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Linfa Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ictv virus taxonomy profile paramyxoviridae
Journal of General Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Bertus K. Rima, Andrew J Easton, Anne Balkemabuschmann, William G Dundon, Paul Duprex, Gael Kurath, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Paul A. Rota, Robert A Lamb, Linfa WangAbstract:The family Paramyxoviridae consists of large enveloped RNA viruses infecting mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Many paramyxoviruses are host-specific and several, such as measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and several parainfluenza viruses, are pathogenic for humans. The transmission of paramyxoviruses is horizontal, mainly through airborne routes; no vectors are known. This is a summary of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Paramyxoviridae. which is available at ictv.global/report/paramyxoviridae.
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Generation of henipavirus nucleocapsid proteins in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Virus Research, 2006Co-Authors: Mindaugas Juozapaitis, Linfa Wang, Brian J. Shiell, Andrius Serva, Aurelija Zvirbliene, Rimantas Slibinskas, Juozas Staniulis, Kestutis Sasnauskas, Wojtek P. MichalskiAbstract:Abstract Hendra and Nipah viruses are newly emerged, zoonotic viruses and their genomes have nucleotide and predicted amino acid homologies placing them in the family Paramyxoviridae . Currently these viruses are classified in the new genus Henipavirus , within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae , family Paramyxoviridae . The genes encoding HeV and NiV nucleocapsid proteins were cloned into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression vector pFGG3 under control of GAL7 promoter. A high level of expression of these proteins (18–20 mg l −1 of yeast culture) was obtained. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the primary structure of both proteins with 92% sequence coverage obtained using MS/MS analysis. Electron microscopy demonstrated the assembly of typical herring-bone structures of purified recombinant nucleocapsid proteins, characteristic for other paramyxoviruses. The nucleocapsid proteins revealed stability in yeast and can be easily purified by cesium chloride gradient ultracentrifugation. HeV nucleocapsid protein was detected by sera derived from fruit bats, humans, horses infected with HeV, and NiV nucleocapsid protein was immunodetected with sera from, fruit bats, humans and pigs. The development of an efficient and cost-effective system for generation of henipavirus nucleocapsid proteins might help to improve reagents for diagnosis of viruses.
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the complete genome sequence of j virus reveals a unique genome structure in the family paramyxoviridae
Journal of Virology, 2005Co-Authors: Philippa J M Jack, David B. Boyle, Bryan T Eaton, Linfa WangAbstract:J virus (J-V) was isolated from feral mice ( Mus musculus ) trapped in Queensland, Australia, during the early 1970s. Although studies undertaken at the time revealed that J-V was a new paramyxovirus, it remained unclassified beyond the family level. The complete genome sequence of J-V has now been determined, revealing a genome structure unique within the family Paramyxoviridae . At 18,954 nucleotides (nt), the J-V genome is the largest paramyxovirus genome sequenced to date, containing eight genes in the order 3′-N-P/V/C-M-F-SH-TM-G-L-5′. The two genes located between the fusion (F) and attachment (G) protein genes, which have been named the small hydrophobic (SH) protein gene and the transmembrane (TM) protein gene, encode putative proteins of 69 and 258 amino acids, respectively. The 4,401-nt J-V G gene, much larger than other paramyxovirus attachment protein genes sequenced to date, encodes a putative attachment protein of 709 amino acids and distally contains a second open reading frame (ORF) of 2,115 nt, referred to as ORF-X. Taken together, these novel features represent the most significant divergence to date from the common six-gene genome structure of Paramyxovirinae . Although genome analysis has confirmed that J-V can be classified as a member of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae , it cannot be assigned to any of the five existing genera within this subfamily. Interestingly, a recently isolated paramyxovirus appears to be closely related to J-V, and preliminary phylogenetic analyses based on putative matrix protein sequences indicate that these two viruses will likely represent a new genus within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae .
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the exceptionally large genome of hendra virus support for creation of a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae
Journal of Virology, 2000Co-Authors: Linfa Wang, Ian L Pritchard, Eric Hansson, Brian J. Shiell, Wojtek P. Michalski, Meng Yu, Bryan T EatonAbstract:Although they manifest diverse biological properties, viruses in the families Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Bornaviridae all contain a nonsegmented negative-strand (NNS) RNA genome and share features of genome organization. These facts, together with similarities in domain structure and sequence of the viral polymerase proteins, suggest a close phylogenetic relationship. The four families are now grouped taxonomically in the order Mononegavirales, the first taxon above family level to be recognized in virus taxonomy (23, 25). The genome size of viruses in the order varies significantly, ranging from 8.9 kb in the Bornaviridae to 19.1 kb in the Filoviridae. Members of the Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae have intermediate genome sizes, 10.8 to 14.9 kb and 15.1 to 15.9 kb, respectively. Two interesting observations can be made from the comparison of genome sizes. First, there is no overlap of genome size between virus families. Second, genome size ranges differ significantly between the two families in which multiple genera have been defined, the Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae. Within the Rhabdoviridae, genome length can vary more than 40%, whereas variation within the Paramyxoviridae is no more than 5%. Thus, paramyxoviruses, especially those in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, have traditionally been described as having a “uniform genome size” (23, 27). The universality of this feature is now challenged with the discovery, reported here, of a much larger genome for Hendra virus (HeV). Members of the family Paramyxoviridae include highly contagious human and animal pathogens such as human parainfluenza viruses, Measles virus, Canine distemper virus, Rinderpest virus, Mumps virus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Human respiratory syncytial virus, and Turkey rhinotracheitis virus. Classification within the family has undergone major changes in recent years, and the current taxonomy (17, 24, 27) divides the family into two subfamilies, Paramyxovirinae and Pneumovirinae. The Paramyxovirinae include three genera, Respirovirus (formerly known as Paramyxovirus), Morbillivirus, and Rubulavirus, whereas the Pneumovirinae contains two genera, Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus. HeV was the causative agent of an explosive outbreak of a respiratory disease that resulted in the deaths of 14 horses and one human in a 2-week period in September 1994 in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia (19). The virus was also responsible for a fatal human case of encephalitis in 1995, the infection almost certainly being acquired during necropsy of two horses that had died as a result of HeV infection 13 months previously (20). In January 1999, an additional fatal equine case was reported in North Queensland (13). Serological surveys and virus isolation studies indicated that flying foxes (fruit bats) in the genus Pteropus are likely to be the natural host of this new virus (11, 16, 34). In March 1999, a virus closely related to HeV emerged in Malaysia, spread rapidly via the respiratory route through the pig population, and caused the death by encephalitis of over 100 people. Efforts to control the spread of the pathogen, Nipah virus (NiV), included the culling of over 1 million pigs (5, 6). NiV is closely related to HeV, and antibodies raised against one virus can neutralize the other in serum neutralization tests, albeit with reduced efficiency (5, 12). Positive antibody responses to NiV have been recorded in the Malaysian fruit bat population (8). In addition to these two viruses, several other newly emerged Mononegavirales members of bat origin have been identified. These include Australian bat lyssavirus (9) and Menangle virus (21). Australian bat lyssavirus is closely related to rabies virus and was responsible for the death of a bat handler in 1996 (1). Menangle virus caused fetal death and abortion in pigs and respiratory disease in humans (4, 21). It appears to be a member of the Rubulavirus genus (M. Westenberg, personal communication). A new member of the Paramyxoviridae has recently been isolated from bat urine in Malaysia, and it displays some antigenic cross-reactivity with Menangle virus (K. Chua, personal communication). Tidona et al. (30) reported the isolation and characterization of a novel virus, Tupaia paramyxovirus (TPMV), from tree shrews, and Renshaw et al. (26) recently published the molecular characterization of the Salem virus, yet another novel paramyxovirus isolated from horses. These two new viruses are phylogenetically related to each other and to HeV and morbilliviruses. The isolation of seven new viruses, at least four of which are zoonotic and five of which appear to have originated from fruit bats, opens a new and exciting era in the investigation of the natural history of Paramyxoviridae and NNS RNA viruses in general. In this paper, we report the molecular characterization of the HeV L gene, which encodes the RNA polymerase, and determine the sequence of the genome termini and gene boundaries and thus complete the sequence of the largest genome in the Paramyxoviridae to be described. Important molecular features will be summarized to support the establishment of a new genus for HeV and NiV within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae.
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Sequence analysis of the Hendra virus nucleoprotein gene: comparison with other members of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae.
Journal of General Virology, 1998Co-Authors: Meng Yu, Brian J. Shiell, Eric Hansson, Wojtek P. Michalski, Linfa WangAbstract:The nucleoprotein (N) gene of Hendra virus (HeV), an unclassified member of subfamily Paramyxovirinae in the family Paramyxoviridae previously known as equine morbillivirus, was cloned and sequenced. The majority of the deduced amino acid sequence was further confirmed by direct sequencing of peptide fragments of the N protein derived from purified virions. The 3' untranslated sequence of the HeV N gene mRNA was 568 nt and was much longer than that observed in other Paramyxovirinae. The N protein was 532 amino acids in length with a molecular mass of 58.5 kDa. Although the HeV N protein had a slightly higher amino acid sequence identity to those of the genus Morbillivirus than to those of other Paramyxovirinae genera, the level of identity was much lower than that observed within the morbilliviruses. Our results indicated that HeV could not confidently be classified as a member of the genus Morbillivirus, Paramyxovirus or Rubulavirus and suggest that the virus be classified in a new genus within the Paramyxovirinae.
Bruce S Seal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence analysis of the fusion protein and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein genes among Newcastle disease virus isolates. Phylogenetic relationships among the Paramyxovirinae based on attachment glycoprotein sequences
Functional & Integrative Genomics, 2004Co-Authors: Bruce S SealAbstract:Highly virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates are List A pathogens for commercial poultry, and reports of their isolation among member nations must be made to the Office of International Epizootes (OIE). The virus is classified as a member of the order Mononegavirales in the family Paramyxoviridae of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Two interactive surface glycoproteins, the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins, play essential roles in NDV attachment and fusion of cells during infection. Antibodies to the F or HN proteins are capable of virus neutralization; however, no full-length sequences are available for these genes from recently obtained virulent isolates. Therefore, nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the F and HN protein genes from 16 NDV isolates representing highly virulent viruses from worldwide sources were obtained for comparison to older virulent isolates and vaccine strains. The F protein amino acid sequence was relatively conserved among isolates maintaining potential glycosylation sites and C residues for disulfide bonds. A dibasic amino acid motif was present at the cleavage site among more virulent isolates, while the low virulence viruses did not have this sequence. However, a Eurasian collared dove virus had a K114Q substitution at the F cleavage site unique among NDV isolates. The HN protein among NDV isolates maintained predicted catalytic and active site residues necessary for neuraminidase activity and hemagglutination. Length of the HN for the Eurasian collared dove isolate and a previously reported heat resistant virulent isolate were longer relative to other more recent virulent isolates. Phylogenetically NDV isolates separated into four groups with more recent virulent isolates forming a diverse branch, while all the avian paramyxoviruses formed their own clade distinct from other members of the Paramyxoviridae.
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nucleotide sequence analysis of the newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae
Virus Research, 2002Co-Authors: Bruce S Seal, Holly S Sellers, John M. Crawford, Devin P Locke, Daniel J. KingAbstract:The nucleocapsid (N) protein genes from 24 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates representing various pathotypes with different geographical and chronological origins were cloned and sequenced. The N-terminal region of the N protein to residue 401 was highly conserved among isolates with several conservative substitutions occurring that correlated with phylogenetic relationships. Variability of the N protein was detected in the C-terminal portion similar to what has been reported for other members of the Paramyxovirinae. Amino acids previously identified as invariant or highly conserved in N proteins of other paramyxoviruses were also present in the NDV protein. Phylogenetic analysis of N gene coding sequences among NDV isolates again demonstrated the existence of two major groups. One clade contained viruses that included vaccine and virulent strains isolated in the USA prior to 1970 while a second clade included vaccine and virulent viruses isolated worldwide. Comparison of N protein amino acid sequences among members of the Paramyxoviridae resulted in NDV and avian paramyxovirus 6 separating as a cluster distinct from the Rubulavirus genus. This provides further support for avian paramyxoviruses being considered for their own genus among the Paramyxovirinae.
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the avian response to newcastle disease virus
Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2000Co-Authors: Bruce S Seal, Daniel J. King, Holly S SellersAbstract:Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is classified as a member of the superfamily Mononegavirales in the family Paramyxoviridae. This virus family is divided into two subfamilies, the Paramyxovirinae and the Pneumovirinae. In 1993 the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses rearranged the order of the Paramyxovirus genus and placed NDV within the Rubulavirus genus among the Paramyxovirinae. The enveloped virus has a negative sense single-stranded RNA genome of 15,186 kb which codes for an RNA directed RNA polymerase, hemagglutinin–neuraminidase protein, fusion protein, matrix protein, phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The virus has a wide host range with most orders of birds reported to have been infected by NDV. Isolates are characterized by virulence in chickens and are categorized into three main pathotypes depending on severity of disease. Lentogenic isolates are of low virulence while viruses of intermediate virulence are termed mesogenic. Highly virulent viruses that cause high mortality in birds are termed neurotropic or viscerotropic velogenic. Velogenic NDV are List A pathogens that require reporting to the Office of International Epizootics and outbreaks result in strict trade embargoes. The primary molecular determinant for NDV pathogenicity is the fusion protein cleavage site amino acid sequence. Vaccination for NDV is primarily by mass application of live-virus vaccines among commercial poultry. Although protection is measured by presence of antibodies to NDV, vaccinated B-cell depleted chickens are resistant to disease. Consequently, immune protection involves responses that are presently incompletely defined.
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molecular evolution of the newcastle disease virus matrix protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae
Virus Research, 2000Co-Authors: Bruce S Seal, Daniel J. King, Richard J MeinersmannAbstract:Matrix (M) gene sequences for recent field isolates and older reference Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) were examined to determine phylogenetic relationships and population trends among these viruses. Overall, the M gene has a majority of synonymous nucleotide sequence substitutions occurring among NDV isolates. However, several predicted amino acid changes in the M protein of specific NDV isolates have occurred that correlate to phylogenetic relationships. Nucleotide substitutions in these codons have a greater number of nonsynonymous base changes. The NDV isolates arising since the 1970s belong to a population of viruses that expanded worldwide at an exponential rate. These viruses may have their origins in free-living birds, are present worldwide, and continue to circulate causing disease in poultry. A specific NDV lineage composed of virulent isolates obtained in the US prior to 1970 appears to no longer exists among free-living birds or commercial poultry. However, ‘‘vaccine-like’’ viruses are common in the US and continue to circulate among commercial poultry. Based on M protein amino acid sequences, NDV separates as a clade most closely related to morbilliviruses and not with their current designated category, the rubulaviruses among the Paramyxoviridae. Consequently, avian paramyxoviruses should have their own taxonomic subfamily among the Paramyxovirinae. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Ron A. M. Fouchier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ictv virus taxonomy profile paramyxoviridae
Journal of General Virology, 2019Co-Authors: Bertus K. Rima, Andrew J Easton, Anne Balkemabuschmann, William G Dundon, Paul Duprex, Gael Kurath, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Paul A. Rota, Robert A Lamb, Linfa WangAbstract:The family Paramyxoviridae consists of large enveloped RNA viruses infecting mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Many paramyxoviruses are host-specific and several, such as measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and several parainfluenza viruses, are pathogenic for humans. The transmission of paramyxoviruses is horizontal, mainly through airborne routes; no vectors are known. This is a summary of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Paramyxoviridae. which is available at ictv.global/report/paramyxoviridae.
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a family wide rt pcr assay for detection of paramyxoviruses and application to a large scale surveillance study
PLOS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: Sander Van Boheemen, Theo M. Bestebroer, Josanne H. Verhagen, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Suzan D. Pas, Sander Herfst, Ron A. M. FouchierAbstract:Family-wide molecular diagnostic assays are valuable tools for initial identification of viruses during outbreaks and to limit costs of surveillance studies. Recent discoveries of paramyxoviruses have called for such assay that is able to detect all known and unknown paramyxoviruses in one round of PCR amplification. We have developed a RT-PCR assay consisting of a single degenerate primer set, able to detect all members of the Paramyxoviridae family including all virus genera within the subfamilies Paramyxovirinae and Pneumovirinae. Primers anneal to domain III of the polymerase gene, with the 3′ end of the reverse primer annealing to the conserved motif GDNQ, which is proposed to be the active site for nucleotide polymerization. The assay was fully optimized and was shown to indeed detect all available paramyxoviruses tested. Clinical specimens from hospitalized patients that tested positive for known paramyxoviruses in conventional assays were also detected with the novel family-wide test. A high-throughput fluorescence-based RT-PCR version of the assay was developed for screening large numbers of specimens. A large number of samples collected from wild birds was tested, resulting in the detection of avian paramyxoviruses type 1 in both barnacle and white-fronted geese, and type 8 in barnacle geese. Avian metapneumovirus type C was found for the first time in Europe in mallards, greylag geese and common gulls. The single round family-wide RT-PCR assay described here is a useful tool for the detection of known and unknown paramyxoviruses, and screening of large sample collections from humans and animals.
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A Family-Wide RT-PCR Assay for Detection of Paramyxoviruses and Application to a Large-Scale Surveillance Study
2011Co-Authors: Er Van Boheemen, Theo M. Bestebroer, Josanne H. Verhagen, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Suzan D. Pas, Er Herfst, Ron A. M. FouchierAbstract:Family-wide molecular diagnostic assays are valuable tools for initial identification of viruses during outbreaks and to limit costs of surveillance studies. Recent discoveries of paramyxoviruses have called for such assay that is able to detect all known and unknown paramyxoviruses in one round of PCR amplification. We have developed a RT-PCR assay consisting of a single degenerate primer set, able to detect all members of the Paramyxoviridae family including all virus genera within the subfamilies Paramyxovirinae and Pneumovirinae. Primers anneal to domain III of the polymerase gene, with the 39 end of the reverse primer annealing to the conserved motif GDNQ, which is proposed to be the active site for nucleotide polymerization. The assay was fully optimized and was shown to indeed detect all available paramyxoviruses tested. Clinical specimens from hospitalized patients that tested positive for known paramyxoviruses in conventional assays were also detected with the novel family-wide test. A high-throughput fluorescence-based RT-PCR version of the assay was developed for screening large numbers of specimens. A large number of samples collected from wild birds was tested, resulting in the detection of avian paramyxoviruses type 1 in both barnacle and white-fronted geese, and type 8 in barnacle geese. Avian metapneumovirus type C was found for the first time in Europe in mallards, greylag geese and common gulls. The single round family-wide RT-PCR assay described here is a useful tool for the detection of known and unknown paramyxoviruses
Bryan T Eaton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the complete genome sequence of j virus reveals a unique genome structure in the family paramyxoviridae
Journal of Virology, 2005Co-Authors: Philippa J M Jack, David B. Boyle, Bryan T Eaton, Linfa WangAbstract:J virus (J-V) was isolated from feral mice ( Mus musculus ) trapped in Queensland, Australia, during the early 1970s. Although studies undertaken at the time revealed that J-V was a new paramyxovirus, it remained unclassified beyond the family level. The complete genome sequence of J-V has now been determined, revealing a genome structure unique within the family Paramyxoviridae . At 18,954 nucleotides (nt), the J-V genome is the largest paramyxovirus genome sequenced to date, containing eight genes in the order 3′-N-P/V/C-M-F-SH-TM-G-L-5′. The two genes located between the fusion (F) and attachment (G) protein genes, which have been named the small hydrophobic (SH) protein gene and the transmembrane (TM) protein gene, encode putative proteins of 69 and 258 amino acids, respectively. The 4,401-nt J-V G gene, much larger than other paramyxovirus attachment protein genes sequenced to date, encodes a putative attachment protein of 709 amino acids and distally contains a second open reading frame (ORF) of 2,115 nt, referred to as ORF-X. Taken together, these novel features represent the most significant divergence to date from the common six-gene genome structure of Paramyxovirinae . Although genome analysis has confirmed that J-V can be classified as a member of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae , it cannot be assigned to any of the five existing genera within this subfamily. Interestingly, a recently isolated paramyxovirus appears to be closely related to J-V, and preliminary phylogenetic analyses based on putative matrix protein sequences indicate that these two viruses will likely represent a new genus within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae .
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the exceptionally large genome of hendra virus support for creation of a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae
Journal of Virology, 2000Co-Authors: Linfa Wang, Ian L Pritchard, Eric Hansson, Brian J. Shiell, Wojtek P. Michalski, Meng Yu, Bryan T EatonAbstract:Although they manifest diverse biological properties, viruses in the families Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Bornaviridae all contain a nonsegmented negative-strand (NNS) RNA genome and share features of genome organization. These facts, together with similarities in domain structure and sequence of the viral polymerase proteins, suggest a close phylogenetic relationship. The four families are now grouped taxonomically in the order Mononegavirales, the first taxon above family level to be recognized in virus taxonomy (23, 25). The genome size of viruses in the order varies significantly, ranging from 8.9 kb in the Bornaviridae to 19.1 kb in the Filoviridae. Members of the Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae have intermediate genome sizes, 10.8 to 14.9 kb and 15.1 to 15.9 kb, respectively. Two interesting observations can be made from the comparison of genome sizes. First, there is no overlap of genome size between virus families. Second, genome size ranges differ significantly between the two families in which multiple genera have been defined, the Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae. Within the Rhabdoviridae, genome length can vary more than 40%, whereas variation within the Paramyxoviridae is no more than 5%. Thus, paramyxoviruses, especially those in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, have traditionally been described as having a “uniform genome size” (23, 27). The universality of this feature is now challenged with the discovery, reported here, of a much larger genome for Hendra virus (HeV). Members of the family Paramyxoviridae include highly contagious human and animal pathogens such as human parainfluenza viruses, Measles virus, Canine distemper virus, Rinderpest virus, Mumps virus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Human respiratory syncytial virus, and Turkey rhinotracheitis virus. Classification within the family has undergone major changes in recent years, and the current taxonomy (17, 24, 27) divides the family into two subfamilies, Paramyxovirinae and Pneumovirinae. The Paramyxovirinae include three genera, Respirovirus (formerly known as Paramyxovirus), Morbillivirus, and Rubulavirus, whereas the Pneumovirinae contains two genera, Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus. HeV was the causative agent of an explosive outbreak of a respiratory disease that resulted in the deaths of 14 horses and one human in a 2-week period in September 1994 in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia (19). The virus was also responsible for a fatal human case of encephalitis in 1995, the infection almost certainly being acquired during necropsy of two horses that had died as a result of HeV infection 13 months previously (20). In January 1999, an additional fatal equine case was reported in North Queensland (13). Serological surveys and virus isolation studies indicated that flying foxes (fruit bats) in the genus Pteropus are likely to be the natural host of this new virus (11, 16, 34). In March 1999, a virus closely related to HeV emerged in Malaysia, spread rapidly via the respiratory route through the pig population, and caused the death by encephalitis of over 100 people. Efforts to control the spread of the pathogen, Nipah virus (NiV), included the culling of over 1 million pigs (5, 6). NiV is closely related to HeV, and antibodies raised against one virus can neutralize the other in serum neutralization tests, albeit with reduced efficiency (5, 12). Positive antibody responses to NiV have been recorded in the Malaysian fruit bat population (8). In addition to these two viruses, several other newly emerged Mononegavirales members of bat origin have been identified. These include Australian bat lyssavirus (9) and Menangle virus (21). Australian bat lyssavirus is closely related to rabies virus and was responsible for the death of a bat handler in 1996 (1). Menangle virus caused fetal death and abortion in pigs and respiratory disease in humans (4, 21). It appears to be a member of the Rubulavirus genus (M. Westenberg, personal communication). A new member of the Paramyxoviridae has recently been isolated from bat urine in Malaysia, and it displays some antigenic cross-reactivity with Menangle virus (K. Chua, personal communication). Tidona et al. (30) reported the isolation and characterization of a novel virus, Tupaia paramyxovirus (TPMV), from tree shrews, and Renshaw et al. (26) recently published the molecular characterization of the Salem virus, yet another novel paramyxovirus isolated from horses. These two new viruses are phylogenetically related to each other and to HeV and morbilliviruses. The isolation of seven new viruses, at least four of which are zoonotic and five of which appear to have originated from fruit bats, opens a new and exciting era in the investigation of the natural history of Paramyxoviridae and NNS RNA viruses in general. In this paper, we report the molecular characterization of the HeV L gene, which encodes the RNA polymerase, and determine the sequence of the genome termini and gene boundaries and thus complete the sequence of the largest genome in the Paramyxoviridae to be described. Important molecular features will be summarized to support the establishment of a new genus for HeV and NiV within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae.
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a novel p v c gene in a new member of the paramyxoviridae family which causes lethal infection in humans horses and other animals
Journal of Virology, 1998Co-Authors: Linfa Wang, Ian L Pritchard, Brian J. Shiell, Wojtek P. Michalski, Meng Yu, Gary Crameri, Bryan T EatonAbstract:In 1994, a new member of the family Paramyxoviridae isolated from fatal cases of respiratory disease in horses and humans was shown to be distantly related to morbilliviruses and provisionally called equine morbillivirus (K. Murray et al., Science 268:94–97, 1995). To facilitate characterization and classification, the virus was purified, viral proteins were identified, and the P/V/C gene was cloned and sequenced. The coding strategy of the gene is similar to that of Sendai and measles viruses, members of the Paramyxovirus and Morbillivirus genera, respectively, in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae . The P/V/C gene contains four open reading frames, three of which, P, C, and V, have Paramyxovirinae counterparts. The P and C proteins are larger and smaller, respectively, than are cognate proteins in members of the subfamily, and the V protein is made as a result of a single G insertion during transcription. The P/V/C gene has two unique features. (i) A fourth open reading frame is located between those of the C and V proteins and potentially encodes a small basic protein similar to those found in some members of the Rhabdoviridae and Filoviridae families. (ii) There is also a long untranslated 3′ sequence, a feature common in Filoviridae members. Sequence comparisons confirm that although the virus is a member of the Paramyxovirinae subfamily, it displays only low levels of homology with paramyxoviruses and morbilliviruses and negligible homologies with rubulaviruses.
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flying foxes horses and humans a zoonosis caused by a new member of the paramyxoviridae
1998Co-Authors: Keith Murray, P T Hooper, M M Williamson, Linfa Wang, Bryan T Eaton, P. L. YoungAbstract:This chapter describes the outbreaks of disease caused by Megamyxovirus zoonotic agent; provides an updated description of the virus, its genome, and its wildlife reservoir; and documents what is known of the pathology and pathogenesis of equine morbillivirus (EMV) infection. A severe outbreak of respiratory disease occurred in the second half of September 1994 in horses stabled in the Brisbane suburb of Hendra. The outcome of the outbreak was that 13 horses died. The trainer died after hospitalization with severe respiratory involvement, while the stable hand recovered after a protracted illness. Although horses had been moved off the property during this period, infection had not spread to distant sites and extensive surveillance showed that the virus was not active in horses or humans. In fluorescent-antibody tests, sera from naturally infected horses and humans reacted strongly with the fruit bat virus. Identical viruses were isolated from a range of tissues from horses infected during the initial outbreak and from a kidney of the deceased trainer. Morphologically the virus is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae. The pathology of field and experimental EMV infections in horses and experimental infections in cats has been described. It is sufficiently different from known members of the Paramyxoviridae to be considered a member of a new genus which bridges the two existing genera Paramyxovirus and Morbillivirus. The author proposes that consideration should be given to creating a new genus within the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Paramyxovirinae, to be called Megamyxovirus, with the type species being EMV.
Daniel J. King - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nucleotide sequence analysis of the newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae
Virus Research, 2002Co-Authors: Bruce S Seal, Holly S Sellers, John M. Crawford, Devin P Locke, Daniel J. KingAbstract:The nucleocapsid (N) protein genes from 24 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates representing various pathotypes with different geographical and chronological origins were cloned and sequenced. The N-terminal region of the N protein to residue 401 was highly conserved among isolates with several conservative substitutions occurring that correlated with phylogenetic relationships. Variability of the N protein was detected in the C-terminal portion similar to what has been reported for other members of the Paramyxovirinae. Amino acids previously identified as invariant or highly conserved in N proteins of other paramyxoviruses were also present in the NDV protein. Phylogenetic analysis of N gene coding sequences among NDV isolates again demonstrated the existence of two major groups. One clade contained viruses that included vaccine and virulent strains isolated in the USA prior to 1970 while a second clade included vaccine and virulent viruses isolated worldwide. Comparison of N protein amino acid sequences among members of the Paramyxoviridae resulted in NDV and avian paramyxovirus 6 separating as a cluster distinct from the Rubulavirus genus. This provides further support for avian paramyxoviruses being considered for their own genus among the Paramyxovirinae.
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the avian response to newcastle disease virus
Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2000Co-Authors: Bruce S Seal, Daniel J. King, Holly S SellersAbstract:Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is classified as a member of the superfamily Mononegavirales in the family Paramyxoviridae. This virus family is divided into two subfamilies, the Paramyxovirinae and the Pneumovirinae. In 1993 the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses rearranged the order of the Paramyxovirus genus and placed NDV within the Rubulavirus genus among the Paramyxovirinae. The enveloped virus has a negative sense single-stranded RNA genome of 15,186 kb which codes for an RNA directed RNA polymerase, hemagglutinin–neuraminidase protein, fusion protein, matrix protein, phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The virus has a wide host range with most orders of birds reported to have been infected by NDV. Isolates are characterized by virulence in chickens and are categorized into three main pathotypes depending on severity of disease. Lentogenic isolates are of low virulence while viruses of intermediate virulence are termed mesogenic. Highly virulent viruses that cause high mortality in birds are termed neurotropic or viscerotropic velogenic. Velogenic NDV are List A pathogens that require reporting to the Office of International Epizootics and outbreaks result in strict trade embargoes. The primary molecular determinant for NDV pathogenicity is the fusion protein cleavage site amino acid sequence. Vaccination for NDV is primarily by mass application of live-virus vaccines among commercial poultry. Although protection is measured by presence of antibodies to NDV, vaccinated B-cell depleted chickens are resistant to disease. Consequently, immune protection involves responses that are presently incompletely defined.
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molecular evolution of the newcastle disease virus matrix protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae
Virus Research, 2000Co-Authors: Bruce S Seal, Daniel J. King, Richard J MeinersmannAbstract:Matrix (M) gene sequences for recent field isolates and older reference Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) were examined to determine phylogenetic relationships and population trends among these viruses. Overall, the M gene has a majority of synonymous nucleotide sequence substitutions occurring among NDV isolates. However, several predicted amino acid changes in the M protein of specific NDV isolates have occurred that correlate to phylogenetic relationships. Nucleotide substitutions in these codons have a greater number of nonsynonymous base changes. The NDV isolates arising since the 1970s belong to a population of viruses that expanded worldwide at an exponential rate. These viruses may have their origins in free-living birds, are present worldwide, and continue to circulate causing disease in poultry. A specific NDV lineage composed of virulent isolates obtained in the US prior to 1970 appears to no longer exists among free-living birds or commercial poultry. However, ‘‘vaccine-like’’ viruses are common in the US and continue to circulate among commercial poultry. Based on M protein amino acid sequences, NDV separates as a clade most closely related to morbilliviruses and not with their current designated category, the rubulaviruses among the Paramyxoviridae. Consequently, avian paramyxoviruses should have their own taxonomic subfamily among the Paramyxovirinae. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.