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Johnny L Matson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an examination of challenging behaviors in autistic disorder versus pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified significant differences and gender effects
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2012Co-Authors: Alison M Kozlowski, Johnny L MatsonAbstract:Abstract Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are well-known for engagement in challenging behaviors. Unfortunately, due to its absence as a criterion for diagnosis in the DSM-IV-TR , little attention has been paid to the endorsement rates of such behaviors. However, a recently developed measure to assist in the diagnosis of infants and toddlers with autism and PDD-NOS – the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits ( BISCUIT ) – has included a section designated for just this reason. This study used the BISCUIT to assess for significant differences in the endorsement rates of challenging behaviors between infants and toddlers with autism versus PDD-NOS as well as for significant differences between genders. There were significant differences between the diagnostic groups in endorsement rates of challenging behaviors as a whole, as well as among many specific behavior items. No significant differences between genders in endorsement rates of challenging behaviors were found. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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the relationship between autism spectrum disorders and anxiety the moderating effect of communication
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2011Co-Authors: Thompson E Davis, Jill C Fodstad, Julie A Hess, Timothy Dempsey, Brittany N Moree, Erin T Reuther, Whitney S Jenkins, Johnny L MatsonAbstract:Abstract Communication skills have been shown to have differing effects on levels of anxiety depending on whether or not a child has an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or is typically developing. This article examined whether or not communication deficits differentially affect children with ASD compared to those without ASD. Ninety-nine children with autistic disorder (n = 33), Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS; n = 33), and no diagnosis (n = 33) were examined using the Autism Spectrum Disorders Diagnostic for Children and Comorbidity for Children scales to determine their level of anxiety and degree of communication deficits. Results indicated that anxiety decreased as communication deficits increased for those with autistic disorder compared to those with PDD-NOS or no diagnosis; however, for those with PDD-NOS anxiety increased as communication deficits increased compared to those with no diagnosis. The importance and differential impact of communication deficits on anxiety for different groups is highlighted.
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communication deficits in babies and infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified pdd nos
Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2010Co-Authors: Max Horovitz, Johnny L MatsonAbstract:Objective: To investigate if, and in what ways, communication impairments are present in toddlers (17–37 months) diagnosed with autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder–Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS).Methods: Study 1—The scores of 20 toddlers with autism or PDD-NOS (i.e. ASD group) were compared to those of 20 typically-developing infants on the Communication sub-scale of the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT)–Part 1. Study 2—These same scores were compared between 660 toddlers who fell into three groups: autism, PDD-NOS and non-ASD-related developmentally delayed.Results: Infants with an ASD exhibited greater communication impairments than did typically-developing infants overall and on all items. Additionally, significant differences were found in overall communication impairments and the majority of individual items between all three groups in Study 2.Conclusions: Significant communication impairments are present in toddlers diagnosed with autism and PDD-NOS before 3...
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motor skill abilities in toddlers with autistic disorder pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and atypical development
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2010Co-Authors: Johnny L Matson, Sara Mahan, Jill C Fodstad, Julie A Hess, Daniene NealAbstract:Abstract Motor skills were assessed in 397 toddlers, and it was demonstrated that atypically developing toddlers exhibited significantly greater motor skill abilities than toddlers with autistic disorder. No significant difference on gross or fine motor skill abilities were found between atypically developing toddlers and toddlers with pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), or between toddlers with autistic disorder and toddlers with PDD-NOS. Gross and fine motor skills were found to be more impaired for toddlers with autistic disorder compared to the atypical development group. Furthermore, differences in gross or fine motor skills between the autistic disorder and the PDD-NOS group approached significance. Approximate effect sizes were also calculated. Implications of the results are also discussed.
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comorbid psychopathology in infants and toddlers with autism and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified pdd nos
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2010Co-Authors: Johnny L Matson, Julie A Hess, Jessica A BoisjoliAbstract:Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate symptoms of comorbid disorders in infants and toddlers with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Research is scant on symptoms of co-occurring mental health conditions in this very young population. Method : Three hundred and twenty four participants were included in this study. Participants were classified into one of three groups: Autistic Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified, and control. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was utilized to assess group differences on the six subscales of the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits-Part 2 (BISCUIT-Part 2). Results : The MANOVA revealed a significant main effect for group. Follow-up analyses showed that all subscales contributed to the significant main effect of the MANOVA. Discussion : The results of the analyses in this study are consistent with the current literature on older children and adults with ASDs. Implications of early identification of comorbid disorders are discussed. Further research on the mental health of infants and toddler with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is warranted.
Fred R. Volkmar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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conversational behaviors in youth with high functioning asd and asperger syndrome
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2009Co-Authors: Rhea Paul, Stephanie Miles Orlovski, Hillary Chuba Marcinko, Fred R. VolkmarAbstract:Twenty-nine youth with autism spectrum disorders and 26 with typical development between 12 and 18 years of age were engaged in structured interviews (ADOS). The interviews were videotaped and rated for atypical conversational behaviors by trained raters, using the Pragmatic Rating Scale (Landa et al. Psychol Med 22:245–254, 1992). The ASD group was divided into AS and HFA/PDD-NOS subgroups. Significant differences were found among groups on approximately one-third of the PRS items. These items involved primarily the management of topics and information, reciprocity, intonation, and gaze management. The only differences to reach significance between the AS and HFA/PDD-NOS group were a greater tendency for overly formal speech on the part of the AS group, and more difficulty with gaze management on the part of the group with HFA/PDD-NOS. The implications of these findings for understanding and treating conversational deficits in ASD are discussed.
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autism spectrum disorder in the second year stability and change in syndrome expression
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2007Co-Authors: Katarzyna Chawarska, Rhea Paul, Ami Klin, Fred R. VolkmarAbstract:Objectives: Increasing numbers of young children referred for a differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) necessitates better understanding of the early syndrome expression and the utility of the existing state-of-the art diagnostic methods in this population. Method: Out of 31 infants under the age of 2 years referred for a differential diagnosis, 19 were diagnosed with autism, and 9 with pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) when reassessed at 3 years. We examined 1) the symptoms of ASD in the second year and changes in the syndrome expression by the age of three; 2) relationship between expert-assigned clinical diagnosis and diagnostic classification based on Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) and Autism Diagnostic InterviewRevised (ADI-R) in the second year; 3) the relationship between direct observation and parental report of ASD symptoms. Results: Symptoms of autism and PDD-NOS in the second year were pronounced and stability of the clinical diagnosis was high. The agreement between clinician-assigned autism but not PDD-NOS diagnosis and the ADOS-G was high. However, sensitivity of the ADI-R diagnostic classification of autism was poor. Comparison of concurrent parental report and direct observation revealed discrepancies in severity ratings of key dyadic social behaviors. Changes in communication reflected acquisition of language accompanied by the emergence of unusual language characteristics. Symptoms of social dysfunction were relatively stable over time, and so was the severity of stereotyped behaviors. Conclusions: The study provides support for stability of clinical diagnosis and syndrome expression in the second year and highlights advantages and limitations of the ADI-R and ADOS-G for diagnosing and documenting symptoms of ASD in infants. Keywords: Autism, ASD, PDD-NOS, early diagnosis, ADOS-G, ADI-R, infants, toddlers, assessment, longitudinal studies. Growing awareness of symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in young children among parents and professionals, as well as close monitoring of infants at familial risk for developing ASD, result in a rapidly increasing number of infants and toddlers being referred to specialized clinics for a differential diagnosis. Therefore, better understanding of the syndrome’s expression in the first years of life and the utility of the existing state-of-the art diagnostic methods in this population is essential (Klin, Chawarska, Rubin, & Volkmar, 2003; Volkmar, Lord, Bailey, Schultz, & Klin, 2004). While autism has not usually been diagnosed until the age of 3 to 4 years (Chakrabarti & Fombonne, 2005, 2001; Charman & Baird, 2002; Filipek et al., 1999), a majority of parents voice their concerns before their child’s second birthday, and about 50% notice some abnormalities in the first year (Volkmar, Stier, & Cohen, 1985). Nonetheless, evidence regarding early developmental course of ASD is still limited due to scarcity of prospective follow-up studies. The first study to report on developmental course of a very small group of infant siblings at high risk for ASD suggest that symptoms of autism might be noticeable at six months and that by 12 months, they might include abnormalities in visual attention and eye contact,impairedorientingtoname,delaysinspeechand
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three diagnostic approaches to asperger syndrome implications for research
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2005Co-Authors: Ami Klin, David L Pauls, Robert T Schultz, Fred R. VolkmarAbstract:Objective: To examine the implications for research of the use of three alternative definitions for Asperger syndrome (AS). Differences across the three nosologic systems were examined in terms of diagnostic assignment, IQ profiles, comorbid symptoms, and familial aggregation of social and other psychiatric symptoms. Method: Standard data on diagnosis, intellectual functioning, comorbidity patterns, and family history were obtained on 65 individuals screened for a very high probability of having autism without mental retardation (or higher functioning autism, HFA) or AS. Diagnoses of AS were established based on three different approaches: DSM-IV, presence/absence of communicative phrase speech by 3 years, and a system designed to highlight prototypical features of AS. Results: Agreement between the three diagnostic systems was poor. AS could be differentiated from HFA (but not from PDD-NOS) on the basis of IQ profiles in two of the three systems. Differences in patterns of comorbid symptomatology were obtained in two of the three systems, although differences were primarily driven by the PDD-NOS category. Only one of the approaches yielded differences relative to aggregation of the “broader phenotype” in family members. Conclusions: Diagnostic assignments of AS based on three commonly used approaches have low agreement and lead to different results in comparisons of IQ profiles, patterns of comorbidity, and familial aggregation of psychiatric symptoms across the approach-specific resultant groups of HFA, AS, and PDD-NOS.
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how unspecified are disorders of children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified a study of social problems in children with pdd nos and adhd
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000Co-Authors: Ellen Luteijn, Fred R. Volkmar, Marike Serra, Simon K Jackson, Markpeter Steenhuis, Monika Althaus, R B MinderaaAbstract:This study examines possible differences and similarities between social behaviour problems in children with problems classified as pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and a group of children with problems classified as ADHD, as measured by parent questionnaires. The instruments involved were the CBCL (Child Behaviour Checklist), the ABC (Autism Behaviour Checklist) and a new instrument: the CSBQ (Children's Social Behaviour Questionnaire). In comparing the PDD-NOS group and the ADHD group, the results show that, according to parent reports, both groups have severe problems in executing appropriate social behaviour, but the PDD-NOS group can be distinguished from the ADHD group by the nature and the extent of these problems. The PDD-NOS group had significantly more social problems (as measured by the CBCL Social scale), withdrawn problems (as measured by the CBCL Withdrawn scale) and PDD-specific problems (as measured on the ABC Relating scale, the ABC Language scale, the CSBQ total score, the CSBQ Social Interaction scale and CBSQ Communication scale). In addition, although the descriptions of the social problems are global, i.e. on scale level, the results also show that the social problems of PDD-NOS children can be positively formulated and described as at least including severe social interaction problems, withdrawn behaviours and communication problems.
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Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1993Co-Authors: Fred R. Volkmar, Peter Szatmari, Sara S. SparrowAbstract:Assessed differences in sex ratio, severity of associated mental retardation, and various metrics of severity of autism in autistic, PDD-NOS, and developmentally disordered (non-PDD) cases. Males with autism were more frequent than females, particular at higher IQ levels. The three clinical groups differed, in expected ways, in the various measures of severity of autism with the PDD-NOS cases being intermediate between the strictly diagnosed autistic group and the non-PDD developmental disordered group. Sex differences were primarily confined to IQ; sex differences in other metrics of severity of autism were not prominent. Implications for future research are discussed.
Christopher J. Mcdougle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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aripiprazole in pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and asperger s disorder a 14 week prospective open label study
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2009Co-Authors: Kimberly A Stigler, Jonathan T Diener, Arlene E Kohn, Craig A Erickson, David J Posey, Christopher J. McdougleAbstract:Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and tolerability of aripiprazole for irritability in pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) ...
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sertraline in adults with pervasive developmental disorders a prospective open label investigation
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1998Co-Authors: Christopher J. Mcdougle, Edward S Brodkin, Susan T Naylor, Derek C Carlson, Donald J Cohen, Lawrence H PriceAbstract:The short-term efficacy and tolerability of sertraline for adults with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) were assessed in this investigation. Forty-two adults with PDDs (autistic disorder, N = 22; Asperger's disorder, N = 6; and PDD not otherwise specified [NOS], N = 14) participated in a 12-week, open-label, systematic trial of sertraline. Behavioral ratings of repetitive symptoms, aggression, and social relatedness were obtained at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of sertraline administration. Twenty-four (57%) of 42 patients showed significant improvement, primarily in repetitive and aggressive symptoms. Statistically significant changes in measures of social relatedness did not occur. Patients with autistic disorder and PDD NOS did significantly better than those with Asperger's disorder. Based on global improvement item criteria from the Clinical Global Impression Scale, 15 of 22 (68%) patients with autistic disorder, none of six (0%) patients with Asperger's disorder, and 9 of 14 (64%) patients with PDD NOS were categorized as treatment responders. Sertraline was well tolerated; no adverse cardiovascular effects, extrapyramidal symptoms, or seizures were identified. These findings suggested that sertraline may be an effective treatment for interfering repetitive and aggressive symptoms in adults with PDDs. Definitive statements about the efficacy and tolerability of sertraline for treating adults with PDDs must await results from double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. These preliminary results should not be generalized to include children and adolescents with PDDs.
Nitin Gogtay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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autism spectrum disorders and childhood onset schizophrenia clinical and biological contributions to a relation revisited
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2009Co-Authors: Judith L Rapoport, Anjene M Addington, Deanna Greenstein, Alex Chavez, Nitin GogtayAbstract:Abstract Objective To highlight emerging evidence for clinical and biological links between autism/pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and schizophrenia, with particular attention to childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS). Method Clinical, demographic, and brain developmental data from the National Institute of Mental Health (and other) COS studies and selected family, imaging, and genetic data from studies of autism, PDD, and schizophrenia were reviewed. Results In the two large studies that have examined this systematically, COS is preceded by and comorbid with PDD in 30% to 50% of cases. Epidemiological and family studies find association between the disorders. Both disorders have evidence of accelerated trajectories of anatomic brain development at ages near disorder onset. A growing number of risk genes and/or rare small chromosomal variants (microdeletions or duplications) are shared by schizophrenia and autism. Conclusions Biological risk does not closely follow DSM phenotypes, and core neurobiological processes are likely common for subsets of these two heterogeneous clinical groups. Long-term prospective follow-up of autistic populations and greater diagnostic distinction between schizophrenia spectrum and autism spectrum disorders in adult relatives are needed.
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pervasive developmental disorder and childhood onset schizophrenia comorbid disorder or a phenotypic variant of a very early onset illness
Biological Psychiatry, 2004Co-Authors: Alexandra Sporn, Anjene M Addington, Nitin Gogtay, Anna E Ordonez, Michele C Gornick, Liv S Clasen, Deanna Greenstein, Julia W Tossell, Peter Gochman, Marge LenaneAbstract:Abstract Background Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a severe form of the adult-onset disorder with a high rate of premorbid developmental abnormalities. Early symptoms of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) have been reported in five independent studies of COS. In this study, we compared evidence for premorbid PDD as a nonspecific manifestation of impaired neurodevelopment seen in schizophrenia, or as an independent risk factor for COS. Methods Diagnosis of past or current autism or PDD was made according to the DSM-IV criteria. COS patients with and without PDD were compared with respect to neuropsychological, clinical, and neurobiological measures. Several candidate genes for autism were examined in the entire COS sample and the subgroup with PDD using the Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT) and Quantitative TDT (QTDT). Results Nineteen (25%) of COS probands had a lifetime diagnosis of PDD: one met criteria for autism, two for Asperger's disorder, and 16 for PDD not otherwise specified. Premorbid social impairment was most common feature for COS-PDD subjects. The PDD group did not differ from the rest of the COS sample with respect to age of onset, IQ, response to medications, and rate of familial schizotypy. Unexpectedly, two siblings of COS-PDD probands met criteria for nuclear autism. There was no difference between PDD and non-PDD groups with respect to initial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. However, rate of gray matter loss was greater for PDD ( n = 12) than for the non-PDD ( n = 27) subgroup (−19.5 ± 11.3 mL/year vs. −9.6 ± 15.3 mL/year; p = .05). None of eight candidate genes for autism were associated with COS or COS-PDD. Conclusions Premorbid PDD in COS is more likely to be a nonspecific marker of severe early abnormal neurodevelopment. However, the occurrence of two siblings of COS-PDD probands (17%) with nuclear autism remains to be understood.
Peter Szatmari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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specifying pdd nos a comparison of pdd nos asperger syndrome and autism
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2004Co-Authors: Darlene R Walker, Ann Thompson, Lonnie Zwaigenbaum, Jeremy Goldberg, Susan E Bryson, William J Mahoney, Christina Strawbridge, Peter SzatmariAbstract:ABSTRACT Objective To describe the clinical characteristics of children given a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) by expert clinicians and to compare these to the clinical characteristics of children given a diagnosis of autism and Asperger syndrome (AS). Method Two hundred sixteen children with autism, 33 with AS, and 21 with PDD-NOS were compared on measures of level of functioning (communication, daily living and social skills, IQ, and age of acquisition of language) and on various symptoms of autism (impaired communication and reciprocal social interaction and a preference for repetitive and stereotyped activities). Results In terms of level of functioning measures, the PDD-NOS children had scores that were between those of the children with autism and those of the children with AS. In contrast, the PDD-NOS group had fewer autistic symptoms, especially repetitive stereotyped behaviors, than both the autism and AS groups (χ 2 = 11.06, p = .004). Children with PDD-NOS could be placed into one of three subgroups: a high-functioning group (24%) who resembled AS but had transient language delay or mild cognitive impairment; a subgroup resembling autism (24%) but who had late age of onset or too severe cognitive delays or were too young to potentially meet the full diagnostic criteria for autism; and a group (52%) not fulfilling the criteria for autism because of fewer stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. Conclusions With some revision to current diagnostic criteria, a more homogenous atypical group with significant impairments in social-communication but fewer repetitive behaviors can be differentiated from the more nonspecific PDD-NOS group. This differentiation may lead to better reliability in diagnosis and to further progress in studies of etiology.
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Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1993Co-Authors: Fred R. Volkmar, Peter Szatmari, Sara S. SparrowAbstract:Assessed differences in sex ratio, severity of associated mental retardation, and various metrics of severity of autism in autistic, PDD-NOS, and developmentally disordered (non-PDD) cases. Males with autism were more frequent than females, particular at higher IQ levels. The three clinical groups differed, in expected ways, in the various measures of severity of autism with the PDD-NOS cases being intermediate between the strictly diagnosed autistic group and the non-PDD developmental disordered group. Sex differences were primarily confined to IQ; sex differences in other metrics of severity of autism were not prominent. Implications for future research are discussed.