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Asgeir Sigurdsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vital pulp therapy of mature Permanent Teeth with irreversible pulpitis from the perspective of pulp biology
Australian Endodontic Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Louis M Lin, Asgeir Sigurdsson, Domenico Ricucci, Tarek Mohamed A Saoud, Bill KahlerAbstract:The American Association of Endodontists (AAE) Consensus Conference Recommended Diagnostic Terminology states that mature Permanent Teeth clinically diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis are treated with pulpectomy and root canal filling because inflamed vital pulp is not capable of healing. Histological studies have demonstrated that clinically diagnosed irreversible pulpitis does not involve the entire pulp. A recent International Endodontic Journal Editorial suggested clinical diagnosis of pulp disease should be reassessed because of the poor correlation between clinical symptoms and pulp sensibility testing and the actual histological status of the pulp. This review identified studies in a PubMed search that provide evidence for vital pulp therapy (VPT) of mature Permanent Teeth with irreversible pulpitis is predictable if correctly diagnosed and properly treated. A narrative review was undertaken to outline the correlation between the clinical symptoms/signs and pulp sensibility testing and the histological findings of the pulp. Treatment procedures for Permanent Teeth are outlined.
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modified apexification procedure for immature Permanent Teeth with a necrotic pulp apical periodontitis a case series
Journal of Endodontics, 2019Co-Authors: Kamolthip Songtrakul, Talayeh Azarpajouh, Matthew Malek, Asgeir Sigurdsson, Bill KahlerAbstract:The current American Association of Endodontists clinical considerations for a regenerative endodontic procedure state that a regenerative procedure is suitable for immature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulp when the pulp space is not needed for a post/core in the final restoration. Therefore, many immature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulp that have sustained a substantial loss of coronal tooth structure either from caries or trauma are treated by apexification or mineral trioxide aggregate/Biodentine (Septodent, Lancaster, PA) apical barrier techniques in which no further root maturation would occur. This case series presents 10 immature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulp in which a post/core was likely required in the future for adequate coronal restoration because of loss of substantial coronal tooth structure and a modified apexification procedure was used. All 10 cases after the modified apexification procedure showed no clinical symptoms/signs and showed radiographic evidence of healed/healing of periapical lesion after a 2-year review. Eight cases showed increased thickness of the apical root canal walls, increased apical root length, and apical closure. The overall percentage change in root length was 7.52%, in root width at the apical one third it was 18.89%, and in radiographic root area it was 15.04% at the 24- to 72-month follow-up period. This modified apexification procedure allows for the tooth to be restored with a post/core if required for the final restoration in the future as well as continued root development.
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treatment of mature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis using regenerative endodontic procedures a case series
Journal of Endodontics, 2016Co-Authors: Tarek Mohamed A Saoud, Kamolthip Songtrakul, Matthew Malek, Asgeir Sigurdsson, Gabriela Martin, K L Chen, C A Chen, Yea Huey M Chen, Louis M LinAbstract:Abstract Introduction Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are usually used to treat human immature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulps and/or apical periodontitis. Successful REPs result in the elimination of clinical signs/symptoms, the resolution of apical periodontitis, and, in some cases, thickening of the canal walls and/or continued root development with or without apical closure. REPs can restore the vitality of tissue in the canals of immature Permanent Teeth previously destroyed by infection or trauma. Vital tissue is inherited with immune defense mechanisms to protect itself from foreign invaders. Recently, REPs have also been used to successfully treat human mature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis. The purpose of this case series was to present the potential of using REPs for mature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis. Methods This case series consisted of 6 patients, 4 females and 2 males. The patients' ages ranged from 8–21 years old. Seven Permanent Teeth, 4 anterior and 3 molar Teeth, with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis were treated using REP. Radiographically, the root development of all Teeth was almost completed except the apices of 2 molars, which showed slightly open. Complete chemomechanical debridement of the canals of the Teeth was performed, and the canals were dressed with Metapaste (Meta Biomed Co, Ltd, Chungbuk, Korea) during treatment visits. Periapical bleeding into the canals was induced at the last treatment visit by placing a hand #20 or #25 K-file with the tip slightly bent through the apical foramina into the periapical tissues. A 3-mm thickness of mineral trioxide aggregate was placed into the coronal canals over semicoagulated blood. The access cavities were restored with either composite resin or amalgam. Results Follow-ups of the 7 Teeth ranged from 8 to 26 months. The periapical lesions of 2 Teeth were considered healed, and 5 Teeth revealed healing. Clinical signs/symptoms were absent in all Teeth at follow-up visits at different time points. None of the treated Teeth responded to cold and electric pulp tests. Conclusions This case series shows the potential of using REPs for mature Teeth with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis.
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international association of dental traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries 2 avulsion of Permanent Teeth hebrew edition
Refu'at ha-peh veha-shinayim (1993), 2014Co-Authors: Anthony J. Diangelis, Cecilia Bourguignon, Jens Ove Andreasen, Kurt A. Ebeleseder, Martin Trope, Marie Therese Flores, Asgeir Sigurdsson, David J Kenny, Lars Andersson, Morris Lamar HicksAbstract:Avulsion of Permanent Teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and a prompt and correct emergency management is very important for the prognosis. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the task group. The guidelines represent the current best evidence and practice based on literature research and professionals' opinion. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of avulsed Permanent Teeth. The Hebrew Edition is part of the IADT global effort to provide a worldwide accessibility to these guidelines. This scond part of the guidelines will focus on avulsion of Permanent Teeth.
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guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries 2 avulsion of Permanent Teeth
Pediatric Dentistry, 2012Co-Authors: Lars Andersson, Anthony J. Diangelis, Cecilia Bourguignon, Jens Ove Andreasen, Martin Trope, Asgeir Sigurdsson, David J Kenny, Peter F Day, G S Heithersay, Marie Therese FloresAbstract:Avulsion of Permanent Teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and a prompt and correct emergency management is very important for the prognosis. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the task group. The guidelines represent the current best evidence and practice based on literature research and professionals' opinion. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate orurgent care of avulsed Permanent Teeth.
Louis M Lin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vital pulp therapy of mature Permanent Teeth with irreversible pulpitis from the perspective of pulp biology
Australian Endodontic Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Louis M Lin, Asgeir Sigurdsson, Domenico Ricucci, Tarek Mohamed A Saoud, Bill KahlerAbstract:The American Association of Endodontists (AAE) Consensus Conference Recommended Diagnostic Terminology states that mature Permanent Teeth clinically diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis are treated with pulpectomy and root canal filling because inflamed vital pulp is not capable of healing. Histological studies have demonstrated that clinically diagnosed irreversible pulpitis does not involve the entire pulp. A recent International Endodontic Journal Editorial suggested clinical diagnosis of pulp disease should be reassessed because of the poor correlation between clinical symptoms and pulp sensibility testing and the actual histological status of the pulp. This review identified studies in a PubMed search that provide evidence for vital pulp therapy (VPT) of mature Permanent Teeth with irreversible pulpitis is predictable if correctly diagnosed and properly treated. A narrative review was undertaken to outline the correlation between the clinical symptoms/signs and pulp sensibility testing and the histological findings of the pulp. Treatment procedures for Permanent Teeth are outlined.
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continued root maturation despite persistent apical periodontitis of immature Permanent Teeth after failed regenerative endodontic therapy
Australian Endodontic Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Louis M Lin, Sahng G Kim, Gabriela Martin, Bill KahlerAbstract:Three immature Permanent Teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis were treated with regenerative endodontic therapy (RET), which included root canal disinfection with sodium hypochlorite irrigation, intra-canal medication with calcium hydroxide paste, 17% EDTA rinse, induction of periapical bleeding into the canal, collagen matrix and MTA coronal seal, and composite resin restoration of access cavities. After different periods of follow-up, it was observed that continued root maturation, especially apical closure occurred despite persistent apical periodontitis of immature Permanent Teeth after failed RET. This finding is of interest as the secondary goal of further root maturation occurred despite failure of the primary goal of elimination of clinical symptom/sign and periapical inflammation. The possible biological mechanisms that could allow for further root maturation to occur in spite of persistent root canal infection of immature Permanent Teeth are discussed. Based on these observations, the biology of wound healing of immature Permanent Teeth after injury is not fully understood and should be further investigated. This case report demonstrates that whilst further root maturation is considered a successful outcome for Teeth treated with RET, the primary objective must be the resolution of the signs and symptoms of apical periodontitis.
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treatment of mature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis using regenerative endodontic procedures a case series
Journal of Endodontics, 2016Co-Authors: Tarek Mohamed A Saoud, Kamolthip Songtrakul, Matthew Malek, Asgeir Sigurdsson, Gabriela Martin, K L Chen, C A Chen, Yea Huey M Chen, Louis M LinAbstract:Abstract Introduction Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are usually used to treat human immature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulps and/or apical periodontitis. Successful REPs result in the elimination of clinical signs/symptoms, the resolution of apical periodontitis, and, in some cases, thickening of the canal walls and/or continued root development with or without apical closure. REPs can restore the vitality of tissue in the canals of immature Permanent Teeth previously destroyed by infection or trauma. Vital tissue is inherited with immune defense mechanisms to protect itself from foreign invaders. Recently, REPs have also been used to successfully treat human mature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis. The purpose of this case series was to present the potential of using REPs for mature Permanent Teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis. Methods This case series consisted of 6 patients, 4 females and 2 males. The patients' ages ranged from 8–21 years old. Seven Permanent Teeth, 4 anterior and 3 molar Teeth, with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis were treated using REP. Radiographically, the root development of all Teeth was almost completed except the apices of 2 molars, which showed slightly open. Complete chemomechanical debridement of the canals of the Teeth was performed, and the canals were dressed with Metapaste (Meta Biomed Co, Ltd, Chungbuk, Korea) during treatment visits. Periapical bleeding into the canals was induced at the last treatment visit by placing a hand #20 or #25 K-file with the tip slightly bent through the apical foramina into the periapical tissues. A 3-mm thickness of mineral trioxide aggregate was placed into the coronal canals over semicoagulated blood. The access cavities were restored with either composite resin or amalgam. Results Follow-ups of the 7 Teeth ranged from 8 to 26 months. The periapical lesions of 2 Teeth were considered healed, and 5 Teeth revealed healing. Clinical signs/symptoms were absent in all Teeth at follow-up visits at different time points. None of the treated Teeth responded to cold and electric pulp tests. Conclusions This case series shows the potential of using REPs for mature Teeth with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis.
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responses of immature Permanent Teeth with infected necrotic pulp tissue and apical periodontitis abscess to revascularization procedures
International Endodontic Journal, 2012Co-Authors: M Y H Chen, K L Chen, C A Chen, F Tayebaty, Paul A Rosenberg, Louis M LinAbstract:Chen MY-H, Chen K-L, Chen C-A, Tayebaty F, Rosenberg PA, Lin LM. Responses of immature Permanent Teeth with infected necrotic pulp tissue and apical periodontitis/abscess to revascularization procedures. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 294–305, 2012. Abstract Aim To report several types of response of immature Permanent Teeth with infected necrotic pulp tissue and either apical periodontitis or abscess to revascularization procedures. Methodology Twenty immature Permanent Teeth with infected necrotic pulp tissue and either apical periodontitis or abscesses from 20 patients were included. The Teeth were isolated with rubber dam, and pulp chambers was accessed through the crowns. The canals were gently irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite with minimal mechanical debridement. Calcium hydroxide was used as an inter-appointment intracanal medicament and placed into the coronal half of the canal space. After resolution of clinical signs and symptoms, bleeding was induced into the canal space from the periapical tissues using K-files. The coronal canal space was sealed with a mixture of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and saline solution. The access cavity was filled with composite resin. These immature Permanent Teeth with infected necrotic pulp tissue and apical periodontitis/abscesses were followed up from 6 to 26 months. Results Five types of responses of these immature Permanent Teeth with infected necrotic pulp tissue and apical periodontitis/abscess to revascularization procedures were observed: type 1, increased thickening of the canal walls and continued root maturation; type 2, no significant continuation of root development with the root apex becoming blunt and closed; type 3, continued root development with the apical foramen remaining open; type 4, severe calcification (obliteration) of the canal space; type 5, a hard tissue barrier formed in the canal between the coronal MTA plug and the root apex. Conclusions Based on this case series, the outcome of continued root development was not as predictable as increased thickening of the canal walls in human immature Permanent Teeth with infected necrotic pulp tissue and apical periodontitis/abscess after revascularization procedures. Continued root development of revascularized immature Permanent necrotic Teeth depends on whether the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath survives in case of apical periodontitis/abscess. Severe pulp canal calcification (obliteration) by hard tissue formation might be a complication of internal replacement resorption or union between the intracanal hard tissue and the apical bone (ankylosis) in revascularized immature Permanent necrotic Teeth.
Martin Trope - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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international association of dental traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries 2 avulsion of Permanent Teeth hebrew edition
Refu'at ha-peh veha-shinayim (1993), 2014Co-Authors: Anthony J. Diangelis, Cecilia Bourguignon, Jens Ove Andreasen, Kurt A. Ebeleseder, Martin Trope, Marie Therese Flores, Asgeir Sigurdsson, David J Kenny, Lars Andersson, Morris Lamar HicksAbstract:Avulsion of Permanent Teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and a prompt and correct emergency management is very important for the prognosis. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the task group. The guidelines represent the current best evidence and practice based on literature research and professionals' opinion. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of avulsed Permanent Teeth. The Hebrew Edition is part of the IADT global effort to provide a worldwide accessibility to these guidelines. This scond part of the guidelines will focus on avulsion of Permanent Teeth.
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guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries 2 avulsion of Permanent Teeth
Pediatric Dentistry, 2012Co-Authors: Lars Andersson, Anthony J. Diangelis, Cecilia Bourguignon, Jens Ove Andreasen, Martin Trope, Asgeir Sigurdsson, David J Kenny, Peter F Day, G S Heithersay, Marie Therese FloresAbstract:Avulsion of Permanent Teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and a prompt and correct emergency management is very important for the prognosis. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the task group. The guidelines represent the current best evidence and practice based on literature research and professionals' opinion. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate orurgent care of avulsed Permanent Teeth.
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International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures and luxations of Permanent Teeth
Dental Traumatology, 2012Co-Authors: Anthony J. Diangelis, Cecilia Bourguignon, Jens Ove Andreasen, Kurt A. Ebeleseder, Martin Trope, Marie Therese Flores, Asgeir Sigurdsson, David J Kenny, Lars Andersson, Morris Lamar HicksAbstract:Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of Permanent Teeth occur frequently in children and young adults. Crown fractures and luxations are the most commonly occurring of all dental injuries. Proper diagnosis, treatment planning and followup are important for improving a favorable outcome. Guidelines should assist dentists and patients in decision making and for providing the best care effectively and efficiently. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the group. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion of the IADT board members. The guidelines represent the best current evidence based on literature search and professional opinion. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of TDIs. In this first article, the IADT Guidelines for management of fractures and luxations of Permanent Teeth will be presented.
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revascularization of immature Permanent Teeth with apical periodontitis new treatment protocol
Journal of Endodontics, 2004Co-Authors: Francisco Banchs, Martin TropeAbstract:A new technique is presented to revascularize immature Permanent Teeth with apical periodontitis. The canal is disinfected with copious irrigation and a combination of three antibiotics. After the disinfection protocol is complete, the apex is mechanically irritated to initiate bleeding into the canal to produce a blood clot to the level of the cemento-enamel junction. The double seal of the coronal access is then made. In this case, the combination of a disinfected canal, a matrix into which new tissue could grow, and an effective coronal seal appears to have produced the environment necessary for successful revascularization.
Ruth Hoigaard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a prospective 8 year follow up of posterior resin composite restorations in Permanent Teeth of children and adolescents in public dental health service reasons for replacement
Clinical Oral Investigations, 2014Co-Authors: Ulla Pallesen, Jan W V Van Dijken, Jette Halken, Annalena Hallonsten, Ruth HoigaardAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate reasons for replacement and repair of posterior resin composite (RC) restorations placed in Permanent Teeth of children and adolescents attending ...
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a prospective 8 year follow up of posterior resin composite restorations in Permanent Teeth of children and adolescents in public dental health service reasons for replacement
Clinical Oral Investigations, 2014Co-Authors: Ulla Pallesen, Jan W V Van Dijken, Jette Halken, Annalena Hallonsten, Ruth HoigaardAbstract:Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate reasons for replacement and repair of posterior resin composite (RC) restorations placed in Permanent Teeth of children and adolescents attending Public Dental Health Service in Denmark.
Marie Therese Flores - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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international association of dental traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries 2 avulsion of Permanent Teeth
Dental Traumatology, 2020Co-Authors: Ashraf F Fouad, Cecilia Bourguignon, Marie Therese Flores, Peter F Day, Paul V Abbott, Georgios Tsilingaridis, Nestor Cohenca, Eva Lauridsen, Anne C Oconnell, Lamar HicksAbstract:Avulsion of Permanent Teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and a prompt and correct emergency management is very important for the prognosis. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the task group. The guidelines represent the current best evidence and practice based on literature research and professionals' opinion. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of avulsed Permanent Teeth.
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international association of dental traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries 2 avulsion of Permanent Teeth hebrew edition
Refu'at ha-peh veha-shinayim (1993), 2014Co-Authors: Anthony J. Diangelis, Cecilia Bourguignon, Jens Ove Andreasen, Kurt A. Ebeleseder, Martin Trope, Marie Therese Flores, Asgeir Sigurdsson, David J Kenny, Lars Andersson, Morris Lamar HicksAbstract:Avulsion of Permanent Teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and a prompt and correct emergency management is very important for the prognosis. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the task group. The guidelines represent the current best evidence and practice based on literature research and professionals' opinion. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of avulsed Permanent Teeth. The Hebrew Edition is part of the IADT global effort to provide a worldwide accessibility to these guidelines. This scond part of the guidelines will focus on avulsion of Permanent Teeth.
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guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries 2 avulsion of Permanent Teeth
Pediatric Dentistry, 2012Co-Authors: Lars Andersson, Anthony J. Diangelis, Cecilia Bourguignon, Jens Ove Andreasen, Martin Trope, Asgeir Sigurdsson, David J Kenny, Peter F Day, G S Heithersay, Marie Therese FloresAbstract:Avulsion of Permanent Teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and a prompt and correct emergency management is very important for the prognosis. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the task group. The guidelines represent the current best evidence and practice based on literature research and professionals' opinion. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate orurgent care of avulsed Permanent Teeth.
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International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures and luxations of Permanent Teeth
Dental Traumatology, 2012Co-Authors: Anthony J. Diangelis, Cecilia Bourguignon, Jens Ove Andreasen, Kurt A. Ebeleseder, Martin Trope, Marie Therese Flores, Asgeir Sigurdsson, David J Kenny, Lars Andersson, Morris Lamar HicksAbstract:Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of Permanent Teeth occur frequently in children and young adults. Crown fractures and luxations are the most commonly occurring of all dental injuries. Proper diagnosis, treatment planning and followup are important for improving a favorable outcome. Guidelines should assist dentists and patients in decision making and for providing the best care effectively and efficiently. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the group. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion of the IADT board members. The guidelines represent the best current evidence based on literature search and professional opinion. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of TDIs. In this first article, the IADT Guidelines for management of fractures and luxations of Permanent Teeth will be presented.
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guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries ii avulsion of Permanent Teeth
Dental Traumatology, 2007Co-Authors: Marie Therese Flores, Anthony J. Diangelis, Cecilia Bourguignon, Jens Ove Andreasen, Lars Andersson, Leif K Bakland, Barbro Malmgren, Frederick Barnett, Lamar Hicks, Asgeir SigurdssonAbstract:Avulsion of Permanent Teeth is the most serious of all dental injuries. The prognosis depends on the measures taken at the place of accident or the time immediately after the avulsion. Replantation is the treatment of choice, but cannot always be carried out immediately. An appropriate emergency management and treatment plan is important for a good prognosis. Guidelines are useful for delivering the best care possible in an efficient manner. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the group. In cases in which the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion of the IADT board members. The guidelines represent the current best evidence based on literature research and professional opinion. In this second article of three, the IADT Guidelines for management of avulsed Permanent Teeth are presented.
