chemical senses, 1997
    Co-Authors: Matthew D. Healy, Emmanouil Skoufos, Prakash M. Nadkarni, Perry L. Miller, Michael S. Singer, Jason E. Smith, Gordon M. Shepherd
    Abstract:

    An Olfactory Receptor database (ORDB) is being developed to facilitate analysis of this large gene family. ORDB currently contains over 400 Olfactory Receptor sequences and related information, and is available via the World Wide Web. We plan to incorporate functional data, structural models, spatial localization and other categories of information, toward an integrated model of Olfactory Receptor function.

  • evidence for glutamate as the Olfactory Receptor cell neurotransmitter
    Journal of Neurophysiology, 1994
    Co-Authors: D A Berkowicz, Paul Q Trombley, Gordon M. Shepherd
    Abstract:

    1. Synaptic transmission between Olfactory Receptor neurons and mitral/tufted cells was examined using a whole-cell recording technique in a hemisected preparation of the turtle Olfactory bulb. To ...

Apostolos V Tsolakis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

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