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Kurunthachalam Kannan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parabens in stretch mark creams: A source of exposure in pregnant and lactating women.
The Science of the total environment, 2020Co-Authors: Hongkai Zhu, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Abstract Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in personal care products (PCPs). Stretch mark cream is widely used by pregnant and lactating women for the treatment of striae gravidarum. This can be a potential source of Paraben exposure, not only to pregnant/lactating women but also to fetuses/newborns. Little is known, however, with regard to the occurrence of Parabens in stretch mark creams. In this study, we analyzed eight Parabens and their metabolites in 31 popular stretch mark creams originated from various countries including China. The concentrations of ΣParaben (sum of eight Parabens/metabolites) ranged from 0.007 to 1630 μg/g, with mean and median values of 453 and 273 μg/g, respectively. Methyl- and propyl-Parabens accounted for >95% of ΣParaben concentrations. We examined the measured Paraben concentrations against ingredients listed on the product labels. Parabens were listed as ingredients in those creams that contained concentrations >100 μg/g except for four samples with such high concentrations. Six cream samples that were labeled ‘Paraben-free’ contained trace levels (0.007–9.92 μg/g) of these preservatives. Mean dermal ∑Paraben exposure dose from the use of stretch mark creams (30.6 μg/kg bw/day) was well below the current acceptable daily intake value (5 mg/kg bw/day). In comparison to diet and indoor dust ingestion pathways, Paraben-laden stretch mark cream may be a major source of Paraben exposure in pregnant and lactating women. This study provides information on Parabens and other preservatives in stretch mark creams and measures to reduce exposures during pregnancy and lactation.
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temporal trends of Parabens and their metabolites in mollusks from the chinese bohai sea during 2006 2015 species specific accumulation and implications for human exposure
Environmental Science & Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Chunyang Liao, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Parabens are used as preservatives in many consumer products, and human exposure to these chemicals has been a public concern. In this study, mollusks (n = 186), collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea during 2006–2015, were analyzed for six Parabens and their five metabolites. The total concentration of Parabens was in the range of 2.66–299 ng/g dw (geometric mean: 24.1). Methyl Paraben and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were the predominant parent and metabolic Parabens, respectively found in mollusks. Mollusk species, Mactra veneriformis, Mytilus edulis, and Cyclina sinensis contained elevated concentrations of both parent and metabolic Parabens. A gradual increase in Paraben concentrations was found in mollusks collected between 2006 and 2012. Principal component analysis suggested the existence of a common source for these chemicals in mollusks. Consumption of mollusks can contribute to human exposures and we estimated daily intakes of Parabens through the consumption of mollusks. This is the first study to repo...
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Parabens in human urine from several asian countries greece and the united states
Chemosphere, 2018Co-Authors: Masato Honda, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Morgan RobinsonAbstract:Abstract Parabens, esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, are commonly used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products. Although several studies report exposure of humans to Parabens in Western countries, little is known about exposure of humans to Parabens in Asian countries. In this study, we determined concentrations of six Parabens in spot urine samples collected from nine countries and estimated daily intakes (DI) and potential health risks of Parabens. Ethyl-Paraben, methyl-Paraben, and propyl-Paraben were detected frequently at 100, 98.0, and 80.3%, respectively, with representative median concentrations of 0.68, 7.02, and 1.21 ng/mL, respectively, for all nine countries. Urine samples from females (total median concentration: 32.3 ng/mL) contained significantly higher concentrations of Parabens than did those from males (5.46 ng/mL). Urine samples from Korea (total median Paraben concentration: 227 ng/mL) had the highest concentrations, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those found in other countries (3.67–29.1 ng/mL). The estimated DI of Parabens (on the basis of concentrations measured in urine) varied widely, and several samples had propyl-Paraben exposures above the acceptable DI. Our results suggest that Paraben exposure is ubiquitous in Asian countries, and further assessment of potential health risk of these chemicals is needed.
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occurrence and fate of Parabens and their metabolites in five sewage treatment plants in india
Science of The Total Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Rajendiran Karthikraj, Anuji K Vasu, K Balakrishna, Ravindra K Sinha, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Parabens (p-hydroxy benzoic acid esters) are antimicrobial agents, used widely as preservatives in personal care products (PCPs), pharmaceuticals, foods, and beverages. PCPs that contain Parabens are a major source of these chemicals in sewage treatment plants (STPs). Very few studies have demonstrated the occurrence of Parabens in wastewater. In this study, the occurrence and fate of six Parabens, methyl-(MeP), ethyl-(EtP), propyl-(PrP), butyl-(BuP), hepty-(HpP) and benzyl-(BzP) Parabens, and five of their metabolites (4-HB, 3,4-DHB, OH-MeP, OH-EtP and BA) were studied in five STPs in India. The concentrations of parent Parabens (∑6parent Parabens) in five STPs ranged between 131 and 920ng/L in influent; 16 and 67ng/L in effluent; and 104 and 1090ng/g, dry weight, in sludge samples. The sum concentrations of five Paraben metabolites (∑5Paraben metabolites) in five STPs ranged between 4110 and 34,600ng/L in influent; 2560 and 3800ng/L in effluent; and 1220 and 35,900ng/g, dry weight, in sludge samples. These values were higher than those reported for many industrialized countries. We calculated the mass loadings, removal efficiencies, and environmental emissions of Parabens based on the measured concentrations in influents, effluents, and sludge. The mean removal efficiencies of parent Parabens and their metabolites ranged from 80% to 100% and 28% to 76%, respectively.
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widespread occurrence of bisphenol a diglycidyl ethers p hydroxybenzoic acid esters Parabens benzophenone type uv filters triclosan and triclocarban in human urine from athens greece
Science of The Total Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Nikolaos S Thomaidis, Alexandros G Asimakopoulos, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Biomonitoring of human exposure to bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs; resin coating for food cans), p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens; preservatives), benzophenone-type UV filters (BP-UV filters; sunscreen agents), triclosan (TCS; antimicrobials), and triclocarban (TCC; antimicrobials) has been investigated in western European countries and North America. Nevertheless, little is known about the exposure of Greek populations to these environmental chemicals. In this study, 100 urine samples collected from Athens, Greece, were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of total concentrations of five derivatives of BADGEs, six Parabens and their metabolite (ethyl-protocatechuate), five derivatives of BP-UV filters, TCS, and TCC. Urinary concentrations of BADGEs, Parabens, ethyl-protocatechuate, BP-UV filters, TCS and TCC (on a volume basis) ranged 0.3–20.9 (geometric mean: 0.9), 1.6–1010 (24.2), < 2–71.0 (2.1), 0.5–1120 (4.4), < 0.5–2580 (8.0) and < 0.5–1.9 (0.6) ng/mL, respectively. All 19 target chemicals were found in urine, and the highest detection rates were observed for methyl Paraben (100%), bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether (90%), ethyl Paraben (87%), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (78%), propyl Paraben (72%), and TCS (71%). Estimated daily intakes (EDIurine), calculated on the basis of the measured urinary concentrations, ranged from 0.023 μg/kg bw/day for Σ5BADGEs to 31.4 μg/kg bw/day for Σ6Parabens.
Alexandros G Asimakopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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widespread occurrence of bisphenol a diglycidyl ethers p hydroxybenzoic acid esters Parabens benzophenone type uv filters triclosan and triclocarban in human urine from athens greece
Science of The Total Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Nikolaos S Thomaidis, Alexandros G Asimakopoulos, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Biomonitoring of human exposure to bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs; resin coating for food cans), p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens; preservatives), benzophenone-type UV filters (BP-UV filters; sunscreen agents), triclosan (TCS; antimicrobials), and triclocarban (TCC; antimicrobials) has been investigated in western European countries and North America. Nevertheless, little is known about the exposure of Greek populations to these environmental chemicals. In this study, 100 urine samples collected from Athens, Greece, were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of total concentrations of five derivatives of BADGEs, six Parabens and their metabolite (ethyl-protocatechuate), five derivatives of BP-UV filters, TCS, and TCC. Urinary concentrations of BADGEs, Parabens, ethyl-protocatechuate, BP-UV filters, TCS and TCC (on a volume basis) ranged 0.3–20.9 (geometric mean: 0.9), 1.6–1010 (24.2), < 2–71.0 (2.1), 0.5–1120 (4.4), < 0.5–2580 (8.0) and < 0.5–1.9 (0.6) ng/mL, respectively. All 19 target chemicals were found in urine, and the highest detection rates were observed for methyl Paraben (100%), bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether (90%), ethyl Paraben (87%), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (78%), propyl Paraben (72%), and TCS (71%). Estimated daily intakes (EDIurine), calculated on the basis of the measured urinary concentrations, ranged from 0.023 μg/kg bw/day for Σ5BADGEs to 31.4 μg/kg bw/day for Σ6Parabens.
Silvia M Diazcruz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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determination of Parabens and benzophenone type uv filters in human placenta first description of the existence of benzyl Paraben and benzophenone 4
Environment International, 2016Co-Authors: Jennifer Vallesistac, Daniel Molinsdelgado, Marta Diaz, Lourdes Ibanez, Damia Barcelo, Silvia M DiazcruzAbstract:UV filters and Parabens (PBs) are chemicals used in daily personal care and hygiene products to protect materials and humans from the adverse effects of UV radiation and to preserve the integrity of the formulation, respectively. Several studies highlight their widespread environmental occurrence and endocrine disrupting effects. However, little is known about human exposure to these compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the exposure of human embryos and foetuses to endocrine disrupting UV filters and PBs. Placentas from volunteer mothers in Barcelona were collected at delivery after informed, written consent by the pregnant women. UV filters and Parabens were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The excellent performance of the method allowed measuring the target compounds in human placental tissue at low ng/g fresh weight level. The detection frequency of the selected compounds was in the range 17-100%. Benzophenone-1, methyl Paraben, butyl Paraben and benzyl Paraben were detected in all samples. The highest measured concentration corresponded to methyl Paraben, 11.77ng/g fresh weight. Reported concentrations of benzophenone-4 and benzyl Paraben constitute the first evidence about their accumulation in placenta. The results obtained corroborate that foetuses are exposed to a wide diversity of UV filters and PBs via the placenta.
John D Meeker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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associations between maternal phenol and Paraben urinary biomarkers and maternal hormones during pregnancy a repeated measures study
Environment International, 2018Co-Authors: Amira Aker, David E Cantonwine, Bhramar Mukherjee, Lauren E Johns, Thomas F Mcelrath, John D MeekerAbstract:Abstract Background: A number of phenols and Parabens are added to consumer products for a variety of functions, and have been found at detectable levels in the majority of the U.S. population. Among other functions, thyroid hormones are essential in fetal neurodevelopment, and could be impacted by the endocrine disrupting effects of phenols and Parabens. The present study investigated the association between ten maternal urinary phenol and Paraben biomarkers (bisphenol S, triclosan, triclocarban, benzophenone-3, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and ethyl, butyl, methyl and propyl Paraben) and four plasma thyroid hormones in 439 pregnant women in a case–control sample nested within a cohort study based in Boston, MA. Methods: Urine and blood samples were collected from up to four visits during pregnancy (median weeks of gestation at each visit: Visit 1: 9.64, Visit 2: 17.9, Visit 3: 26.0, Visit 4: 35.1). Linear mixed models were constructed to take into account the repeated measures jointly, followed by multivariate linear regression models stratified by gestational age to explore potential windows of susceptibility. Results: We observed decreased total triiodothyronine (T3) in relation to an IQR increase in benzophenone-3 (percent change [%Δ] = −2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −4.16, 0.01), butyl Paraben (%Δ = −2.76; 95% CI = −5.25, −0.26) and triclosan (%Δ = −2.53; 95% CI = −4.75, −0.30), and triclocarban at levels above the LOD (%Δ = −5.71; 95% CI = −10.45, −0.97). A 2.41% increase in T3 was associated with an IQR increase in methyl Paraben (95% CI = 0.58, 4.24). We also detected a negative association between free thyroxine (FT4) and propyl Paraben (%Δ = −3.14; 95% CI = −6.12, −0.06), and a suggestive positive association between total thyroxine (T4) and methyl Paraben (%Δ = 1.19; 95% CI = −0.10, 2.47). Gestational age-specific multivariate regression analyses showed that the magnitude and direction of some of the observed associations were dependent on the timing of exposure. Conclusion: Certain phenols and Parabens were associated with altered thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy, and the timing of exposure influenced the association between phenol and Paraben, and hormone concentrations. These changes may contribute to downstream maternal and fetal health outcomes. Additional research is required to replicate the associations, and determine the potential biological mechanisms underlying the observed associations.
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phenols and Parabens in relation to reproductive and thyroid hormones in pregnant women
Environmental Research, 2016Co-Authors: Amira Aker, Kelly K Ferguson, Akram N Alshawabkeh, Deborah J Watkins, Lauren E Johns, Offie P Soldin, Liza Anzalota V Del Toro, Jose F Cordero, John D MeekerAbstract:Abstract Introduction Phenols and Parabens are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Evidence from animal studies and limited human data suggest they may be endocrine disruptors. In the current study, we examined associations of phenols and Parabens with reproductive and thyroid hormones in 106 pregnant women recruited for the prospective cohort, “Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT)”. Methods Urinary exposure biomarkers (bisphenol A, triclosan, benzophenone-3, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, butyl, methyl and propyl Paraben) and serum hormone levels (estradiol, progesterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone) were measured at up to two time points during pregnancy (16–20 weeks and 24–28 weeks). We used linear mixed models to assess relationships between exposure biomarkers and hormone levels across pregnancy, controlling for urinary specific gravity, maternal age, BMI and education. In sensitivity analyses, we evaluated cross-sectional relationships between exposure and hormone levels stratified by study visit using linear regression. Results An IQR increase in methyl Paraben was associated with a 7.70% increase (95% CI 1.50, 13.90) in SHBG. Furthermore, an IQR increase in butyl Paraben as associated with an 8.46% decrease (95% CI 16.92, 0.00) in estradiol, as well as a 9.34% decrease (95% CI −18.31,−0.38) in estradiol/progesterone. Conversely, an IQR increase in butyl Paraben was associated with a 5.64% increase (95% CI 1.26, 10.02) in FT4. Progesterone was consistently negatively associated with phenols, but none reached statistical significance. After stratification, methyl and propyl Paraben were suggestively negatively associated with estradiol at the first time point (16–20 weeks), and suggestively positively associated with estradiol at the second time point (24–28 weeks). Conclusions Within this ongoing birth cohort, certain phenols and Parabens were associated with altered reproductive and thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy. These changes may contribute to adverse health effects in mothers or their offspring, but additional research is required.
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distribution variability and predictors of urinary concentrations of phenols and Parabens among pregnant women in puerto rico
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013Co-Authors: John D Meeker, Antonia M. Calafat, David E Cantonwine, Luis O Riveragonzalez, Kelly K Ferguson, Bhramar Mukherjee, Liza Anzalota V Del Toro, Noe Crespohernandez, Braulio Jimenezvelez, Akram N AlshawabkehAbstract:Puerto Rico has higher rates of a range of endocrine-related diseases and disorders compared to the United States. However, little is known to date about human exposures to known or potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in Puerto Rico. We recruited 105 pregnant women in Northern Puerto Rico who provided urine samples and questionnaire data at three times (18 ± 2, 22 ± 2, and 26 ± 2 weeks) during gestation. We measured the urinary concentrations of five phenols and three Parabens: 2,4-dichlorophenol (24-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (25-DCP), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TCS), butyl Paraben (B-PB), methyl Paraben (M-PB), and propyl Paraben (P-PB). The frequent detection of these chemicals suggests that exposure is highly prevalent among these Puerto Rican pregnant women. Urinary concentrations of TCS, BP-3, and 25-DCP were higher than among women of reproductive age in the US general population, while concentrations of BPA, 24-DCP, and Parabens were similar. Intraclass correlat...
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urinary concentrations of Parabens and serum hormone levels semen quality parameters and sperm dna damage
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2010Co-Authors: John D Meeker, Antonia M. Calafat, Tiffany Yang, Russ HauserAbstract:Parabens are esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid that are commonly used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food or beverage processing (Andersen 2008). It is likely that repeated contact with products or foods containing Parabens leads to widespread human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact. Methyl Paraben (MP), ethyl Paraben (EP), propyl Paraben (PP), and butyl Paraben (BP) have recently been detected in a high proportion of urine samples collected as part of a national U.S. survey of exposure to environmental chemicals (Calafat et al. 2010). Parabens are thought to possess low toxicity (Golden et al. 2005; Soni et al. 2005). However, some Parabens may be estrogenic in vitro (Routledge et al. 1998), although with activity levels several orders of magnitude lower than that of estrogen. Recent experimental studies have reported that certain Parabens may also act as antiandrogens (Chen et al. 2007; Darbre and Harvey 2008; Satoh et al. 2005), and there is limited evidence that Parabens may affect thyroid function (Rousset 1981; Taxvig et al. 2008; Vo et al. 2010). Several animal studies have explored the impacts of Parabens on male reproductive effects, with some reporting that exposure to BP and PP, but not MP, adversely affects spermatogenesis and endocrine function in rats or mice (Kang et al. 2002; Oishi 2001, 2002a; 2002b; 2004). Conversely, in another recent study, Hoberman et al. (2008) found no association between MP or BP and reproductive markers in rats. Based on these limited animal studies, in addition to the observation that Paraben estrogenicity depends on the length of the alkyl side chain (Darbre and Harvey 2008), the reproductive toxicity potential of Parabens for which widespread human exposure has been documented is thought to be BP > PP > EP > MP. To our knowledge, no human studies have investigated the association between Paraben exposure and measures of male reproduction. In the present study we assessed relationships between urinary concentrations of several Parabens and a range of male reproductive health markers in an ongoing study of environmental determinants of reproductive health. We also considered the potential for interactions between Parabens and another estrogenic xenobiotic, bisphenol A (BPA), for which we recently reported associations with reproductive measures in this population (Meeker et al. 2010a, 2010b).
Lei Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transesterification of para-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens) in the activated sludge
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018Co-Authors: Lei Wang, Qixing ZhouAbstract:Abstract Hydrolysis is generally considered as the main pathway for the degradation of ester-type pollutants in aquatic environments. In this study, we found that when methanol or ethanol presented as the external carbon in the activated sludge, transesterification is very important for the degradation of para-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens). In the activated sludge solutions with 1% methanol added, contribution of transesterification to the degradation of the propyl substituted Paraben (PrP) and ethyl substituted Paraben (EtP) accounted for 46% and 83%, respectively, in the early stage of the reaction. This indicates that in aquatic environments with alcohols presence, Parabens prefer to form small molecule homologues than hydrolysis to acid. The predominant transesterification in the activated sludge is related to enzyme preference. Amano lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens was verified to catalyze hydrolysis and transesterification of Parabens, while the latter was dominant in water solution with 1% methanol or ethanol. Considering the common application of small molecular alcohols as the external carbon sources in wastewater treatment plants, transesterification might be an important pathway for the degradation of Parabens pollutants in these engineering aquatic environments.
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occurrence and profile characteristics of the pesticide imidacloprid preservative Parabens and their metabolites in human urine from rural and urban china
Environmental Science & Technology, 2015Co-Authors: Lei Wang, Fang Liu, Tianzhen Liu, Junjie Zhang, Hongwen SunAbstract:Knowledge of human exposure to imidacloprid, the most extensively used insecticide, and para-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens), the most extensively used preservative, is insufficient. In this study, 295 urine samples collected from subjects in rural and urban areas in China were analyzed for imidacloprid and four Parabens (namely, methyl Paraben, ethyl Paraben, propyl Paraben, and butyl Paraben) as well as their major metabolites (namely, 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-ClNA) and para-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HB)). Imidacloprid was detected in 100% of the urine samples from rural Chinese subjects and 95% of the urine samples from urban Chinese subjects. Concentrations of urinary imidacloprid detected in rural Chinese subjects (geometric mean (GM) = 0.18 ng/mL) were slightly higher than those detected in urban Chinese subjects (GM = 0.15 ng/mL) when the effect of pesticide spraying was excluded. However, concentrations of urinary imidacloprid detected in rural adults increased significantly in the subsequent days of pesticide spraying (GM = 0.62 ng/mL), which could return to the normal levels within 3 days. In contrast, concentrations of urinary Parabens detected in rural Chinese subjects (GM = 6.90 ng/mL) were lower than that in urban Chinese subjects (GM = 30.5 ng/mL). In addition, the metabolism characteristics of imidacloprid to 6-ClNA and Parabens to p-HB were discussed preliminarily.
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phthalates and Parabens in personal care products from china concentrations and human exposure
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2014Co-Authors: Ying Guo, Lei Wang, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Our previous studies showed that populations in China are widely exposed to phthalates and Parabens. Nevertheless, sources of Chinese exposure to phthalates and Parabens are not well understood. In this study, we measured concentrations of nine phthalates and six Parabens in five categories of personal care products (PCPs, N = 52) collected from Tianjin, China, and estimated human exposure doses to these compounds. The most frequently detected phthalates and Parabens in PCPs were diethyl phthalate (DEP) (detection frequency 54 %), methyl Paraben (MeP), and n-propyl Paraben (PrP) (~75 %). The concentrations of DEP in PCPs ranged from not detected (ND; <0.1 μg/g) to 937 μg/g. The highest concentrations of MeP and PrP were 2,826 and 1,564 μg/g, respectively. Median exposure dose to Parabens through dermal application of PCPs in China was estimated at 18,700 μg/d, which was two orders of magnitude greater than that calculated for phthalates (45.5 μg/d). Hand and body lotions were the major contributors to exposures, and the daily exposure doses for DEP, MeP, and PrP from these products were 38.4, 10,200 and 4,890 μg, respectively.
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Urinary concentrations of Parabens in Chinese young adults: implications for human exposure.
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 2013Co-Authors: Lei Wang, Ying Guo, Li-yan Liu, Ning-zheng Zhu, Chong-jing Gao, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Parabens are widely used as preservatives in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, recent studies have indicated that high and systemic exposure to Parabens can be harmful to human health. Although a few studies have reported urinary Paraben levels in western countries, studies on Paraben exposure in the Chinese population are limited. China is currently a major producer of Parabens in the world. In this study, 109 urine samples collected from Chinese young adults (approximately 20 years old) were analyzed for five Parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, and benzyl-Parabens) by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Methyl-, propyl-, and ethyl-Parabens were the three major Paraben analogues found in all (100 %) samples. The concentration of the sum of the five Parabens ranged from 0.82 to 728 ng/mL with a geometric mean value of 17.4 ng/mL. Urinary concentration of Parabens was 2-fold greater in females than in males. Based on the measured urinary concentrations, daily intake of Parabens by the Chinese young adults was estimated and compared with those reported for United States adults. The estimated daily intakes (EDIurine) of Parabens were 18.4 and 40.8 μg/kg bw/day for Chinese males and females, respectively, values that were lower than those reported for United States adults (74.7 μg/kg bw/day). Based on the reported concentrations of Parabens in foods from China and the United States, the contribution of dietary intake to EDIurine was estimated to be 5.5, 2.6, and 0.42 % for Chinese males, Chinese females, and United States adults, respectively, which indicates the significance of nondietary sources of Parabens to human exposures.
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occurrence and human exposure of p hydroxybenzoic acid esters Parabens bisphenol a diglycidyl ether badge and their hydrolysis products in indoor dust from the united states and three east asian countries
Environmental Science & Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Lei Wang, Hyobang Moon, Chunyang Liao, Fang Liu, Ying Guo, Haruhiko Nakata, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:p-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) are widely present in personal care products, food packages, and material coatings. Nevertheless, little is known about the occurrence of these compounds in indoor dust. In this study, we collected 158 indoor dust samples from the U.S., China, Korea, and Japan and determined the concentrations of 11 target chemicals, viz., six Parabens and their common hydrolysis product, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), as well as BADGE and its three hydrolysis products (BADGE·H2O, BADGE·2H2O, and BADGE·HCl·H2O). All of the target compounds were found in dust samples from four countries. Concentrations of sum of six Parabens in dust were on the order of several hundred to several thousands of nanogram per gram. Geometric mean concentrations of BADGEs in dust ranged from 1300 to 2890 ng/g among four countries. Methyl Paraben (MeP), propyl Paraben (PrP), BADGE·2H2O, and BADGE·HCl·H2O were the predominant compounds found in dust samples. This is t...
