The Experts below are selected from a list of 939 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Peter F Liddle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Abnormal function of the brain system supporting motivated attention in medicated patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study.
Psychological medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Peter F Liddle, Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Elton T C NganAbstract:Background. Patients with schizophrenia have an impaired ability to generate activity that is appropriate to current circumstances and goals. Method. We report a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cerebral activity during a three-tone auditory oddball target detection task in a sample of 28 patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls. Results. The patients exhibited significantly less activation in response to target stimuli relative to baseline in an extensive set of sites in association neoCortex, Paralimbic Cortex, limbic structures and subcortical nuclei, yet demonstrated a normal level of activation in the sensorimotor Cortex. Comparison of activity elicited by rare target stimuli with that elicited by equally rare novel stimuli makes it possible to distinguish cerebral activity associated with attention to behaviourally salient stimuli from activity associated with attending to other attention-capturing stimuli. This comparison revealed that the patients with schizophrenia also exhibited a deficit in activation of basal forebrain areas that mediate motivation during the processing of behaviourally salient stimuli, including the amygdala, ventral striatum, orbital frontal Cortex and rostral anterior cingulate Cortex. Conclusion. Patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in function of the brain system concerned with mediating motivation, in addition to a more general deficit in the cerebral response to attention-captivating stimuli.
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attention orienting dysfunction during salient novel stimulus processing in schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Research, 2005Co-Authors: Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Elton T C Ngan, Peter F LiddleAbstract:Schizophrenia is characterised by marked disturbances of attention and information processing. Patients experience difficulty focusing on relevant cues and avoiding distraction by irrelevant stimuli. Event-related potential recordings indicate an amplitude reduction in the P3a component elicited by involuntary orienting to task-irrelevant, infrequent novel stimuli presented during auditory oddball detection in patients with schizophrenia. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the functional abnormality underlying the disturbed orienting to novel stimuli in schizophrenia. Twenty-eight stable, partially remitted, medicated patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy control participants completed a novelty oddball variant during event-related fMRI. Relative to healthy participants, patients with schizophrenia were characterised by underactivity during novel stimulus processing in the right amygdala-hippocampus, within Paralimbic Cortex in the rostral anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate cortices and the right frontal operculum, and in association Cortex at the right temporo-parietal-occipital junction, bilateral intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral dorsal frontal Cortex. Subcortically, relative hypoactivation during novelty processing was apparent in the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia. These results suggest that patients less efficiently reorient processing resources away from the ongoing task of detecting and responding to the task-relevant target stimuli. In addition, trend results suggest that patients experienced increased distraction by novel stimuli.
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A supramodal limbic-Paralimbic-neocortical network supports goal-directed stimulus processing.
Human Brain Mapping, 2004Co-Authors: Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Peter F LiddleAbstract:Limited processing resources are allocated preferentially to events that are relevant for behavior. Research using the novelty "oddball" paradigm suggests that a widespread network of limbic, Paralimbic, and association areas supports the goal-directed processing of task-relevant target events. In that paradigm, greater activity in diverse brain areas is elicited by rare task-relevant events that require a subsequent motor response than by rare task-irrelevant novel events that require no response. Both stimulus infrequency (unexpectedness) and novelty, however, may contribute to the pattern of activity observed using that paradigm. The goal of the present study was to examine the supramodal neural activity elicited by regularly occurring, equiprobable, and non-novel stimuli that differed in the subsequent behavior they prescribed. We employed event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during auditory and visual versions of a Go/NoGo task. Participants made a motor response to the designated "Go" (target) stimulus, and no motor response to the equiprobable "NoGo" (nontarget) stimulus. We hypothesized that task-relevant Go events would elicit relatively greater hemodynamic activity than would NoGo events throughout a network of limbic, Paralimbic, and association areas. Indeed, Go events elicited greater activity than did NoGo events in the amygdala-hippocampus, Paralimbic Cortex at the anterior superior temporal sulcus, insula, posterior orbitofrontal Cortex, and anterior and posterior cingulate Cortex, as well as in heteromodal association areas located at the temporoparietal junction, anterior intraparietal sulcus and precuneus, and premotor Cortex. Paralimbic Cortex offers an important site for the convergence of motivational/goal-directed influences from limbic Cortex with stimulus processing and response selection mediated within the frontoparietal areas.
Hilary P. Blumberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: structure, function, and connectivity in an amygdala–anterior Paralimbic neural system
Bipolar disorders, 2012Co-Authors: Benjamin N. Blond, Carolyn A. Fredericks, Hilary P. BlumbergAbstract:Blond BN, Fredericks CA, Blumberg HP. Functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: structure, function, and connectivity in an amygdala–anterior Paralimbic neural system. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 340–355. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: In past decades, neuroimaging research in bipolar disorder has demonstrated a convergence of findings in an amygdala–anterior Paralimbic Cortex neural system. This paper reviews behavioral neurology literature that first suggested a central role for this neural system in the disorder and the neuroimaging evidence that supports it. Methods: Relevant articles are reviewed to provide an amygdala–anterior Paralimbic Cortex neural system model of bipolar disorder, including articles from the fields of behavioral neurology and neuroanatomy, and neuroimaging. Results: The literature is highly supportive of key roles for the amygdala, anterior Paralimbic cortices, and connections among these structures in the emotional dysregulation of bipolar disorder. The functions subserved by their more widely distributed connection sites suggest that broader system dysfunction could account for the range of functions—from neurovegetative to cognitive—disrupted in the disorder. Abnormalities in some components of this neural system are apparent by adolescence, while others, such as those in rostral prefrontal regions, appear to progress over adolescence and young adulthood, suggesting a neurodevelopmental model of the disorder. However, some findings conflict, which may reflect the small sample sizes of some studies, and clinical heterogeneity and methodological differences across studies. Conclusions: Consistent with models derived from early behavioral neurology studies, neuroimaging studies support a central role for an amygdala–anterior Paralimbic neural system in bipolar disorder, and implicate abnormalities in the development of this system in the disorder. This system will be an important focus of future studies on the developmental pathophysiology, detection, treatment, and prevention of the disorder.
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Olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex morphology in adolescents with bipolar disorder
Brain, 2011Co-Authors: Fei Wang, Jessica H. Kalmar, Fay Y. Womer, Erin Edmiston, Lara G. Chepenik, Rachel Chen, Linda Spencer, Hilary P. BlumbergAbstract:The olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex plays a critical role in the regulation of emotional and neurovegetative functions that are disrupted in core features of bipolar disorder. Adolescence is thought to be a critical period in both the maturation of the olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex and in the emergence of bipolar disorder pathology. Together, these factors implicate a central role for the olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex in the development of bipolar disorder and suggest that abnormalities in this Cortex may be expressed by adolescence in the disorder. We tested the hypothesis that differences in olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex structure are a morphological feature in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Subjects included 118 adolescents (41 with bipolar disorder and 77 healthy controls). Cortical grey matter volume differences between adolescents with and without bipolar disorder were assessed with voxel-based morphometry analyses of high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. Compared with healthy comparison adolescents, adolescents with bipolar disorder demonstrated significant volume decreases in olfactocentric Paralimbic regions, including orbitofrontal, insular and temporopolar cortices. Findings in these regions survived small volume correction (P < 0.05, corrected). Volume decreases in adolescents with bipolar disorder were also noted in inferior prefrontal and superior temporal gyri and cerebellum. The findings suggest that abnormalities in the morphology of the olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex may contribute to the bipolar disorder phenotype that emerges in adolescence. The morphological development of the olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex has received little study. The importance of these cortices in emotional and social development, and support for a central role for these cortices in the development of bipolar disorder, suggest that study of the development of these cortices in health and in bipolar disorder is critically needed.
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Olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex morphology in adolescents with bipolar disorder.
Brain : a journal of neurology, 2011Co-Authors: Fei Wang, Jessica H. Kalmar, Fay Y. Womer, Erin Edmiston, Lara G. Chepenik, Rachel Chen, Linda Spencer, Hilary P. BlumbergAbstract:The olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex plays a critical role in the regulation of emotional and neurovegetative functions that are disrupted in core features of bipolar disorder. Adolescence is thought to be a critical period in both the maturation of the olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex and in the emergence of bipolar disorder pathology. Together, these factors implicate a central role for the olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex in the development of bipolar disorder and suggest that abnormalities in this Cortex may be expressed by adolescence in the disorder. We tested the hypothesis that differences in olfactocentric Paralimbic Cortex structure are a morphological feature in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Subjects included 118 adolescents (41 with bipolar disorder and 77 healthy controls). Cortical grey matter volume differences between adolescents with and without bipolar disorder were assessed with voxel-based morphometry analyses of high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. Compared with healthy comparison adolescents, adolescents with bipolar disorder demonstrated significant volume decreases in olfactocentric Paralimbic regions, including orbitofrontal, insular and temporopolar cortices. Findings in these regions survived small volume correction (P
Kristin R Laurens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Abnormal function of the brain system supporting motivated attention in medicated patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study.
Psychological medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Peter F Liddle, Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Elton T C NganAbstract:Background. Patients with schizophrenia have an impaired ability to generate activity that is appropriate to current circumstances and goals. Method. We report a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cerebral activity during a three-tone auditory oddball target detection task in a sample of 28 patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls. Results. The patients exhibited significantly less activation in response to target stimuli relative to baseline in an extensive set of sites in association neoCortex, Paralimbic Cortex, limbic structures and subcortical nuclei, yet demonstrated a normal level of activation in the sensorimotor Cortex. Comparison of activity elicited by rare target stimuli with that elicited by equally rare novel stimuli makes it possible to distinguish cerebral activity associated with attention to behaviourally salient stimuli from activity associated with attending to other attention-capturing stimuli. This comparison revealed that the patients with schizophrenia also exhibited a deficit in activation of basal forebrain areas that mediate motivation during the processing of behaviourally salient stimuli, including the amygdala, ventral striatum, orbital frontal Cortex and rostral anterior cingulate Cortex. Conclusion. Patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in function of the brain system concerned with mediating motivation, in addition to a more general deficit in the cerebral response to attention-captivating stimuli.
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attention orienting dysfunction during salient novel stimulus processing in schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Research, 2005Co-Authors: Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Elton T C Ngan, Peter F LiddleAbstract:Schizophrenia is characterised by marked disturbances of attention and information processing. Patients experience difficulty focusing on relevant cues and avoiding distraction by irrelevant stimuli. Event-related potential recordings indicate an amplitude reduction in the P3a component elicited by involuntary orienting to task-irrelevant, infrequent novel stimuli presented during auditory oddball detection in patients with schizophrenia. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the functional abnormality underlying the disturbed orienting to novel stimuli in schizophrenia. Twenty-eight stable, partially remitted, medicated patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy control participants completed a novelty oddball variant during event-related fMRI. Relative to healthy participants, patients with schizophrenia were characterised by underactivity during novel stimulus processing in the right amygdala-hippocampus, within Paralimbic Cortex in the rostral anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate cortices and the right frontal operculum, and in association Cortex at the right temporo-parietal-occipital junction, bilateral intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral dorsal frontal Cortex. Subcortically, relative hypoactivation during novelty processing was apparent in the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia. These results suggest that patients less efficiently reorient processing resources away from the ongoing task of detecting and responding to the task-relevant target stimuli. In addition, trend results suggest that patients experienced increased distraction by novel stimuli.
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A supramodal limbic-Paralimbic-neocortical network supports goal-directed stimulus processing.
Human Brain Mapping, 2004Co-Authors: Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Peter F LiddleAbstract:Limited processing resources are allocated preferentially to events that are relevant for behavior. Research using the novelty "oddball" paradigm suggests that a widespread network of limbic, Paralimbic, and association areas supports the goal-directed processing of task-relevant target events. In that paradigm, greater activity in diverse brain areas is elicited by rare task-relevant events that require a subsequent motor response than by rare task-irrelevant novel events that require no response. Both stimulus infrequency (unexpectedness) and novelty, however, may contribute to the pattern of activity observed using that paradigm. The goal of the present study was to examine the supramodal neural activity elicited by regularly occurring, equiprobable, and non-novel stimuli that differed in the subsequent behavior they prescribed. We employed event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during auditory and visual versions of a Go/NoGo task. Participants made a motor response to the designated "Go" (target) stimulus, and no motor response to the equiprobable "NoGo" (nontarget) stimulus. We hypothesized that task-relevant Go events would elicit relatively greater hemodynamic activity than would NoGo events throughout a network of limbic, Paralimbic, and association areas. Indeed, Go events elicited greater activity than did NoGo events in the amygdala-hippocampus, Paralimbic Cortex at the anterior superior temporal sulcus, insula, posterior orbitofrontal Cortex, and anterior and posterior cingulate Cortex, as well as in heteromodal association areas located at the temporoparietal junction, anterior intraparietal sulcus and precuneus, and premotor Cortex. Paralimbic Cortex offers an important site for the convergence of motivational/goal-directed influences from limbic Cortex with stimulus processing and response selection mediated within the frontoparietal areas.
Kent A Kiehl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The structural brain correlates of callous-unemotional traits in incarcerated male adolescents.
NeuroImage. Clinical, 2019Co-Authors: Brendan M. Caldwell, Nathaniel E. Anderson, Keith A. Harenski, Miranda H. Sitney, Michael F. Caldwell, Greg J. Van Rybroek, Kent A KiehlAbstract:Abstract Youth with severe conduct problems impose a significant cost on society by engaging in high levels of antisocial and aggressive behavior. Within this group, adolescents with high levels of callous- unemotional traits have been found to exhibit more severe and persistent patterns of antisocial behavior than youth with severe conduct problems but normative levels of callous-unemotional traits. Existing neuroimaging studies, along with theoretical accounts of psychopathology, suggest that dysfunction within the Paralimbic Cortex and limbic system may underlie elevated levels of callous-unemotional traits. The present study examines this hypothesis by investigating gray matter correlates associated with callous-unemotional traits. A sample of incarcerated male adolescents (N = 269), were assessed using voxel-based morphometry. Callous-unemotional traits were assessed using the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional traits (Frick 2004). Total callous-unemotional traits were negatively correlated with anterior temporal lobe gray matter volume (GMV). Callous traits in particular exhibited a reliable negative correlation with gray matter volume in nearly every Paralimbic brain region examined. Uncaring traits were positively correlated with GMV in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. These findings demonstrate specific neural features within the Paralimbic Cortex and limbic system that accompany elevated callous-unemotional traits and serves to expand our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms that may give rise to severe conduct problems in youth.
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Aberrant Paralimbic gray matter in criminal psychopathy.
Journal of abnormal psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Elsa Ermer, Lora M. Cope, Prashanth K. Nyalakanti, Vince D. Calhoun, Kent A KiehlAbstract:Psychopaths impose large costs on society, as they are frequently habitual, violent criminals. The pervasive nature of emotional and behavioral symptoms in psychopathy suggests that several associated brain regions may contribute to the disorder. Studies employing a variety of methods have converged on a set of brain regions in Paralimbic Cortex and limbic areas that appear to be dysfunctional in psychopathy. The present study further tests this hypothesis by investigating structural abnormalities using voxel-based morphometry in a sample of incarcerated men (N=296). Psychopathy was associated with decreased regional gray matter in several Paralimbic and limbic areas, including bilateral parahippocampal, amygdala, and hippocampal regions, bilateral temporal pole, posterior cingulate Cortex, and orbitofrontal Cortex. The consistent identification of Paralimbic Cortex and limbic structures in psychopathy across diverse methodologies strengthens the interpretation that these regions are crucial for understanding neural dysfunction in psychopathy.
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Abnormal function of the brain system supporting motivated attention in medicated patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study.
Psychological medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Peter F Liddle, Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Elton T C NganAbstract:Background. Patients with schizophrenia have an impaired ability to generate activity that is appropriate to current circumstances and goals. Method. We report a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cerebral activity during a three-tone auditory oddball target detection task in a sample of 28 patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls. Results. The patients exhibited significantly less activation in response to target stimuli relative to baseline in an extensive set of sites in association neoCortex, Paralimbic Cortex, limbic structures and subcortical nuclei, yet demonstrated a normal level of activation in the sensorimotor Cortex. Comparison of activity elicited by rare target stimuli with that elicited by equally rare novel stimuli makes it possible to distinguish cerebral activity associated with attention to behaviourally salient stimuli from activity associated with attending to other attention-capturing stimuli. This comparison revealed that the patients with schizophrenia also exhibited a deficit in activation of basal forebrain areas that mediate motivation during the processing of behaviourally salient stimuli, including the amygdala, ventral striatum, orbital frontal Cortex and rostral anterior cingulate Cortex. Conclusion. Patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in function of the brain system concerned with mediating motivation, in addition to a more general deficit in the cerebral response to attention-captivating stimuli.
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attention orienting dysfunction during salient novel stimulus processing in schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Research, 2005Co-Authors: Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Elton T C Ngan, Peter F LiddleAbstract:Schizophrenia is characterised by marked disturbances of attention and information processing. Patients experience difficulty focusing on relevant cues and avoiding distraction by irrelevant stimuli. Event-related potential recordings indicate an amplitude reduction in the P3a component elicited by involuntary orienting to task-irrelevant, infrequent novel stimuli presented during auditory oddball detection in patients with schizophrenia. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the functional abnormality underlying the disturbed orienting to novel stimuli in schizophrenia. Twenty-eight stable, partially remitted, medicated patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy control participants completed a novelty oddball variant during event-related fMRI. Relative to healthy participants, patients with schizophrenia were characterised by underactivity during novel stimulus processing in the right amygdala-hippocampus, within Paralimbic Cortex in the rostral anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate cortices and the right frontal operculum, and in association Cortex at the right temporo-parietal-occipital junction, bilateral intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral dorsal frontal Cortex. Subcortically, relative hypoactivation during novelty processing was apparent in the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia. These results suggest that patients less efficiently reorient processing resources away from the ongoing task of detecting and responding to the task-relevant target stimuli. In addition, trend results suggest that patients experienced increased distraction by novel stimuli.
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A supramodal limbic-Paralimbic-neocortical network supports goal-directed stimulus processing.
Human Brain Mapping, 2004Co-Authors: Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Peter F LiddleAbstract:Limited processing resources are allocated preferentially to events that are relevant for behavior. Research using the novelty "oddball" paradigm suggests that a widespread network of limbic, Paralimbic, and association areas supports the goal-directed processing of task-relevant target events. In that paradigm, greater activity in diverse brain areas is elicited by rare task-relevant events that require a subsequent motor response than by rare task-irrelevant novel events that require no response. Both stimulus infrequency (unexpectedness) and novelty, however, may contribute to the pattern of activity observed using that paradigm. The goal of the present study was to examine the supramodal neural activity elicited by regularly occurring, equiprobable, and non-novel stimuli that differed in the subsequent behavior they prescribed. We employed event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during auditory and visual versions of a Go/NoGo task. Participants made a motor response to the designated "Go" (target) stimulus, and no motor response to the equiprobable "NoGo" (nontarget) stimulus. We hypothesized that task-relevant Go events would elicit relatively greater hemodynamic activity than would NoGo events throughout a network of limbic, Paralimbic, and association areas. Indeed, Go events elicited greater activity than did NoGo events in the amygdala-hippocampus, Paralimbic Cortex at the anterior superior temporal sulcus, insula, posterior orbitofrontal Cortex, and anterior and posterior cingulate Cortex, as well as in heteromodal association areas located at the temporoparietal junction, anterior intraparietal sulcus and precuneus, and premotor Cortex. Paralimbic Cortex offers an important site for the convergence of motivational/goal-directed influences from limbic Cortex with stimulus processing and response selection mediated within the frontoparietal areas.
Elton T C Ngan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Abnormal function of the brain system supporting motivated attention in medicated patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study.
Psychological medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Peter F Liddle, Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Elton T C NganAbstract:Background. Patients with schizophrenia have an impaired ability to generate activity that is appropriate to current circumstances and goals. Method. We report a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cerebral activity during a three-tone auditory oddball target detection task in a sample of 28 patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls. Results. The patients exhibited significantly less activation in response to target stimuli relative to baseline in an extensive set of sites in association neoCortex, Paralimbic Cortex, limbic structures and subcortical nuclei, yet demonstrated a normal level of activation in the sensorimotor Cortex. Comparison of activity elicited by rare target stimuli with that elicited by equally rare novel stimuli makes it possible to distinguish cerebral activity associated with attention to behaviourally salient stimuli from activity associated with attending to other attention-capturing stimuli. This comparison revealed that the patients with schizophrenia also exhibited a deficit in activation of basal forebrain areas that mediate motivation during the processing of behaviourally salient stimuli, including the amygdala, ventral striatum, orbital frontal Cortex and rostral anterior cingulate Cortex. Conclusion. Patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in function of the brain system concerned with mediating motivation, in addition to a more general deficit in the cerebral response to attention-captivating stimuli.
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attention orienting dysfunction during salient novel stimulus processing in schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Research, 2005Co-Authors: Kristin R Laurens, Kent A Kiehl, Elton T C Ngan, Peter F LiddleAbstract:Schizophrenia is characterised by marked disturbances of attention and information processing. Patients experience difficulty focusing on relevant cues and avoiding distraction by irrelevant stimuli. Event-related potential recordings indicate an amplitude reduction in the P3a component elicited by involuntary orienting to task-irrelevant, infrequent novel stimuli presented during auditory oddball detection in patients with schizophrenia. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the functional abnormality underlying the disturbed orienting to novel stimuli in schizophrenia. Twenty-eight stable, partially remitted, medicated patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy control participants completed a novelty oddball variant during event-related fMRI. Relative to healthy participants, patients with schizophrenia were characterised by underactivity during novel stimulus processing in the right amygdala-hippocampus, within Paralimbic Cortex in the rostral anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate cortices and the right frontal operculum, and in association Cortex at the right temporo-parietal-occipital junction, bilateral intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral dorsal frontal Cortex. Subcortically, relative hypoactivation during novelty processing was apparent in the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia. These results suggest that patients less efficiently reorient processing resources away from the ongoing task of detecting and responding to the task-relevant target stimuli. In addition, trend results suggest that patients experienced increased distraction by novel stimuli.
