The Experts below are selected from a list of 10827 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Yonghua Song - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Operating Reserve quantification using prediction intervals of wind power an integrated probabilistic forecasting and decision methodology
    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2021
    Co-Authors: Changfei Zhao, Can Wan, Yonghua Song
    Abstract:

    Adequate Reserves are urgently needed to hedge against wind power forecasting uncertainties in power systems. Traditional Reserve quantification sequentially acquires statistical features of wind power and then determines Reserve amounts. This paper establishes a novel integrated probabilistic forecasting and decision (IPFD) methodology to simultaneously optimize the wind power prediction intervals (PIs) and probabilistic Reserve quantification. Upward and downward Reserve quantities are defined to cover the wind power forecasting uncertainties within the PIs. A cost function evaluating the Reserve provision payment and deficit penalty is elaborated to realize cost-benefit trade-offs of Reserve decision. Nonparametric wind power PIs are constructed based on extreme learning machine, which minimizes the Reserve cost function subject to eligible target coverage probability constraint. The confidence level and quantile proportions associated with wind power PIs can be jointly tuned to reduce the operational cost of Reserves. Benefited from extreme learning machine, the IPFD model is reformulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem. A feasible region tightening strategy that shrinks the large constant coefficients and eliminates the redundant binary variables is proposed to accelerate model training. Numerical experiments based on actual wind power data demonstrate the remarkable cost-effective advantages of the IPFD based Reserve quantification, as well as the high computational efficiency for online application.

  • multi state Operating Reserve model of aggregate thermostatically controlled loads for power system short term reliability evaluation
    Applied Energy, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Wenqi Cui, Shujun Zhang, Yiwei Qiu
    Abstract:

    Abstract Thermostatically-controlled-loads (TCLs) have been regarded as a good candidate for maintaining the power system reliability by providing Operating Reserve. The short-term reliability evaluation of power systems, which is essential for power system operators in decision making to secure the system real time balancing, calls for the accurate modelling of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs. However, the particular characteristics of TCLs make their dynamic response different from the traditional generating units, resulting in difficulties to accurately represent the reliability of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs with conventional reliability model. This paper proposes a novel multi-state reliability model of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs considering their dynamic response during the Reserve deployment process. An analytical model for characterizing dynamics of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs is firstly developed based on the migration of TCLs’ room temperature within the temperature hysteresis band. Then, considering the stochastic consumers’ behaviour and ambient temperature, the probability distribution functions of Reserve capacity provided by TCLs are obtained by cumulants. On this basis, the states of Reserve capacity and the corresponding probabilities at each time instant are obtained for representing the reliability of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs in the LZ-transform approach. Case studies are conducted to validate the proposed technique.

  • aggregated air conditioners for providing Operating Reserve
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    The penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in power system is increasing around the world. However, the severe intermittency and variability characteristics of RES make the Operating Reserve become more and more important for the electric power system to maintain balance between supply and demand. Moreover, the flexible loads, especially for air conditioners (AC), are growing so rapidly that they account for an increasingly large share in power consumption. With the development of information and communication technologies (ICT), ACs can be monitored and controlled remotely to provide Operating Reserve and respond actively when needed by the electric power system operation. In this chapter, a novel control strategy for the aggregation model of ACs based on the thermal model of the room is proposed. By resetting the temperature of each AC, the operation state is adjusted temporarily without affecting customers’ satisfaction. The operation characteristics of both individual AC and the aggregation model of ACs are analysed. Furthermore, several indexes are put forward to evaluate the Operating Reserve performance, including Reserve capacity, response time, duration time and ramp rate. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is illustrated in the numerical studies.

  • heterogeneous air conditioner aggregation for providing Operating Reserve considering price signals
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) have been studied to provide Operating Reserve for maintaining power balance between supply and demand. However, Operating Reserve capacity (ORC) supplied by aggregated TCLs is difficult to evaluate, due to the insufficient information of heterogeneous TCLs and consumer behaviours. This chapter proposes a quantitative ORC evaluation method for large-scale aggregated heterogeneous TCLs without sufficient measurement data. Firstly, an individual TCL model on account of consumer behaviours is developed to characterize the impact of fluctuated electricity prices and different thermal comfort requirements. Secondly, a novel optimization model of heterogeneous TCLs, which can guarantee consumer satisfaction, is proposed to provide Operating Reserve for power systems. Thirdly, the probability density estimation (PDE) method is developed to evaluate the ORC provided by large-scale heterogeneous TCLs with insufficient data. Numerical studies illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and methods.

  • air conditioner aggregation for providing Operating Reserve considering lead lag rebound effect
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    Air conditioners (ACs) are widely considered as good candidates to provide Operating Reserve. Demand response rebound, i.e., the rebound peak of aggregate power, may exist when ACs are controlled by changing the set point temperature. The rebound peak during the recovery period, named as the lag rebound, may cause significantly higher demand than that prior to the Reserve deployment event. The rebound peak during the Reserve deployment period, named as the lead rebound, is rarely considered in previous researches but will constrain the duration time to a short period (e.g., 10 min), which greatly limits the utilization of ACs. This chapter proposes an optimal sequential dispatch strategy of ACs to mitigate the lead-lag rebound and thus realize flexible control of the duration time from minutes to several hours. To quantify the effects of lead-lag rebound, a capacity-time evaluation framework of the Operating Reserve is developed. On this basis, ACs are grouped to be dispatched in sequence to mitigate the lead-lag rebound. The co-optimization of sequential dispatch on the capacity dimension and time dimension forms a mixed integer nonlinear bi-level programming problem, in which the consumers’ thermal comfort is also guaranteed. Case studies are conducted to validate the proposed strategy.

Yi Ding - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a decentralized market framework for procurement of Operating Reserves from district energy systems
    IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2021
    Co-Authors: Yue Sun, Yi Ding, Changzheng Shao, Mohammad Shahidehpour, Tao Niu, Kaigui Xie
    Abstract:

    District energy system (DES) has become a popular form of supplying comprehensive energy demands in local buildings. For DESs, the operational flexibility can be maintained by energy conversion and storage facilities. Hence, DESs are capable of providing Operating Reserves to local power systems. This paper addresses the implementation challenges of allowing DES to be deployed alongside conventional generators for providing Operating Reserves. A two-level hierarchical market framework is proposed which involves a wholesale energy-Reserve market for conventional power plants and a subordinate DES Operating Reserve market. The subordinate Operating Reserve market determines the quantity and the marginal price of Operating Reserves provided by DESs. The two markets are linked by the price elastic-quantity provided in the Operating Reserve demand curve (ORDC) to achieve the stated market coordination. A decentralized decision-making structure is proposed to clear the subordinate Operating Reserve market considering DES privacy and security requirements. A nested dual-loop solution process is proposed to solve the decentralized optimization problem. A test system is used to illustrate the benefits of the proposed technique in supplying Operating Reserves through DESs.

  • multi state Operating Reserve model of aggregate thermostatically controlled loads for power system short term reliability evaluation
    Applied Energy, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Wenqi Cui, Shujun Zhang, Yiwei Qiu
    Abstract:

    Abstract Thermostatically-controlled-loads (TCLs) have been regarded as a good candidate for maintaining the power system reliability by providing Operating Reserve. The short-term reliability evaluation of power systems, which is essential for power system operators in decision making to secure the system real time balancing, calls for the accurate modelling of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs. However, the particular characteristics of TCLs make their dynamic response different from the traditional generating units, resulting in difficulties to accurately represent the reliability of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs with conventional reliability model. This paper proposes a novel multi-state reliability model of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs considering their dynamic response during the Reserve deployment process. An analytical model for characterizing dynamics of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs is firstly developed based on the migration of TCLs’ room temperature within the temperature hysteresis band. Then, considering the stochastic consumers’ behaviour and ambient temperature, the probability distribution functions of Reserve capacity provided by TCLs are obtained by cumulants. On this basis, the states of Reserve capacity and the corresponding probabilities at each time instant are obtained for representing the reliability of Operating Reserve provided by TCLs in the LZ-transform approach. Case studies are conducted to validate the proposed technique.

  • aggregated air conditioners for providing Operating Reserve
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    The penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in power system is increasing around the world. However, the severe intermittency and variability characteristics of RES make the Operating Reserve become more and more important for the electric power system to maintain balance between supply and demand. Moreover, the flexible loads, especially for air conditioners (AC), are growing so rapidly that they account for an increasingly large share in power consumption. With the development of information and communication technologies (ICT), ACs can be monitored and controlled remotely to provide Operating Reserve and respond actively when needed by the electric power system operation. In this chapter, a novel control strategy for the aggregation model of ACs based on the thermal model of the room is proposed. By resetting the temperature of each AC, the operation state is adjusted temporarily without affecting customers’ satisfaction. The operation characteristics of both individual AC and the aggregation model of ACs are analysed. Furthermore, several indexes are put forward to evaluate the Operating Reserve performance, including Reserve capacity, response time, duration time and ramp rate. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is illustrated in the numerical studies.

  • heterogeneous air conditioner aggregation for providing Operating Reserve considering price signals
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) have been studied to provide Operating Reserve for maintaining power balance between supply and demand. However, Operating Reserve capacity (ORC) supplied by aggregated TCLs is difficult to evaluate, due to the insufficient information of heterogeneous TCLs and consumer behaviours. This chapter proposes a quantitative ORC evaluation method for large-scale aggregated heterogeneous TCLs without sufficient measurement data. Firstly, an individual TCL model on account of consumer behaviours is developed to characterize the impact of fluctuated electricity prices and different thermal comfort requirements. Secondly, a novel optimization model of heterogeneous TCLs, which can guarantee consumer satisfaction, is proposed to provide Operating Reserve for power systems. Thirdly, the probability density estimation (PDE) method is developed to evaluate the ORC provided by large-scale heterogeneous TCLs with insufficient data. Numerical studies illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and methods.

  • air conditioner aggregation for providing Operating Reserve considering lead lag rebound effect
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    Air conditioners (ACs) are widely considered as good candidates to provide Operating Reserve. Demand response rebound, i.e., the rebound peak of aggregate power, may exist when ACs are controlled by changing the set point temperature. The rebound peak during the recovery period, named as the lag rebound, may cause significantly higher demand than that prior to the Reserve deployment event. The rebound peak during the Reserve deployment period, named as the lead rebound, is rarely considered in previous researches but will constrain the duration time to a short period (e.g., 10 min), which greatly limits the utilization of ACs. This chapter proposes an optimal sequential dispatch strategy of ACs to mitigate the lead-lag rebound and thus realize flexible control of the duration time from minutes to several hours. To quantify the effects of lead-lag rebound, a capacity-time evaluation framework of the Operating Reserve is developed. On this basis, ACs are grouped to be dispatched in sequence to mitigate the lead-lag rebound. The co-optimization of sequential dispatch on the capacity dimension and time dimension forms a mixed integer nonlinear bi-level programming problem, in which the consumers’ thermal comfort is also guaranteed. Case studies are conducted to validate the proposed strategy.

Raul Bajobuenestado - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Operating Reserve demand curve scarcity pricing and intermittent generation lessons from the texas ercot experience
    Energy Policy, 2021
    Co-Authors: Raul Bajobuenestado
    Abstract:

    Abstract Resolving the resource adequacy problem has been usually entrusted to the imposition of some kind of long-term capacity requirements or to forward markets. The Operating Reserve Demand Curve (ORDC), which is linked to short-term market conditions and does not require central planning, has been presented as an alternative system with which to ensure long-term resource adequacy in the market. Using hourly data from the Texas ERCOT market between January 2015 and February 2019, we empirically show that ORDC prices are significantly negatively affected by wind generation. We find that, if wind generation is relatively low, a 1% increase in wind generation decreases the ORDC price by around 0.15–0.1%. This fact may preclude the ORDC from providing long-term price signals and price stability to generators. Moreover, we also find that if wind generation is greater than 9000 MW, the ORDC price is expected to be zero, which may further disincentive to increase generation capacity –especially dispatchable capacity that may be needed as a backup if the wind is not blowing.

  • Operating Reserve demand curve scarcity pricing and intermittent generation lessons from the texas ercot experience
    Meeting the Energy Demands of Emerging Economies 40th IAEE International Conference June 18-21 2017, 2019
    Co-Authors: Raul Bajobuenestado
    Abstract:

    Resolving the resource adequacy problem has been usually entrusted to the imposition of some kind of long-term capacity requirements or to forward markets. The Operating Reserve Demand Curve (ORDC), which is linked to short-term market conditions and does not require central planning, has been presented as an alternative system with which to ensure resource adequacy. Using hourly data from the Texas ERCOT market, we empirically show that ORDC prices are significantly negatively affected by wind generation. We find that, if wind generation is relatively low, a 1% increase in wind generation decreases the ORDC price by around 0.2-0.1%. Moreover, if wind generation is greater than 8,000-9,000 MW, the ORDC price is expected to be zero. This may preclude investors from obtaining clearly perceivable long-term price signals, such as capacity requirements intent.

Manuel A Matos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Reserve setting and steady state security assessment using wind power uncertainty forecast a case study
    IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2012
    Co-Authors: Ricardo J Bessa, Manuel A Matos, I C Costa, L Bremermann, I G Franchin, R Pestana, N Machado, H Waldl, C Wichmann
    Abstract:

    This paper reports results and an evaluation methodology from two new decision-aid tools that were demonstrated at a Transmission System Operator (REN, Portugal) during several months in the framework of the E.U. project Anemos.plus. The first tool is a probabilistic method intended to support the definition of the Operating Reserve requirements. The second is a fuzzy power flow tool that identifies possible congestion situations and voltage violations in the transmission network. Both tools use as input probabilistic wind power predictions.

  • long term evaluation of Operating Reserve with high penetration of renewable energy sources
    Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011
    Co-Authors: Armando Leite M Da Silva, Mauro Rosa, Warlley S. Sales, Manuel A Matos
    Abstract:

    Due to the high penetration of renewable energy into the energy matrix of today's power networks, the design of generating systems based only on static Reserve assessment does not seem to be enough to guarantee the security of power system operation. From the wind power integration perspective, this energy source imposes additional requirements, mainly due to the inherent unpredictable characteristic of the wind. Besides the uncertainties in load and generating unit availabilities, the Operating Reserve needs also to deal with the fluctuation characteristic of the wind power. Therefore, more flexibility of the conventional generators (hydro and thermal) is required to provide system support services. This paper discusses a new methodology based on chronological Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the Operating Reserve requirements of generating systems with large amounts of renewable energy sources, in particular, wind power.

  • setting the Operating Reserve using probabilistic wind power forecasts
    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2011
    Co-Authors: Manuel A Matos, Ricardo J Bessa
    Abstract:

    In power systems with a large integration of wind power, setting the adequate Operating Reserve levels is one of the main concerns of system operators (SO). The integration of large shares of wind generation in power systems led to the development of new forecasting methodologies, including probabilistic forecasting tools, but management tools able to use those forecasts to help making operational decisions are still needed. In this paper, a risk evaluation perspective is used, showing that it is possible to describe the consequences of each possible Reserve level through a set of risk indices useful for decision making. The new Reserve management tool (RMT) described in the paper is intended to support the SO in defining the Operating Reserve needs for the daily and intraday markets. Decision strategies like setting an acceptable risk level or finding a compromise between economic issues and the risk of loss of load are explored. An illustrative example based on the Portuguese power system demonstrates the usefulness and efficiency of the tool.

  • comparison of probabilistic and deterministic approaches for setting Operating Reserve in systems with high penetration of wind power
    Power Generation Transmission Distribution and Energy Conversion (MedPower 2010) 7th Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition on, 2010
    Co-Authors: Ricardo J Bessa, Manuel A Matos
    Abstract:

    The increasing levels of wind power penetration motivated a revisitation of methods for setting Operating Reserve requirements for the next and current day. System Operators (SO) are now moving from deterministic intro probabilistic approaches, and including wind power forecasts in their decision-making problems. In this manuscript, a probabilistic approach that evaluates the consequences of setting each possible Reserve level through a set of risk indices is compared with frequently used deterministic rules and a probabilistic rule where wind power uncertainty is described by a Gaussian distribution. The comparison is performed over a period of five months for a realistic power system, using real load and wind power generation data. Results highlight the limitations of deterministic rules, challenge the Gaussian assumption and illustrate the usefulness of risk indices derived from the probabilistic forecast and using a full probabilistic methodology. (9 pages)

  • Operating Reserve adequacy evaluation using uncertainties of wind power forecast
    IEEE PowerTech Conference, 2009
    Co-Authors: Manuel A Matos, Ricardo J Bessa
    Abstract:

    The integration of large shares of wind generation in power systems requires the development of new algorithms and forecasting tools for making decisions in the operational domain taking into account wind generation forecast uncertainties. One of these decisions regards Operating Reserve requirements to meet load and wind variations. The aim of this paper is therefore to address this issue from a risk evaluation perspective, showing that it is possible to describe the consequences of each possible Reserve level through a set of risk indices useful for decision-making. The new Reserve management tool described in this paper is intended to support the Transmission System Operator (TSO) in defining on-line the Operating Reserve needs for the daily and intraday markets. Decision strategies like setting an acceptable risk level or finding a compromise between economic issues and the risk of loss of load are explored. A case-study based on the Portuguese power system demonstrates the usefulness and efficiency of the tool.

Changzheng Shao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a decentralized market framework for procurement of Operating Reserves from district energy systems
    IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2021
    Co-Authors: Yue Sun, Yi Ding, Changzheng Shao, Mohammad Shahidehpour, Tao Niu, Kaigui Xie
    Abstract:

    District energy system (DES) has become a popular form of supplying comprehensive energy demands in local buildings. For DESs, the operational flexibility can be maintained by energy conversion and storage facilities. Hence, DESs are capable of providing Operating Reserves to local power systems. This paper addresses the implementation challenges of allowing DES to be deployed alongside conventional generators for providing Operating Reserves. A two-level hierarchical market framework is proposed which involves a wholesale energy-Reserve market for conventional power plants and a subordinate DES Operating Reserve market. The subordinate Operating Reserve market determines the quantity and the marginal price of Operating Reserves provided by DESs. The two markets are linked by the price elastic-quantity provided in the Operating Reserve demand curve (ORDC) to achieve the stated market coordination. A decentralized decision-making structure is proposed to clear the subordinate Operating Reserve market considering DES privacy and security requirements. A nested dual-loop solution process is proposed to solve the decentralized optimization problem. A test system is used to illustrate the benefits of the proposed technique in supplying Operating Reserves through DESs.

  • aggregated air conditioners for providing Operating Reserve
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    The penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in power system is increasing around the world. However, the severe intermittency and variability characteristics of RES make the Operating Reserve become more and more important for the electric power system to maintain balance between supply and demand. Moreover, the flexible loads, especially for air conditioners (AC), are growing so rapidly that they account for an increasingly large share in power consumption. With the development of information and communication technologies (ICT), ACs can be monitored and controlled remotely to provide Operating Reserve and respond actively when needed by the electric power system operation. In this chapter, a novel control strategy for the aggregation model of ACs based on the thermal model of the room is proposed. By resetting the temperature of each AC, the operation state is adjusted temporarily without affecting customers’ satisfaction. The operation characteristics of both individual AC and the aggregation model of ACs are analysed. Furthermore, several indexes are put forward to evaluate the Operating Reserve performance, including Reserve capacity, response time, duration time and ramp rate. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is illustrated in the numerical studies.

  • heterogeneous air conditioner aggregation for providing Operating Reserve considering price signals
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) have been studied to provide Operating Reserve for maintaining power balance between supply and demand. However, Operating Reserve capacity (ORC) supplied by aggregated TCLs is difficult to evaluate, due to the insufficient information of heterogeneous TCLs and consumer behaviours. This chapter proposes a quantitative ORC evaluation method for large-scale aggregated heterogeneous TCLs without sufficient measurement data. Firstly, an individual TCL model on account of consumer behaviours is developed to characterize the impact of fluctuated electricity prices and different thermal comfort requirements. Secondly, a novel optimization model of heterogeneous TCLs, which can guarantee consumer satisfaction, is proposed to provide Operating Reserve for power systems. Thirdly, the probability density estimation (PDE) method is developed to evaluate the ORC provided by large-scale heterogeneous TCLs with insufficient data. Numerical studies illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and methods.

  • air conditioner aggregation for providing Operating Reserve considering lead lag rebound effect
    2019
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Yonghua Song, Hongxun Hui, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    Air conditioners (ACs) are widely considered as good candidates to provide Operating Reserve. Demand response rebound, i.e., the rebound peak of aggregate power, may exist when ACs are controlled by changing the set point temperature. The rebound peak during the recovery period, named as the lag rebound, may cause significantly higher demand than that prior to the Reserve deployment event. The rebound peak during the Reserve deployment period, named as the lead rebound, is rarely considered in previous researches but will constrain the duration time to a short period (e.g., 10 min), which greatly limits the utilization of ACs. This chapter proposes an optimal sequential dispatch strategy of ACs to mitigate the lead-lag rebound and thus realize flexible control of the duration time from minutes to several hours. To quantify the effects of lead-lag rebound, a capacity-time evaluation framework of the Operating Reserve is developed. On this basis, ACs are grouped to be dispatched in sequence to mitigate the lead-lag rebound. The co-optimization of sequential dispatch on the capacity dimension and time dimension forms a mixed integer nonlinear bi-level programming problem, in which the consumers’ thermal comfort is also guaranteed. Case studies are conducted to validate the proposed strategy.

  • evaluation and sequential dispatch of Operating Reserve provided by air conditioners considering lead lag rebound effect
    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018
    Co-Authors: Yi Ding, Pengwei Du, Yonghua Song, Changzheng Shao
    Abstract:

    Air conditioners (ACs) are widely considered as good candidates to provide Operating Reserve. Demand response rebound, i.e., the rebound peak of aggregate power, may exist when ACs are controlled by changing the set point temperature. The rebound peak during the recovery period, named lag rebound, may cause significantly higher demand than that prior to the Reserve deployment event. The rebound peak during the Reserve deployment period, named lead rebound, is rarely considered in previous researches but will constrain the duration time to a short period (e.g., 10 min), which greatly limits the utilization of ACs. This paper proposes an optimal sequential dispatch strategy of ACs to mitigate the lead–lag rebound, and thus realize flexible control of the duration time from minutes to several hours. To quantify the effects of lead–lag rebound, a capacity-time evaluation framework of the Operating Reserve is developed. On this basis, ACs are grouped to be dispatched in sequence to mitigate the lead–lag rebound. The co-optimization of sequential dispatch on the capacity dimension and time dimension forms a mixed-integer nonlinear bilevel programming problem, in which the consumers’ thermal comfort is also guaranteed. Case studies are conducted to validate the proposed strategy.