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Joel Fagot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Computerized assessment of dominance hierarchy in baboons (Papio Papio).
Behavior research methods, 2021Co-Authors: Julie Gullstrand, Nicolas Claidière, Joel FagotAbstract:Dominance hierarchies are an important aspect of Primate social life, and there is an increasing need to develop new systems to collect social information automatically. The main goal of this research was to explore the possibility to infer the dominance hierarchy of a group of Guinea baboons (Papio Papio) from the analysis of their spontaneous interactions with freely accessible automated learning devices for monkeys (ALDM, Fagot & Bonte Behavior Research Methods, 42, 507-516, 2010). Experiment 1 compared the dominance hierarchy obtained from conventional observations of agonistic behaviours to the one inferred from the analysis of automatically recorded supplanting behaviours within the ALDM workstations. The comparison, applied to three different datasets, shows that the dominance hierarchies obtained with the two methods are highly congruent (all rs ≥ 0.75). Experiment 2 investigated the experimental potential of inferring dominance hierarchy from ALDM testing. ALDM data previously published in Goujon and Fagot (Behavioural Brain Research, 247, 101-109, 2013) were re-analysed for that purpose. Results indicate that supplanting events within the workstations lead to a transient improvement of cognitive performance for the baboon supplanting its partners and that this improvement depends on the difference in rank between the two baboons. This study therefore opens new perspectives for cognitive studies conducted in a social context.
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Convergent transformation and selection in cultural evolution
Evolution and Human Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Nicolas Claidière, Gameli Kodjo-kuma Amedon, Jean-baptiste André, Simon Kirby, Kenny Smith, Dan Sperber, Joel FagotAbstract:Abstract In biology, natural selection is the main explanation of adaptations and it is an attractive idea to think that an analogous force could have the same role in cultural evolution. In support of this idea, all the main ingredients for natural selection have been documented in the cultural domain. However, the changes that occur during cultural transmission typically result in convergent transformation, non-random cultural modifications, casting some doubts on the importance of natural selection in the cultural domain. To progress on this issue more empirical research is needed. Here, using nearly half a million experimental trials performed by a group of baboons ( Papio Papio ), we simulate cultural evolution under various conditions of natural selection and do an additional experiment to tease apart the role of convergent transformation and selection. Our results confirm that transformation strongly constrain the variation available to selection and therefore strongly limit its impact on cultural evolution. Surprisingly, in our study, transformation also enhances the effect of selection by stabilising cultural variation. We conclude that, in culture, selection can change the evolutionary trajectory substantially in some cases, but can only act on the variation provided by (typically biased) transformation.
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evidence of a vocalic proto system in the baboon Papio Papio suggests pre hominin speech precursors
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Frederic Berthommier, Joel Fagot, Thierry Legou, Guillaume Captier, Caralyn Kemp, Thomas R Sawallis, Yannick BeckerAbstract:Language is a distinguishing characteristic of our species, and the course of its evolution is one of the hardest problems in science. It has long been generally considered that human speech requires a low larynx, and that the high larynx of nonhuman primates should preclude their producing the vowel systems universally found in human language. Examining the vocalizations through acoustic analyses, tongue anatomy, and modeling of acoustic potential, we found that baboons (Papio Papio) produce sounds sharing the F1/F2 formant structure of the human [ɨ ae ɑ ɔ u] vowels, and that similarly with humans those vocalic qualities are organized as a system on two acoustic-anatomic axes. This confirms that hominoids can produce contrasting vowel qualities despite a high larynx. It suggests that spoken languages evolved from ancient articulatory skills already present in our last common ancestor with Cercopithecoidea, about 25 MYA.
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assessment of metacognitive monitoring and control in baboons Papio Papio
Animal Cognition, 2015Co-Authors: Raphaelle Malassis, Gilles Gheusi, Joel FagotAbstract:Metacognition refers to the ability of an organism to evaluate its states of knowledge (metacognitive monitoring) and engage in appropriate information-seeking behaviors when a lack of knowledge is detected (metacognitive control). This study assessed metacognitive monitoring and control in three Guinea baboons (Papio Papio). Monkeys were required to report on a touchscreen the location of two target stimuli that had previously appeared briefly on a grid. They could either respond directly or use a “Repeat” key providing an opportunity to repeat the target stimuli. In Experiment 1, the baboons used the Repeat key more frequently in difficult trials and transferred this use of the key to novel conditions. Two baboons showed higher accuracy when they declined using the key compared to Baseline trials in which the key was not available, suggesting accurate metacognitive monitoring judgments. The same two baboons were consistently faster at reporting the targets’ locations after a repetition of the stimulus. In Experiment 2, the baboons had to choose between two Repeat keys, one for each target. Two baboons showed a preference for repeating the presentation of the less visible target, suggesting that they identified what information they lack. Overall, results support the hypothesis of metacognitive monitoring in baboons, and also provide limited evidence for metacognitive control. We propose that tests requiring subjects to choose between several metacognitive responses in computerized tasks provide a suitable new approach for studying targeted information-seeking behaviors in animals.
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cultural evolution of systematically structured behaviour in a non human primate
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Nicolas Claidière, Simon Kirby, Kenny Smith, Joel FagotAbstract:Culture pervades human life and is at the origin of the success of our species. A wide range of other animals have culture too, but often in a limited form that does not complexify through the gradual accumulation of innovations. We developed a new paradigm to study cultural evolution in primates in order to better evaluate our closest relatives' cultural capacities. Previous studies using transmission chain experimental paradigms, in which the behavioural output of one individual becomes the target behaviour for the next individual in the chain, show that cultural transmission can lead to the progressive emergence of systematically structured behaviours in humans. Inspired by this work, we combined a pattern reproduction task on touch screens with an iterated learning procedure to develop transmission chains of baboons (Papio Papio). Using this procedure, we show that baboons can exhibit three fundamental aspects of human cultural evolution: a progressive increase in performance, the emergence of systematic structure and the presence of lineage specificity. Our results shed new light on human uniqueness: we share with our closest relatives essential capacities to produce human-like cultural evolution.
Brian S Meldrum - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the γ aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitor tiagabine is anticonvulsant in two animal models of reflex epilepsy
European Journal of Pharmacology, 1995Co-Authors: Stuart E Smith, Astrid G Chapman, Naila Parvez, Brian S MeldrumAbstract:The effects of i.p. administration of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake inhibitors R(−)N-(4,4-di(3-methylthien-2-yl)-but-3-enyl) nipecotic acid hydrochloride (tiagabine; molecular weight 412.0), (1-(2-(((diphenylmethylene)-amino)oxy)ethyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride (NNC-711; molecular weight 386.9), and (±)-nipecotic acid (molecular weight 128.2) are compared with those of carbamazepine (molecular weight 236.3) on sound-induced seizures and locomotor performance in genetically epilepsy-prone (GEP) rats. The ED50 value against clonic seizures (in μmol kg−1 at the time of maximal anticonvulsant effect) for tiagabine was 23 (0.5 h), and for NNC-711 was 72 (1 h), and for carbamazepine was 98 (2 h). (±)-Nipecotic acid (0.4–15.6) mmol kg−1) was not anticonvulsant. High doses of NNC-711 (207–310 μmol kg−1) and of (±)-nipecotic acid (39–78 mmol kg−1) induced ataxia and myoclonic seizures 0.25–1 h. Tiagabine and carbamazepine did not induce myoclonic seizures and had similar therapeutic indices (locomotor deficit ED50/anticonvulsant ED50) ranging from 0.4 to 1.9. In Papio Papio, we observed a reduction in photically induced myoclonic seizures with tiagabine (2.4 μmol kg−1 i.v.) accompanied with neurological impairment. Tiagabine has comparable anticonvulsant action to carbamazepine in rats and has anticonvulsant effects in non-human primates supporting the potential use of inhibitors of GABA uptake as therapy for epilepsy.
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the effects of ampa receptor antagonists on kindled seizures and on reflex epilepsy in rodents and primates
Epilepsy research. Supplement, 1992Co-Authors: Brian S Meldrum, Nick Durmuller, Stuart E Smith, Astrid G ChapmanAbstract:: Two potent glutamate antagonists, NBQX and GYKI 52466, that act selectively on non-NMDA receptors, have been tested for anticonvulsant activity in 3 models of reflex epilepsy (sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice and in genetically epilepsy-prone rats and photically-induced myoclonus in Papio Papio) and in amygdala kindled rats. Both compounds potently but transiently suppress reflexly-induced epileptic responses. GYKI 52466 also reduces behavioral seizures and afterdischarge duration in amygdala kindled rats, but with a lower potency than it suppresses reflex epilepsy. These data are similar to earlier results with antagonists acting selectively on NMDA receptors; they do not support a specific involvement of enhanced AMPA receptor sensitivity as a major factor in the expression of kindled seizures.
Mariannick Maziere - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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magnetic resonance imaging to monitor pathology of caudate putamen after excitotoxin induced neuronal loss in the nonhuman primate brain
Experimental Neurology, 1992Co-Authors: Philippe Hantraye, A Leroywillig, Alba Denys, D Riche, Ole Isacso, Mariannick Maziere, Andre SyrotaAbstract:Abstract We used MR imaging to locate and monitor in vivo the pathological events taking place 2 to 4 weeks after unilateral striatal injections of ibotenic acid (IA) in the Papio Papio baboon. As early as 2 weeks after IA injections, excitotoxic lesions in the caudate and the putamen were directly visualized on T1-weighted images as small areas of low signal intensity. On T2-weighted images, the lesion sites were visualized as areas of highintensity signal, spreading over larger areas than the corresponding regions in T1-weighted images. These alterations of T2-values in the lesioned striatum persisted 4 weeks after surgery. However, as the striatal degeneration progressed from 2 to 4 weeks after lesion, the size of the areas of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images decreased, whereas the same regions appeared essentially unmodified on T1-weighted images. A marked enlargement of the ipsilateral lateral ventricle (a characteristic of excitotoxic striatal lesions) could be detected 4 weeks after surgery, on both axial T1- and T2-weighted images. Comparisons of MR images with postmortem anatomical data indicated that areas of increased T1 values corresponded to regions of severe neuronal depletion (a direct result of the excitotoxic lesion), whereas areas of increased T2 values corresponded to regions of increased content in astrocytes and ferritin and probably in the early period following lesion (2 weeks) to a superimposed edema.
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in vivo visualization of central muscarinic receptors using 11c quinuclidinyl benzilate and positron emission tomography in baboons
European Journal of Pharmacology, 1992Co-Authors: Marina Varastet, C Prenant, Emmanuel Brouillet, Chantal Chavoix, Christian Crouzel, Oscar Stulzaft, Michel Bottlaender, Jerome Cayla, Bernard Maziere, Mariannick MaziereAbstract:Abstract The muscarinic antagonist, quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), labeled with carbon 11 was used as a radioligand to visualize in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) the central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in baboons ( Papio Papio ). The binding characteristics of [ 11 C]QNB showed its specific binding to central mAChR. [ 11 C]QNB brain uptake was high in cerebral cortex and striatum, areas that are rich in mAChR, whereas it decreased rapidly in cerebellum, evidencing non-specific binding in this structure that is almost devoid of mAChR. These results are consistent with the known cerebral distribution of mAChR in primates. [ 11 C]QNB specific cerebral binding was enhanced by pretreatment with methyl-QNB, a peripherally acting muscarinic antagonist. Specifically labeled binding sites alone were blocked by prior administration of dexetimide, a muscarinic antagonist. Specific radioactivity was driven out from mAChR-rich regions by atropine and dexetimide, drugs with high affinity for mAChR. This competition was stereospecific since only dexetimide, the pharmacologically active isomer of benzetimide, was able to compete with the radioligand on its binding sites. A relationship between the occupancy of [ 11 C]QNB-labeled receptors by atropine or dexetimide and the cocomitant induction of a pharmacological effect was also detected by simultaneous PET scanning and electroencephalographic recording. Since mAChR form an important part of choline receptors in the central nervous system, [ 11 C]QNB appears to be a suitable radiotracer to monitor cerebral physiological or pathological phenomena linked to the cholinergic system in living subjects.
John C Herr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cloning and sequencing of baboon and cynomolgus monkey intraacrosomal protein sp 10 homology with human sp 10 and a mouse sperm antigen msa 63
Molecular Reproduction and Development, 1993Co-Authors: Alex J Freemerman, Charles J Flickinger, Richard M Wright, John C HerrAbstract:In this study, cDNAs encoding the intraacrosomal protein SP-10 were cloned and sequenced from baboon (Papio Papio) and macaque (Macaca fasicularis) testis libraries and the sequence compared to that of human SP-10. Two alternatively spliced SP-10 cDNAs were obtained from both baboon and macaque testis libraries. The two cDNAs in each species contained open reading frames encoding proteins of exactly 285 and 251 amino acids. A 98% homology between baboon and macaque SP-10 was found at the protein and DNA levels. An 85% and 89% homology between baboon and macaque SP-10 and human SP-10 was present at the protein and DNA level, respectively. A mouse intraacrosomal protein, MSA-63, considered to be an SP-10 homologue, exhibited an overall 53% homology to nonhuman primate SP-10 and a 60% homology to human SP-10 at the protein level. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of testis mRNA confirmed the existence of two alternately spliced SP-10 mRNAs in both nonhuman primates. Primer extension analysis indicated a common major transcriptional start site in baboon, macaque, and human SP-10 67 nucleotides 5′ to the ATG codon. The amino acid sequence data for nonhuman primate SP-10s suggest that antibodies generated by vaccinating baboons and macaques with human SP-10 will likely recognize nonhuman primate SP-10, supporting the testing of an SP-10 contraceptive vaccine based on human SP-10 in these nonhuman primate models. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nicolas Claidière - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Computerized assessment of dominance hierarchy in baboons (Papio Papio).
Behavior research methods, 2021Co-Authors: Julie Gullstrand, Nicolas Claidière, Joel FagotAbstract:Dominance hierarchies are an important aspect of Primate social life, and there is an increasing need to develop new systems to collect social information automatically. The main goal of this research was to explore the possibility to infer the dominance hierarchy of a group of Guinea baboons (Papio Papio) from the analysis of their spontaneous interactions with freely accessible automated learning devices for monkeys (ALDM, Fagot & Bonte Behavior Research Methods, 42, 507-516, 2010). Experiment 1 compared the dominance hierarchy obtained from conventional observations of agonistic behaviours to the one inferred from the analysis of automatically recorded supplanting behaviours within the ALDM workstations. The comparison, applied to three different datasets, shows that the dominance hierarchies obtained with the two methods are highly congruent (all rs ≥ 0.75). Experiment 2 investigated the experimental potential of inferring dominance hierarchy from ALDM testing. ALDM data previously published in Goujon and Fagot (Behavioural Brain Research, 247, 101-109, 2013) were re-analysed for that purpose. Results indicate that supplanting events within the workstations lead to a transient improvement of cognitive performance for the baboon supplanting its partners and that this improvement depends on the difference in rank between the two baboons. This study therefore opens new perspectives for cognitive studies conducted in a social context.
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Convergent transformation and selection in cultural evolution
Evolution and Human Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Nicolas Claidière, Gameli Kodjo-kuma Amedon, Jean-baptiste André, Simon Kirby, Kenny Smith, Dan Sperber, Joel FagotAbstract:Abstract In biology, natural selection is the main explanation of adaptations and it is an attractive idea to think that an analogous force could have the same role in cultural evolution. In support of this idea, all the main ingredients for natural selection have been documented in the cultural domain. However, the changes that occur during cultural transmission typically result in convergent transformation, non-random cultural modifications, casting some doubts on the importance of natural selection in the cultural domain. To progress on this issue more empirical research is needed. Here, using nearly half a million experimental trials performed by a group of baboons ( Papio Papio ), we simulate cultural evolution under various conditions of natural selection and do an additional experiment to tease apart the role of convergent transformation and selection. Our results confirm that transformation strongly constrain the variation available to selection and therefore strongly limit its impact on cultural evolution. Surprisingly, in our study, transformation also enhances the effect of selection by stabilising cultural variation. We conclude that, in culture, selection can change the evolutionary trajectory substantially in some cases, but can only act on the variation provided by (typically biased) transformation.
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cultural evolution of systematically structured behaviour in a non human primate
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Nicolas Claidière, Simon Kirby, Kenny Smith, Joel FagotAbstract:Culture pervades human life and is at the origin of the success of our species. A wide range of other animals have culture too, but often in a limited form that does not complexify through the gradual accumulation of innovations. We developed a new paradigm to study cultural evolution in primates in order to better evaluate our closest relatives' cultural capacities. Previous studies using transmission chain experimental paradigms, in which the behavioural output of one individual becomes the target behaviour for the next individual in the chain, show that cultural transmission can lead to the progressive emergence of systematically structured behaviours in humans. Inspired by this work, we combined a pattern reproduction task on touch screens with an iterated learning procedure to develop transmission chains of baboons (Papio Papio). Using this procedure, we show that baboons can exhibit three fundamental aspects of human cultural evolution: a progressive increase in performance, the emergence of systematic structure and the presence of lineage specificity. Our results shed new light on human uniqueness: we share with our closest relatives essential capacities to produce human-like cultural evolution.
