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Takayoshi Ishii - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Wide Hybridization Between Oat and Pearl Millet.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton N.J.), 2017Co-Authors: Takayoshi IshiiAbstract:Wide hybridization is a one of the important techniques in plant breeding. Oat (Avena sativa L.) and Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) belong to different subfamilies of Poaceae. In generally, such distant relative species show uniparental chromosome elimination after successful fertilization. However, all seven Pearl Millet chromosomes are retained beside the genome of oat during embryogenesis. Hybrid seedlings develop, but show necrosis after light irradiation. Here, a detailed protocol for wide hybridization between oat and Pearl Millet is described.
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Chromosome elimination by wide hybridization between Triticeae or oat plant and Pearl Millet: Pearl Millet chromosome dynamics in hybrid embryo cells
Chromosome Research, 2010Co-Authors: Takayoshi Ishii, Toshie Ueda, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Hisashi TsujimotoAbstract:Wide crossing is one of a number of practical methods that can be used to expand genetic variation in common wheat (Triticum aestivum). However, in crosses between wheat and distantly related species such as maize (Zea mays) and Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum), non-wheat chromosomes are often eliminated from the hybrid during embryogenesis. In this study, we used Pearl Millet pollen to pollinate the pistils of a range of plants in the tribe Triticeae, as well as oat. Seven days after pollination, the dynamics of the Pearl Millet chromosomes in the embryos were observed using in situ hybridization, probing both the Pearl Millet genomic DNA and its centromere-specific repeats. In embryos from the crosses with oat, all seven of the Pearl Millet chromosomes were retained. However, in hybrids with the Triticeae species, chromosome elimination occurred during embryogenesis. Pearl Millet chromosome showed chromosome rearrangements and non-disjunction together with micronuclei. These rearranged chromosomes and micronuclei derived from the breakage of bridges and retention of acentric fragments in anaphase, respectively. The cause of the chromosome elimination of wheat–Pearl Millet hybrid is not malfunction of the kinetochores binding to the spindles but the malfunction of the sister chromatids segregation at anaphase especially of chromosome arm.
N. L. Joshi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Tillage and Cropping Systems on Soil Moisture Balance and Pearl Millet Yield
Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 1997Co-Authors: Anurag Saxena, D. V. Singh, N. L. JoshiAbstract:A 2-year study was conducted to determine the effects of tillage and cropping systems on soil moisture balance, growth and yield of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.). Three tillage treatments, viz. minimum tillage (one harrowing), conventional tillage (two harrowing, cross) and deep tillage (ploughing followed by two harrowings), and four cropping systems, viz. monoculture of Pearl Millet, Pearl Millet-clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) rotation, monoculture of Pearl Millet with 5 t ha -1 farm yard manure (FYM), and intercropping of Pearl Millet and clusterbean, were compared. Deep tillage improved the soil moisture storage, water use efficiency and grain yield of Pearl Millet while consumptive use of water was higher with minimum tillage. Total dry matter yield with deep tillage and conventional tillage was 23.2 and 10.2 % higher than minimum tillage in the season 1, and the corresponding values for season 2 were 30.7 and 13.3 %. The Pearl Millet-clusterbean rotation and monoculture of Pearl Millet with the application of 5 t ha -1 FYM gave 17.2 and 61 % higher yield than monoculture of Pearl Millet, respectively. Maximum water use efficiency was observed in rotation followed by FYM application.
Hisashi Tsujimoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Chromosome elimination by wide hybridization between Triticeae or oat plant and Pearl Millet: Pearl Millet chromosome dynamics in hybrid embryo cells
Chromosome Research, 2010Co-Authors: Takayoshi Ishii, Toshie Ueda, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Hisashi TsujimotoAbstract:Wide crossing is one of a number of practical methods that can be used to expand genetic variation in common wheat (Triticum aestivum). However, in crosses between wheat and distantly related species such as maize (Zea mays) and Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum), non-wheat chromosomes are often eliminated from the hybrid during embryogenesis. In this study, we used Pearl Millet pollen to pollinate the pistils of a range of plants in the tribe Triticeae, as well as oat. Seven days after pollination, the dynamics of the Pearl Millet chromosomes in the embryos were observed using in situ hybridization, probing both the Pearl Millet genomic DNA and its centromere-specific repeats. In embryos from the crosses with oat, all seven of the Pearl Millet chromosomes were retained. However, in hybrids with the Triticeae species, chromosome elimination occurred during embryogenesis. Pearl Millet chromosome showed chromosome rearrangements and non-disjunction together with micronuclei. These rearranged chromosomes and micronuclei derived from the breakage of bridges and retention of acentric fragments in anaphase, respectively. The cause of the chromosome elimination of wheat–Pearl Millet hybrid is not malfunction of the kinetochores binding to the spindles but the malfunction of the sister chromatids segregation at anaphase especially of chromosome arm.
K N Rai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characterization of ICRISAT-bred Pearl Millet Restorer Parents
2015Co-Authors: S K Gupta, K N Rai, D G Atkari, S.k.c. GhouseAbstract:Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.], primarily grown for grain production on more than 26 m ha in the arid and semi-arid tropical (SAT) regions of Asia and Africa, is a highly nutritious cereal crop with wide agro- ecological adaptation. India, the largest producer of this crop at the global level, cultivates Pearl Millet on about >9 million ha contributing to more than 90% area of the crop in the Asian region. It is a highly cross pollinated crop, and single-cross hybrids generally give 20-30% more yield than open pollinated varieties (Rai et al. 2006). With the availability of commercially exploitable cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility (CMS) systems in Pearl Millet, the national agricultural research system (NARS) and the private seed sector in India focused their breeding programs on hybrid development. This led to the development and adoption of a diverse range and large number of hybrids (> 80 in 2011) and now occupying > 4.5 m ha area, which is about half the total Pearl Millet area being cultivated in India (Rai et al. 2006). ICRISAT also aligned its breeding program to developing promising hybrid parental lines in order to support the Asian Pearl Millet hybrid program...
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Pearl Millet: Genetic Improvement for Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses
2012Co-Authors: O. P. Yadav, K N Rai, S K GuptaAbstract:Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is an important cereal grown in adverse agroclimatic conditions where other crops fail to produce economic yields. Because of the cultivation of Pearl Millet mairily in rainfed production systems of arid and' semiarid regions, drought is a primary constraint in its cultivation. In addition, high temperatures and salinity are emerging as new challenges in Pearl Millet cultivation in specific production environments. TIlls chapter reviews the research dealing with improvement in drought tolerance of Pearl Millet and also updates the progress made in improving high temperature and salinity tolerance. Response of Pearl Millet to moisture stress at various growth stages has clearly established that yield losses are maximum when moisture stress coincides with grain filling stage, which is commonly referred to as terminal water stress. Various physiological and morphological traits have been examined as alternative selection criteria to further enhance tolerance to terminal drought. Conventional approaches to improve drought tolerance in Pearl Millet have a very short history and attemRts have met .' with some success. Various novel approaches have been attempted in Pearl Millet for enhancing yield under drought environments. These include use of adapted germplasm, genetic diversification of adapted 1andraces through introgression of suitable elite genetic material, and exploitation of heterosis to amalgamate drought tolerance and high yield. Molecular breeding is fast emerging as, a supplement approach to enhance drought adaptation at a faster rate with greater precision. Molecular marker-based genetic linkage maps of Pearl Millet are available and genomic regions determining yield under drought environments have been identified preparing a road map for marker-assisted selection. Genetic differences in tolerance to salinity and high temperature at both seedling and grain filling stages have been established and screening techniques standardized. The germplasm and breeding material with a higher degree of tolerance to high temperature and salinity have been identified in order to use them in breeding programs.
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Characterization of ICRISAT-bred restorer parents of Pearl Millet
2011Co-Authors: S K Gupta, K N Rai, R Bhattacharjee, M. S. KumarAbstract:Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum), primarily grown for grain production on more than 26 million ha in the arid and semi-arid tropical (SAT) regions of Asia and Africa, is a highly nutritious cereal crop with wide agroecological adaptation. India, the largest producer of this crop at global level, cultivates Pearl Millet on about >9 million ha contributing to more than 90% area of the crop in the Asian region. It is a highly cross pollinated crop, and single-cross hybrids generally give 20–30% more yield than open pollinated varieties (Rai et al. 2006). With the availability of commercially exploitable cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility (CMS) systems in Pearl Millet, the national agricultural research system (NARS) and the private seed sector in India focused their breeding programs on hybrid development. This led to the development and adoption of a diverse range and large number of hybrids (>80 in 2011) and now occuping >4.5 million ha area, which is about half of the total Pearl Millet area being cultivated in India (Rai et al. 2006). The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) also aligned its breeding program to develop promising hybrid parental lines for supporting Asian Pearl Millet hybrid program...
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Pearl Millet Crop Management and Seed Production Manual
2007Co-Authors: I S Khairwal, K N Rai, B. S. Rajpurohit, B Diwakar, Y. K. Sharma, B Nirwan, R BhattacharjeeAbstract:Pearl Millet is a major warm season coarse grain cereal grown on 26 million ha in some of the harshest semi-arid tropical environments of Asia and Africa. India has the largest area (9–10 million ha) under this crop, ranking it third along with sorghum. It is cultivated in the most sandy, infertile soils and droughty environments (eg, arid Rajasthan) where no other cereal crop can survive. Even under these conditions, Pearl Millet yields 300–400 kg ha-1 of grain. Pearl Millet hybrids maturing in 80–85 days, when cultivated as an irrigated summer season crop in parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh states of India, have been reported to give as high as 4000–5000 kg ha-1 of grain yield. Pearl Millet grains have high protein content, balanced amino acid profile, and high levels of iron, zinc, and insoluble dietary fiber. Eggs produced from layers fed on a diet of Pearl Millet have much lower levels of LDL (the bad cholesterol) than those fed on a maize-based diet. These adaptive and nutritional features combined with high yield potential make Pearl Millet an important cereal crop that can effectively address the emerging challenges of global warming, water shortages, land degradation and food-related health issues. Farmers cultivating Pearl Millet continue to be plagued by uncertain and low economic returns when production falls and also when production increases (due to low prices). This serves as a deterrent for farmers to invest in improved crop management, although the latter can play an effective dual role in increasing productivity and enhancing production stability. The demand for Pearl Millet grain is likely to increase with its increasing use as poultry and animal feed. This demand can further increase if Pearl Millet enters the commercial convenience foods channel, thereby increasing grain price. In turn, this will lead to greater investment in crop management and consequently productivity enhancement. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and National Agricultural Research System (NARS) in India have played a pioneering role in developing a diverse range of improved breeding lines and parental lines of potential hybrids. These lines have been used extensively by breeding programs in both the public and private sectors to develop and commercialize a large number of hybrids (more than 70 were under cultivation in 2006). These hybrids are cultivated on 50% of the total Pearl Millet area, leading to 65% increase in grain yield during the past 20 years. Since its inception in 1974, the All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project (AICPMIP) has developed production-protection technologies specific to agro-ecoregions of different states. Their application holds the promise of further enhancing the productivity of improved cultivars to commercial farming scales, and hence increasing the profitability of their cultivation, similar to the one witnessed in the seed production sector. This lucid and comprehensive manual on Pearl Millet crop management and seed production by AICPMIP and ICRISAT scientists delves into Pearl Millet biology, its distribution and climatic requirements; and various aspects of crop management and seed production. Though written primarily in the context of agriculture in India, its contents have a wider application for students, teaching and training personnel, extension workers and farmers interested in development, crop management and seed production and marketing of Pearl Millet.
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Impacts of Improved Pearl Millet Cultivars in India
2005Co-Authors: Uttam Kumar Deb, M C S Bantilan, K N RaiAbstract:Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the fourth most important cereal in India in terms of area cultivated after rice, wheat, and sorghum. It provides grain and fodder to milch animals and is usually grown under harsh environments and on poor soils. India grows about 7 Mt of Pearl Millet grain from 10 Mha of land. The major Pearl Millet-growing states in India are Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh (Table 1). In terms of yield in 1995-98, Uttar Pradesh stood first, followed by Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Rajasthan. These nine states covered more than 99% of the total Pearl Millet area and production in 1995-98. While the area under Pearl Millet has been declining over time in all the states, except Maharashtra, production has gone up in all the states, except Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (Table 1). Pearl Millet yield increased in all the states and more than doubled in a majority of them in the late 1990s compared to the early 1960s. Increase in yield was associated with increase in area under improved Pearl Millet cultivars...
Anurag Saxena - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Tillage and Cropping Systems on Soil Moisture Balance and Pearl Millet Yield
Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 1997Co-Authors: Anurag Saxena, D. V. Singh, N. L. JoshiAbstract:A 2-year study was conducted to determine the effects of tillage and cropping systems on soil moisture balance, growth and yield of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.). Three tillage treatments, viz. minimum tillage (one harrowing), conventional tillage (two harrowing, cross) and deep tillage (ploughing followed by two harrowings), and four cropping systems, viz. monoculture of Pearl Millet, Pearl Millet-clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) rotation, monoculture of Pearl Millet with 5 t ha -1 farm yard manure (FYM), and intercropping of Pearl Millet and clusterbean, were compared. Deep tillage improved the soil moisture storage, water use efficiency and grain yield of Pearl Millet while consumptive use of water was higher with minimum tillage. Total dry matter yield with deep tillage and conventional tillage was 23.2 and 10.2 % higher than minimum tillage in the season 1, and the corresponding values for season 2 were 30.7 and 13.3 %. The Pearl Millet-clusterbean rotation and monoculture of Pearl Millet with the application of 5 t ha -1 FYM gave 17.2 and 61 % higher yield than monoculture of Pearl Millet, respectively. Maximum water use efficiency was observed in rotation followed by FYM application.