The Experts below are selected from a list of 15054 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Olga Popova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Former Communist Party Membership and present-day entrepreneurship
Small Business Economics, 2020Co-Authors: Artjoms Ivlevs, Milena Nikolova, Olga PopovaAbstract:After the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, former Party members were particularly likely to start businesses and become entrepreneurs. What remains unclear, however, is whether this entrepreneurial activity was driven by the resources, information, and opportunities provided by former Party Membership or because individuals with specific individual attributes were more likely to become Communist cadres (self-selection). This study is the first to separate the causal effect of former Communist Party Membership from self-selection. Using individual-level Life in Transition-III survey data and a control function approach, we find that former Communist Party Membership has facilitated business set-up but not business longevity in Central and Eastern European countries. We also show that people who joined the former ruling Party had fewer of the traits associated with entrepreneurship such as unobservable personality traits, ability, motivation, and entrepreneurial aptitude, and as such were negatively self-selected. We show that former Communist Party Membership still matters for business practices, business ethics, and the nature of doing business in transition economies.
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former communist Party Membership and present day entrepreneurship in central and eastern europe
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Artjoms Ivlevs, Milena Nikolova, Olga PopovaAbstract:After the collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe, former Party members were particularly likely to start businesses and become entrepreneurs. However, it remains unclear whether this entrepreneurial activity was driven by the resources, information and opportunities provided by former Party Membership or because people with specific individual attributes were more likely to become Party members (self-selection). This study is the first to separate the causal effect of former Communist Party Membership from self-selection. Using individual-level Life in Transition–III survey and instrumental variables analysis, we find that, in Central and Eastern European countries, Membership of former Communist Party has facilitated business set-up but not business longevity. Our results also suggest evidence of negative self-selection, meaning that people who joined the former ruling Party tended have fewer of the traits associated with entrepreneurship such as motivation, risk tolerance, and entrepreneurial spirit. We show that former Communist Party Membership still matters for business practices, business ethics, and the nature of doing business in transition economies.
Wayne T Parent - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a subterranean agenda racial attitudes presidential evaluations and tea Party Membership
Race and Social Problems, 2013Co-Authors: Angie Maxwell, Wayne T ParentAbstract:Recent research suggests that fiscally conservative policy preferences and disapproval of President Obama are significant predictors of Tea Party Membership (Maxwell and Parent 2012). Unfortunately, however, we know very little about the reasons why Tea Party members so aggressively disapprove of President Obama. While Tea Party members adamantly deny that President Obama’s race plays any role in their motivations, their critics argue that racial attitudes are a primary reason why individuals choose to join the movement. In this article, using national survey data conducted by Knowledge Networks (n = 1649), we explore the possibility that three unique racial attitudes have been influential in the establishment of the Tea Party. Specifically, we investigate the role of symbolic racism, racial stereotypes, and ethnocentrism as predictors of self-identified Tea Party Membership among whites.
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the obama trigger presidential approval and tea Party Membership
Social Science Quarterly, 2012Co-Authors: Angie Maxwell, Wayne T ParentAbstract:Objective This article utilizes national polling data to identify factors driving Tea Party Membership. Methods First, in order to clearly define the Tea Party movement, the researchers will report Tea Party demographics drawn from the Blair-Rockefeller Poll, which includes a national sample of 3,406 respondents. Second, the researchers will create a logit model to predict Tea Party Membership. Results In addition to Party identification and ideology, Tea Party Membership (10.6 percent of the sample) is impacted both by fiscally conservative policy preferences and by presidential approval. To a lesser degree, age and a belief in biblical literalism are also significant indicators in the model. Conclusions The Tea Party is a distinct entity from the Republican Party and is triggered, not only by current economic attitudes, but, specifically, by opposition to President Obama.
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a subterranean agenda racial attitudes presidential evaluations and tea Party Membership
Social Science Research Network, 2012Co-Authors: Angie Maxwell, Wayne T ParentAbstract:Recent research suggests that fiscally conservative policy preferences and disapproval of President Obama are significant predictors of Tea Party Membership (Maxwell and Parent, 2012). Unfortunately, however, we know very little about the reasons why Tea Party members so aggressively disapprove of President Obama. While Tea Party members adamantly deny that President Obama’s race plays any role in their motivations, their critics argue that racial attitudes are a primary reason why individuals choose to join the movement. In this article, using national survey data conducted by Knowledge Networks (n=1649), we explore the possibility that three unique racial attitudes are important predictors of Tea Party Membership. Specifically, we investigate the role of symbolic racism, racial stereotypes, and ethnocentrism as predictors of self-identified Tea Party Membership among whites.
Eric Neumayer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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strategic delaying and concessions extraction in accession negotiations to the world trade organization an analysis of working Party Membership
World Trade Review, 2013Co-Authors: Eric NeumayerAbstract:Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is unlike accession to other global organizations. It is extremely demanding on applicant countries, time consuming and essentially power- rather than rule-based. This article argues that existing WTO members select themselves into the Working Party of applicant countries, the body which determines the timing and conditions of accession, in order to have the option to strategically delay Membership by the applicant and/or extract concessions from it. Existing members will select themselves into a specific Working Party if their own trade interests are strongly affected, which will be the case if the existing member's bilateral trade with the applicant country forms a large share of its income, unless both countries already have a preferential trade agreement (PTA) between them. Trade interests are also strongly affected if the existing member competes with the applicant in terms of export product and market structure. Conversely, where both member and applicant have more PTAs with third countries of large economic size in common, potential accession will affect the member's trade interests less. An empirical analysis of Working Party Membership since 1968 estimates to what extent these three different facets of trade interests are substantively important determinants of Working Party composition.
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strategic delaying and concessions extraction in accession negotiations to the world trade organization an analysis of working Party Membership
Social Science Research Network, 2011Co-Authors: Eric NeumayerAbstract:Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is unlike accession to other international organizations. It is extremely demanding on applicant countries, time consuming and essentially power- rather than rule-based. This article argues that existing WTO members select themselves into the Working Party of applicant countries, the body which determines the timing and conditions of accession, in order to have the option to strategically delay Membership by the applicant and/or extract concessions from it. Existing members will select themselves into a specific Working Party if their own trade interests are strongly affected, which will be the case if the existing member’s bilateral trade with the applicant country forms a large share of its income, unless both countries already have a preferential trade agreement (PTA) between them. Trade interests are also strongly affected if the existing member competes with the applicant in terms of export product and market structure. Conversely, where both member and applicant have more PTAs with third countries of large economic size in common, potential accession will affect the member’s trade interests less. An empirical analysis of Working Party Membership since 1968 estimates to what extent these three different facets of trade interests are substantively important determinants of Working Party composition.
Junsen Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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economic returns to communist Party Membership evidence from urban chinese twins
The Economic Journal, 2007Co-Authors: Pak Wai Liu, Junsen ZhangAbstract:This article estimates the returns to Membership of the Chinese Communist Party using unique twins data we collected from China. Our OLS estimate shows a Party premium of 10%, but the within-twin-pair estimate becomes zero. One interpretation is that the OLS premium is due to omitted ability and family background. This interpretation suggests that Party members fare well not because of their political status but because of the superior ability that made them Party members. The estimates are also consistent with another interpretation that Party Membership not only has its own effect but also has an external effect on siblings.
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economic returns to communist Party Membership evidence from urban chinese twins
2006Co-Authors: Pak Wai Liu, Junsen ZhangAbstract:This paper estimates the returns to Membership of the Chinese Communist Party using unique twins data we collected from China. Our OLS estimate shows that being a Party member increases earnings by 10%, but the within-twin-pair estimate becomes zero. One interpretation of these results is that the OLS Party premium is due to omitted ability and family background. This interpretation would suggest that Party members fare well not because of their special political status per se, but because of the superior ability that made them Party members. The estimates are also consistent with an alternative interpretation that Party Membership not only has its own effect but also has an external effect on the sibling.
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economic returns to communist Party Membership evidence from urban chinese twins
2005Co-Authors: Pak Wai Liu, Junsen ZhangAbstract:This paper empirically estimates the returns to Membership of the Chinese Communist Party using unique twins data that the authors collected from urban China. Our ordinary least squares estimate shows that being a Party member increases earnings by 28.1 percent, but when we use a within-twin-pair fixed-effects model, the effect of Party Membership all but disappears, which suggests that much of the estimated value of Party Membership that is given in the literature is due to the effects of omitted ability or family background. The findings suggest that Party members fare well not because of their special political status per se, but because of the superior ability that allowed them to pass through the strict Party Membership selection process.
Qingjie Xia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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growing out of poverty trends and patterns of urban poverty in china 1988 2002
World Development, 2010Co-Authors: Simon Appleton, Lina Song, Qingjie XiaAbstract:Summary This paper estimates trends in absolute poverty in urban China using the Chinese Household Income Project surveys. Poverty incidence curves are plotted, showing lower poverty in 2002 than in 1988 irrespective of the poverty line chosen. Incomes of the poorest fell during 1988–95, contributing to a rise in inequality. However, inequality has been fairly constant thereafter. Models of the determination of income and poverty reveal widening differentials by education, sex, and Communist Party Membership. Income from government anti-poverty programs has little impact on poverty, which has fallen almost entirely due to overall economic growth rather than redistribution.
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the economics of communist Party Membership the curious case of rising numbers and wage premium during china s transition
Journal of Development Studies, 2009Co-Authors: Simon Appleton, Lina Song, John Knight, Qingjie XiaAbstract:Abstract As the Chinese Communist Party has loosened its grip in a more market-oriented economy, why have Membership and the economic benefits of joining risen? We use three national household surveys over 11 years to answer this question for wages in urban China. Individual demand for Party Membership is treated as an investment in ‘political capital’ that brings monetary rewards in terms of a wage premium that has risen in recent years. However, this does not explain why the wage premium is higher for the personal characteristics that reduce the probability of Membership. Rationing with a scarcity value for members with those characteristics provides an explanation.
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the economics of communist Party Membership the curious case of rising numbers and wage premium during china s transition
2008Co-Authors: Simon Appleton, Lina Song, John Knight, Qingjie XiaAbstract:Why is it that, as the Chinese Communist Party has loosened its grip, abandoned its core beliefs, and marketized the economy, its Membership has risen markedly along with the economic benefits of joining? We use three national household surveys, spanning eleven years, to answer this question with respect to labour market rewards in urban China. We conceptualize individual demand for Party Membership as an investment in "political capital" that brings monetary rewards in terms of higher wages. This wage premium has risen with the growing wage differentials associated with the emergence of a labour market and the continuing value of political status in the semi-marketized transitional economy. However, a demand-side explanation does not explain the fact that the wage premium is higher for the personal characteristics that reduce the probability of Membership. We develop an explanation in terms of a rationing of places and a scarcity value for members with those characteristics.
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growing out of poverty trends and patterns of urban poverty in china 1988 2002
MPRA Paper, 2008Co-Authors: Simon Appleton, Lina Song, Qingjie XiaAbstract:This paper estimates trends in absolute poverty in urban China from 1988 to 2002 using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) surveys. Poverty incidence curves are plotted, showing that poverty has fallen markedly during the period regardless of the exact location of the poverty line. Income inequality rose from 1988 to 1995 but has been fairly constant thereafter. Models of the determination of income and poverty reveal widening differentials by education, sex and Party Membership. Income from government anti-poverty programs has little impact on poverty, which has fallen almost entirely due to overall economic growth rather than redistribution.
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has china crossed the river the evolution of wage structure in urban china during reform and retrenchment
Journal of Comparative Economics, 2005Co-Authors: Simon Appleton, Lina Song, Qingjie XiaAbstract:Abstract In this paper, we examine the determinants of urban wages in China from 1988 to 2002. We find increased returns to education but a decrease in the returns to experience. The 2002 data imply that the widening pure gender gap and the growth in the premium to Communist Party Membership may have come to an end. The reform of the state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector and the shift in industrial structure out of heavy industry is shown to impact wages of workers within those sectors. We use recall panel data for 1998 to 2002 to provide fixed effects estimates of the impact of sector ownership, Communist Party Membership and unemployment on wages. Journal of Comparative Economics 33 (4) (2005) 644–663.