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Gérard Bardoux - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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carbon isotope evidence for sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of Panicum miliaceum broomcorn millet in the sediments of lake le bourget french alps
Organic Geochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Jérémy Jacob, Jean-robert Disnar, Gérard BardouxAbstract:Abstract We report the determination of the carbon isotopic composition of miliacin (olean-18-en-3βol methyl ether), extracted from the sediments of Lake le Bourget (French Alps). It is compared with the δ 13 C value of miliacin extracted from Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet, a C 4 plant) and Chionochloa sp. (a C 3 plant). The δ 13 C value of sedimentary miliacin (−21.5‰) is very close to that of miliacin extracted from bran (−23‰) and seeds (−23.5‰) of P. miliaceum and significantly different from that of Chionochloa sp. (−33‰). These results provide additional support for the use of sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of broomcorn millet, a C 4 cereal cultivated since the Bronze Age around Lake le Bourget. These findings illustrate the potential of this compound to reconstruct past agriculture from lake sediment archives. Finally, considering the high abundance of miliacin in the bran of P. miliaceum the compound could have been wind-transported to the sediment during threshing and winnowing on the lake shore.
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Carbon isotope evidence for sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) in the sediments of Lake le Bourget (French Alps).
Organic Geochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Jérémy Jacob, Jean-robert Disnar, Gérard BardouxAbstract:We here report on the determination of the carbon isotopic composition of miliacin (olean-18-en-3βol methyl ether), extracted from the sediments of Lake le Bourget (French Alps). It is compared to the δ13C of miliacin extracted from Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet, a C4 plant) and Chionochloa sp. (a C3 plant). The δ13C of sedimentary miliacin (-21.5 ‰) is very close to that of miliacin extracted from bran (-23 ‰) and seeds (-23.5 ‰) of P. miliaceum and significantly different from that of Chionochloa sp. (-33 ‰). These results provide additional support for the use of sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of broomcorn millet, a C4 cereal cultivated since the Bronze Age around Lake le Bourget. These findings illustrate the potential of this compound to reconstruct past agriculture from lake sediment archives. Finally, considering the high abundances of miliacin in the bran of P. miliaceum this compound could have been wind-transported to the sediment during threshing and winnowing on the lake shore.
Jérémy Jacob - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Distribution of miliacin (olean-18-en-3β-ol methyl ether) and related compounds in broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and other reputed sources: Implications for the use of sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of millet
Organic Geochemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Nicolas Bossard, Jérémy Jacob, Valery T Terwilliger, Claude Le Milbeau, Joana Sauze, Bertrand Poissonnier, Elisabeth Lallier-vergèsAbstract:Using sedimentary miliacin (olean-18-en-3β-ol methyl ether) as a molecular tracer of the history of Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) cultivation depends upon broomcorn millet being sedimentary miliacin's dominant source. It also requires knowledge of the variability in miliacin concentration in broomcorn millet. Finally, it is affected by the presence of other pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (PTMEs) that may exist in conjunction with miliacin in other sources but not in broomcorn millet. Miliacin biosynthesis has been proposed for other Panicum species, Setaria italica (Italian or foxtail millet), Pennisetum sp., and Chaetomium olivaceum (an olive green mold). We found miliacin concentration in seeds of different varieties of P. miliaceum to be similarly high (with trace amounts of β- and α-amyrin methyl ethers). It was absent from hulls and roots, and nominally present in leaves and stems. The transfer of miliacin from plant to sediments is therefore mostly from seeds. it was abundant (often with larger amounts of β- and α-amyrin methyl ethers) in all other Panicum species studied, but only in some species of the genus Pennisetum and was absent from Setaria italica. Neither C. olivaceum nor its growth medium (rice) showed any trace of miliacin. Our results, with miliacin absent from S. italica and C. olivaceum, its high miliacin in seed of P. miliaceum relative to other PTMEs and to other grasses and, considering the high biomass that cultivated broomcorn millet has relative to other potential plant sources, support the use of sedimentary records of miliacin in some contexts to track past millet agricultural dynamics.
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fractionation of hydrogen isotopes between source water leaf water and miliacin in Panicum miliaceum grown under controlled conditions
2011Co-Authors: Nicolas Bossard, Jérémy Jacob, Valery T Terwilliger, Thierry Bariac, Claude Le Milbeau, Philippe Biron, Patricia Richard, Elisabeth LalliervergesAbstract:D analyses of organic compounds preserved in sedimentary archives affords new perspectives in tracking past climates. The rationale is that the D of these fossil molecules records the climatic conditions in which they were produced by plants and is stable when transported and archived in sediments. Numerous studies focus on n-alkyl lipids (n-alkanes and n-acids) that have the advantage of being ubiquitous in sediments. Conversely, the large range of organisms being able to produce these compounds, living in distinct environments and with potentially different fractionations of hydrogen isotopes during biosynthesis, limits the interpretation that can be achieved from these data. Studies presently suggest that several shifts in compound-specific D values in the sedimentary record could either be attributed to vegetation or climatic changes. We recently detected in the sediments of lake Le Bourget miliacin (olean-18-en-3ol ME), which could be related to a single species: broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum; Jacob et al., 2008). Due to the species specificity of miliacin, its D values are thought to solely record climatic changes and would not be affected by mixing between compounds produced by distinct biological sources. Our overarching objective is to reconstruct the hydrological variability that affected the French Alps during the Bronze age by determining the D of sedimentary miliacin and relating this value to environmental parameters. Our first step has been to quantify the fractionations of hydrogen isotopes from source waters to miliacin synthesis. For this purpose, we cultivated P. miliaceum plants under controlled conditions in climatic chambers with 4 different source water D (five replicates for each condition). Miliacin was extracted and purified from leaves, stems and seeds, and then quantified by GC-MS. Miliacin D values were determined on a TraceGC chromatograph coupled to a DeltaV Advantage irMS through an Isolink interface and a Conflo IV system by co-injecting a series of n-alkanes of known D values (Arndt Schimmelmann, Indiana University). Leaf water D and 18O were determined after cryogenic distillation for 18O on an IRMS (Isoprime) coupled to an aquaprep and for D an IRMS PyrOH (Isoprime) coupled to an elemental analyser EuroVector. The results allowed us to establish the net hydrogen isotopic fractionation between environmental waters and miliacin and the fractionation attributable to the biosynthetic pathways. References Jacob, J., Disnar, J.R., Arnaud, F., Chapron, E., Debret, M., Lallier-Verges, E., Desmet, M., Revel-Rolland, M. 2008. Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 814-820. Sachse D., Radke J., Gleixner G. 2004. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 23: 4877-4889.
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carbon isotope evidence for sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of Panicum miliaceum broomcorn millet in the sediments of lake le bourget french alps
Organic Geochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Jérémy Jacob, Jean-robert Disnar, Gérard BardouxAbstract:Abstract We report the determination of the carbon isotopic composition of miliacin (olean-18-en-3βol methyl ether), extracted from the sediments of Lake le Bourget (French Alps). It is compared with the δ 13 C value of miliacin extracted from Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet, a C 4 plant) and Chionochloa sp. (a C 3 plant). The δ 13 C value of sedimentary miliacin (−21.5‰) is very close to that of miliacin extracted from bran (−23‰) and seeds (−23.5‰) of P. miliaceum and significantly different from that of Chionochloa sp. (−33‰). These results provide additional support for the use of sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of broomcorn millet, a C 4 cereal cultivated since the Bronze Age around Lake le Bourget. These findings illustrate the potential of this compound to reconstruct past agriculture from lake sediment archives. Finally, considering the high abundance of miliacin in the bran of P. miliaceum the compound could have been wind-transported to the sediment during threshing and winnowing on the lake shore.
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Carbon isotope evidence for sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) in the sediments of Lake le Bourget (French Alps).
Organic Geochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Jérémy Jacob, Jean-robert Disnar, Gérard BardouxAbstract:We here report on the determination of the carbon isotopic composition of miliacin (olean-18-en-3βol methyl ether), extracted from the sediments of Lake le Bourget (French Alps). It is compared to the δ13C of miliacin extracted from Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet, a C4 plant) and Chionochloa sp. (a C3 plant). The δ13C of sedimentary miliacin (-21.5 ‰) is very close to that of miliacin extracted from bran (-23 ‰) and seeds (-23.5 ‰) of P. miliaceum and significantly different from that of Chionochloa sp. (-33 ‰). These results provide additional support for the use of sedimentary miliacin as a tracer of broomcorn millet, a C4 cereal cultivated since the Bronze Age around Lake le Bourget. These findings illustrate the potential of this compound to reconstruct past agriculture from lake sediment archives. Finally, considering the high abundances of miliacin in the bran of P. miliaceum this compound could have been wind-transported to the sediment during threshing and winnowing on the lake shore.
Jianping Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phytolith analysis for differentiating between broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum and its weed feral type Panicum ruderale
Scientific Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Jianping Zhang, Minxuan Liu, Xianmin Diao, Konglan ShaoAbstract:Domestication of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) is one of the most significant events in prehistoric East Asia, providing sufficient food supply for the explosive growth of Neolithic populations and the transition into complex societies. However, to date, the process of broomcorn millet domestication is still largely unknown, partly due to the lack of clear diagnostic tools for distinguishing between millet and its related wild grasses in archaeological samples. Here, we examined the percentage of silicified epidermal long-cell undulated patterns in the glume and palea from inflorescence bracts in 21 modern varieties of broomcorn millet and 12 weed/feral-type Panicum ruderale collected across northern China. Our results show that the percentage of ηIII patterns in domesticated broomcorn millet (23.0% ± 5.9%; n = 63) is about 10% higher than in P. ruderale (10.8% ± 5.8%; n = 36), with quartiles of 17.2–28.3% and 5.1–15.5%, respectively. Owing to the increase in ηIII pattern percentage correlates significantly with a decrease in the grain length/width ratio, in the absence of exact wild ancestors of broomcorn millet, the characterization of phytolith differences between P. ruderale and P. miliaceum thus becomes an alternative approach to provide insight into origin of broomcorn millet.
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Phytolith analysis for differentiating between broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and its weed/feral type (Panicum ruderale)
Nature Publishing Group, 2018Co-Authors: Jianping Zhang, Minxuan Liu, Xianmin Diao, Konglan ShaoAbstract:Abstract Domestication of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) is one of the most significant events in prehistoric East Asia, providing sufficient food supply for the explosive growth of Neolithic populations and the transition into complex societies. However, to date, the process of broomcorn millet domestication is still largely unknown, partly due to the lack of clear diagnostic tools for distinguishing between millet and its related wild grasses in archaeological samples. Here, we examined the percentage of silicified epidermal long-cell undulated patterns in the glume and palea from inflorescence bracts in 21 modern varieties of broomcorn millet and 12 weed/feral-type Panicum ruderale collected across northern China. Our results show that the percentage of ηIII patterns in domesticated broomcorn millet (23.0% ± 5.9%; n = 63) is about 10% higher than in P. ruderale (10.8% ± 5.8%; n = 36), with quartiles of 17.2–28.3% and 5.1–15.5%, respectively. Owing to the increase in ηIII pattern percentage correlates significantly with a decrease in the grain length/width ratio, in the absence of exact wild ancestors of broomcorn millet, the characterization of phytolith differences between P. ruderale and P. miliaceum thus becomes an alternative approach to provide insight into origin of broomcorn millet
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earliest domestication of common millet Panicum miliaceum in east asia extended to 10 000 years ago
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009Co-Authors: Jianping Zhang, Kambiu Liu, Kunshu Zhou, Tianyu Zhang, Haijiang Zhang, Xiaoyan Yang, Licheng ShenAbstract:The origin of millet from Neolithic China has generally been accepted, but it remains unknown whether common millet (Panicum miliaceum) or foxtail millet (Setaria italica) was the first species domesticated. Nor do we know the timing of their domestication and their routes of dispersal. Here, we report the discovery of husk phytoliths and biomolecular components identifiable solely as common millet from newly excavated storage pits at the Neolithic Cishan site, China, dated to between ca. 10,300 and ca. 8,700 calibrated years before present (cal yr BP). After ca. 8,700 cal yr BP, the grain crops began to contain a small quantity of foxtail millet. Our research reveals that the common millet was the earliest dry farming crop in East Asia, which is probably attributed to its excellent resistance to drought.
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phytoliths analysis for the discrimination of foxtail millet setaria italica and common millet Panicum miliaceum
PLOS ONE, 2009Co-Authors: Houyuan Lu, Naiqin Wu, Deke Xu, Jianping Zhang, Quan LiAbstract:Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and Common millet (Panicum miliaceum) are the oldest domesticated dry farming crops in Eurasia. Identifying these two millets in the archaeobotanical remains are still problematic, especially because the millet grains preserve only when charred. Phytoliths analysis provides a viable method for identifying this important crop. However, to date, the identification of millet phytoliths has been questionable, because very little study has been done on their morphometry and taxonomy. Particularly, no clear diagnostic feature has been used to distinguish between Foxtail millet and Common millet. Here we examined the anatomy and silicon structure patterns in the glumes, lemmas, and paleas from the inflorescence bracts in 27 modern plants of Foxtail millet, Common millet, and closely related grasses, using light microscopy with phase-contrast and microscopic interferometer. Our research shows that five key diagnostic characteristics in phytolith morphology can be used to distinguish Foxtail millet from Common millet based on the presence of cross-shaped type, regularly arranged papillae, Ω-undulated type, endings structures of epidermal long cell, and surface ridgy line sculpture in the former species. We have established identification criteria that, when used together, give the only reliable way of distinguishing between Foxtail millet and Common millet species based on their phytoliths characteristics, thus making a methodological contribution to phytolith research. Our findings also have important implications in the fields of plant taxonomy, agricultural archaeology, and the culture history of ancient civilizations.
Dorian Q. Fuller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a model for the domestication of Panicum miliaceum common proso or broomcorn millet in china
Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2021Co-Authors: Dorian Q. Fuller, Chris J Stevens, Gideon Shelachlavi, Hai Zhang, Mingyu TengAbstract:This paper outlines a model for the domestication of Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) in Northern China. Data from 43 archaeological sites indicate a continuous increase in average grain size between 6000 and 3300 bc. After this date there is a divergence, with grain size continuing to increase in some populations, while others show no further size increase. The initial increase in grain size is attributed to selection during domestication, while later divergence after 3300 bc is interpreted as resulting from post-domestication selection. Measurements of grains from two archaeological populations of P. ruderale, showed grains were longer in length by 3300 bc than the earliest grains of P. miliaceum. This suggests this sub-species includes many feral, weedy and/or introgressed forms of P. miliaceum and therefore is probably not entirely representative of the true wild ancestor. It is argued that changes from shattering to non-shattering are contemporary with increasing grain size and the commencement of cultivation. The window of P. miliaceum domestication is therefore likely to lie between 7000 and 3300 bc. However, it is probable that a lengthy period of millet harvesting and small-scale management preceded its domestication.
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Drawings and scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of representative reference material for millets illustrating identification criteria.
2015Co-Authors: Zhenhua Deng, Ling Qin, Yu Gao, Alison Ruth Weisskopf, Chi Zhang, Dorian Q. FullerAbstract:Drawings arranged from top to bottom in central, lateral (longitudinal cross section), dorsal, and basal views, at the same scale: A. Setaria viridis, B. Setaria italica, C. Panicum miliaceum, D. Panicum miliaceum subsp, ruderale (drawn from archaeological specimen from Longshan period Xiawu, after ref [9]), E. Panicum sumatrense (Indian little millet, representative of small-grained Panicum spp., F. Echinochloa colonum; SEMs at the same scale, G. Setaria italica dorsal, H. Panicum miliceum dorsal, I. Panicum sumatrense dorsal, J. Echinochlos colonum dorsal, K. Echionochloa colonum ventral (note: wide hilum). All drawings and SEMs by DQF, selected as typical from amongst several populations of each taxon in modern reference material in the UCL archaeobotany reference collection (with the exception of the archaeological specimen in D).
Baili Feng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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low nitrogen tolerance comprehensive evaluation and physiological response to nitrogen stress in broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum l seedling
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2020Co-Authors: Chunjuan Liu, Xiangwei Gong, Ke Dang, Honglu Wang, Xiping Deng, Baili FengAbstract:Developing the new crop varieties with high productivity under low nitrogen (N) input is an important access to facilitate modern agricultural sustainability. In the present study, 20 broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) varieties were characterized for their morphological and nutrient parameters to different low N levels in seedling. The results showed that 0.25 mM NH4NO3 was the standard concentration for the evaluation and identification of low-N tolerance. Through pearson's correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and subordinate function analysis, the tolerance of 20 varieties under N stress was evaluated and plant height, root length, shoot biomass, and shoot and root N content were considered as the evaluation system of low-N tolerance. Although leaves photosynthetic capacities and activities of N metabolism related enzymes showed the decreasing tendency to N stress, low-N tolerant varieties had higher activities in both leaves and roots as compared to low-N sensitive varieties. The work provides a reliable and comprehensive method for evaluating low-N tolerance in broomcorn millet and our data elucidate possible physiological adaptive mechanisms by which broomcorn millet tolerates N stress.
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nitrogen deficiency induced a decrease in grain yield related to photosynthetic characteristics carbon nitrogen balance and nitrogen use efficiency in proso millet Panicum miliaceum l
Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2020Co-Authors: Xiangwei Gong, Pu Yang, Guanghua Chen, Ke Dang, Meng Wang, Baili FengAbstract:Field experiments involving proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) cultivar under four nitrogen (N) levels (N0, N60, N105 and N150) were conducted in 2015 and 2016 to explore the decrease in grain yie...
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comparative analysis of proso millet Panicum miliaceum l leaf transcriptomes for insight into drought tolerance mechanisms
BMC Plant Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Yuyu Zhang, Pu Yang, Xiaoli Gao, Xiangwei Gong, Jinfeng Gao, Pengke Wang, Baili FengAbstract:Drought stress is a major abiotic stress that causes huge losses in agricultural production. Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) can efficiently adapt to drought stress and provides important information and gene resources to improve drought tolerance. However, its complex drought-responsive mechanisms remain unclear. Among 37 core Chinese proso millet cultivars, Jinshu 6 (JS6) was selected as the drought-sensitive test material, whereas Neimi 5 (NM5) was selected as the drought-tolerant test material under PEG-induced water stress. After sequencing, 1695 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in JS6 and NM5 without PEG-induced water stress (JS6CK and NM5CK). A total of 833 and 2166 DEGs were found in the two cultivars under simulated drought by using 20% PEG-6000 for 6 (JS6T6 and NM5T6) and 24 h (JS6T24 and NM5T24), respectively. The DEGs in JS6T6 and JS6T24 treatments were approximately 0.298- and 0.754-fold higher than those in NM5T6 and NM5T24, respectively. Compared with the respective controls, more DEGs were found in T6 treatments than in T24 treatments. A delay in the transcriptional responses of the ROS scavenging system to simulated drought treatment and relatively easy recovery of the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes were observed in NM5. Compared with JS6, different regulation strategies were observed in the jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathway of NM5. Under PEG-induced water stress, NM5 maintained highly stable gene expression levels. Compared with drought-sensitive cultivars, the different regulation strategies in the JA signal transduction pathway in drought-tolerant cultivars may be one of the driving forces underlying drought stress tolerance.
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morphological diversity and correlation analysis of phenotypes and quality traits of proso millet Panicum miliaceum l core collections
Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2019Co-Authors: Dazhong Zhang, Xiaoli Gao, Jibao Liang, Xiangwei Gong, Minxuan Liu, Rabia Begum Panhwar, Jiajia Liu, L U Ping, Baili FengAbstract:Abstract Genetic diversity and comprehensive performance are the basis for the discovery and efficient use of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) core collections. In this study, 386 proso millet core collections were used as materials to observe inflorescence color, leaf phase, inflorescence density, axis shape, branched spike length, panicle type, trichome, measured area of the top3 leaves, and chlorophyll content of the top3 leaves at filling stage. These core collections were also used to record growth period, plant height, diameter of main stem, plant tiller number, branch number, panicle length, panicle number per plant, and panicle weight per plant at the maturation stage. Starch, fat, protein, and yellow pigment contents in the grain and 1000-seed weight were also measured after harvest. Then, quantitative traits were used for diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation of each collection. Correlations between all traits were also analyzed. Results showed that among the 8 quality traits, the Shannon index (H′) of hull color was the highest (1.588) followed by the H′ of inflorescence density (0.984). However, inflorescence color and axis shape were lower. The H′ of 16 quantitative traits were significantly higher than the quality traits with the following traits having the highest indices: fat content (2.092), 1000-seed weight (2.073), top3 leaves area (2.070), main stem diameter (2.056), and plant height (2.052). Furthermore, all other traits had a diversity higher than 1.900. After a comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic traits, plant height, diameter of main stem, plant tiller number, leaf area of top3 leaves, and 1000-seed weight were the biggest contributors to the principal components. Six high-fat and high-protein cultivars, including Nuoshu, A75-2, Zhiduoaosizhi, Panlonghuangmi, Xiaobaishu, and Xiaohongshu were also screened. Correlations between the quantitative traits were significant, including the correlation between quality traits and quantitative traits. In conclusion, the core collections can be used as basis for discriminating among proso millet cultivars based on related traits and for further studies on millet with rich genetic diversity, good representation, and significant collection between traits.
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Comparison of physicochemical properties and cooking edibility of waxy and non-waxy proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.).
Food chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Qinghua Yang, Pu Yang, Zhang Panpan, Xiaoli Gao, Jibao Liang, Baili FengAbstract:The quality characteristics of waxy and non-waxy proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) are different because of their varying amylose content. Physical appearance, pasting properties, cooking and edibility were investigated in five waxy and five non-waxy proso millet varieties. The results showed that the amylose content of proso millet flour was positively correlated with peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, setback viscosity, peak time, and pasting temperature. The porridge made with non-waxy proso millet was thicker as compared with that of made with waxy proso millet. Cooked non-waxy proso millet was hard whereas waxy proso millet was sticky. The non-waxy proso millet contained higher resistant starch and lower rapidly digestible starch than waxy proso millet. From this study, we can conclude that quality characteristics of waxy and non-waxy proso millet are different, and this may provide an insight in food processing and commercial production of proso millet.
