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Jan G Bruhn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ECSTASY ANALOGUES FOUND IN CACTI
2015Co-Authors: Jan G Bruhn, Hesham R El-seedi, Ph. D, Nikolai Stephanson Ph. D, Olof Beck Ph. D, Er T. ShulginAbstract:Abstract-Human interest in psychoactive phenethylamines is known from the use of mescaline-containing cacti and designer drugs such as Ecstasy. From the alkaloid composition of cacti we hypothesized that substances resembling Ecstasy might occur naturally. In this article we show that lophophine, homopiperonylamine and lobi vine are new minor constituents of two cactus species, Lophophora williamsii (Peyote) and Trichocereus pachanoi (San Pedro). This is the first report of putatively psychoactive phenethylarnines besides mescaline in these cacti. A search for further biosynthetic analogues may provide new insights into the structure-activity relationships of mescaline. An intriguing question is whether the new natural compounds can be called "designer drugs." Keywords- Ecstasy, homopiperonylamine, lophophine, lobi vine, Peyote, San Pedro Mescaline is the major psychoactive alkaloid of tw
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Prehistoric Peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas.
Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2005Co-Authors: Hesham R El-seedi, Olof Beck, Peter A G M De Smet, Göran Possnert, Jan G BruhnAbstract:Two archaeological specimens of Peyote buttons, i.e. dried tops of the cactus Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coulter, from the collection of the Witte Museum in San Antonio, was subjected to radiocarbon dating and alkaloid analysis. The samples were presumably found in Shumla Cave No. 5 on the Rio Grande, Texas. Radiocarbon dating shows that the calibrated 14C age of the weighted mean of the two individual dated samples corresponds to the calendric time interval 3780-3660 BC (one sigma significance). Alkaloid extraction yielded approximately 2% of alkaloids. Analysis with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) led to the identification of mescaline in both samples. No other Peyote alkaloids could be identified. The two Peyote samples appear to be the oldest plant drug ever to yield a major bioactive compound upon chemical analysis. The identification of mescaline strengthens the evidence that native North Americans recognized the psychotropic properties of Peyote as long as 5700 years ago.
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mescaline use for 5700 years
The Lancet, 2002Co-Authors: Jan G Bruhn, Peter A G M De Smet, Hesham R Elseedi, Olof BeckAbstract:Archaeological investigations in northeast Mexico and Trans-Pecos, Texas have shown that the use of psychotropic drugs in this region goes back to around 8500 BC. The aboriginal inhabitants of this region used the mescal bean, Sophora secundiflora, and buttons from the Peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii1. From an archaeological site in Coahuila, Mexico, several Peyote buttons were retrieved and radiocarbon-dated to AD 810–1070. Alkaloid analysis revealed the presence of mescaline and four related tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids2. We have, however, analysed two much older samples of Peyote buttons. These samples are thought to have been found in Shumla Cave number five on the Rio Grande, TX, USA, and are in the collection of the Witte Museum in San Antonio3. Radiocarbon dating showed a mean age of 5700 years. Standard alkaloid extraction procedures done on the samples gave residues that were analysed by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We were able to identify mescaline in both samples, based on identical retention times and Rf values, and similar mass-to-charge ratios and fragmentation pattern. The detection of mescaline in two different samples, both analysed by two methods based on different principles, is reliable evidence for the presence of this psychotropic drug. Freshly prepared Peyote buttons can contain up to 8% of total alkaloids. The previously studied 1000-year-old sample had a lower content, around 2·25%. In our analysis, alkaloid content had fallen to 2%, and mescaline was the only Peyote alkaloid we could identify. There was no trace of any of the other tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids typical for Peyote. Earlier, nicotine and caffeine had been identified in plant remains from a medicine man's tomb in Bolivia, aged 1600 years4. Morphine has been found in a 3500 year old ceramic container from Cyprus5. From a scientific perspective, the studied Peyote material seems to be the oldest plant drug that yielded a major bioactive compound on chemical analysis. From a cultural point of view, our identification of mescaline strengthens the evidence that Native Americans already recognised and valued the psychotropic properties of Peyote as long as 5700 years ago.
Olof Beck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Prehistoric Peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas.
Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2005Co-Authors: Hesham R El-seedi, Olof Beck, Peter A G M De Smet, Göran Possnert, Jan G BruhnAbstract:Two archaeological specimens of Peyote buttons, i.e. dried tops of the cactus Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coulter, from the collection of the Witte Museum in San Antonio, was subjected to radiocarbon dating and alkaloid analysis. The samples were presumably found in Shumla Cave No. 5 on the Rio Grande, Texas. Radiocarbon dating shows that the calibrated 14C age of the weighted mean of the two individual dated samples corresponds to the calendric time interval 3780-3660 BC (one sigma significance). Alkaloid extraction yielded approximately 2% of alkaloids. Analysis with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) led to the identification of mescaline in both samples. No other Peyote alkaloids could be identified. The two Peyote samples appear to be the oldest plant drug ever to yield a major bioactive compound upon chemical analysis. The identification of mescaline strengthens the evidence that native North Americans recognized the psychotropic properties of Peyote as long as 5700 years ago.
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mescaline use for 5700 years
The Lancet, 2002Co-Authors: Jan G Bruhn, Peter A G M De Smet, Hesham R Elseedi, Olof BeckAbstract:Archaeological investigations in northeast Mexico and Trans-Pecos, Texas have shown that the use of psychotropic drugs in this region goes back to around 8500 BC. The aboriginal inhabitants of this region used the mescal bean, Sophora secundiflora, and buttons from the Peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii1. From an archaeological site in Coahuila, Mexico, several Peyote buttons were retrieved and radiocarbon-dated to AD 810–1070. Alkaloid analysis revealed the presence of mescaline and four related tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids2. We have, however, analysed two much older samples of Peyote buttons. These samples are thought to have been found in Shumla Cave number five on the Rio Grande, TX, USA, and are in the collection of the Witte Museum in San Antonio3. Radiocarbon dating showed a mean age of 5700 years. Standard alkaloid extraction procedures done on the samples gave residues that were analysed by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We were able to identify mescaline in both samples, based on identical retention times and Rf values, and similar mass-to-charge ratios and fragmentation pattern. The detection of mescaline in two different samples, both analysed by two methods based on different principles, is reliable evidence for the presence of this psychotropic drug. Freshly prepared Peyote buttons can contain up to 8% of total alkaloids. The previously studied 1000-year-old sample had a lower content, around 2·25%. In our analysis, alkaloid content had fallen to 2%, and mescaline was the only Peyote alkaloid we could identify. There was no trace of any of the other tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids typical for Peyote. Earlier, nicotine and caffeine had been identified in plant remains from a medicine man's tomb in Bolivia, aged 1600 years4. Morphine has been found in a 3500 year old ceramic container from Cyprus5. From a scientific perspective, the studied Peyote material seems to be the oldest plant drug that yielded a major bioactive compound on chemical analysis. From a cultural point of view, our identification of mescaline strengthens the evidence that Native Americans already recognised and valued the psychotropic properties of Peyote as long as 5700 years ago.
Alexander S. Dawson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Peyote Effect - 1833: The Cholera Epidemic
Peyote Effect, 2018Co-Authors: Alexander S. DawsonAbstract:In introducing the history of Peyote in Mexico, this chapter begins with an incident in 1833, when the Mexican doctor Ignacio Sendejas attempted to cure cholera with a concoction made from Peyote. The incident reminds us that in the aftermath of Mexican independence and the retreat of the Spanish Inquisition, long-standing prohibitions against Peyote were abandoned by a state that was deeply concerned with making a modern nation. We are then introduced to the core concerns of the book, which center on an attempt to understand the ways that Peyote is intertwined in the histories of race, science, religion, and the law in both Mexico and the United States. This chapter also considers Peyote as a thing unto itself, with specific effects on the human body. In taking an approach that is informed by affect theory, the study proposes a novel approach to thinking through the history of indigeneity and race in North America.
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Peyote Effect - 1887: Dr. John Briggs Eats Some Peyote
Peyote Effect, 2018Co-Authors: Alexander S. DawsonAbstract:In this chapter, we consider the moment when European and American scientists “discovered” Peyote. John Briggs was one of the first Americans to write about Peyote (in 1887), followed shortly by James Mooney, who recounted his experiences among the Kiowa of Oklahoma at the Anthropological Association in Washington DC in 1891. Around this time, the German scientist Louis Lewin encountered Peyote while on a trip to the United States. Americans proved less adept at unlocking the chemistry of the cactus than their German counterparts, who identified four different alkaloids in the cactus by the mid-1890s. This period also saw notable studies of Peyote by investigators in the United Kingdom, including some fairly dramatic self-experimentation among English intellectuals overseen by Havelock Ellis. Though their work did not yield widely accepted breakthroughs, these researchers were early pioneers in the exploration of the use of Peyote and then mescaline as a tool for mental health professionals.
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Peyote Effect - 1971: Peyote Outlawed in Mexico
Peyote Effect, 2018Co-Authors: Alexander S. DawsonAbstract:We return to Mexico in this chapter, exploring the particular fallout for the psychiatrist Salvador Roquet after Peyote was outlawed in Mexico in 1971. This ban grew out of circumstances that mirrored those in the United States: a growing fear among conservatives that non-indigenous youths were increasingly consuming drugs, as well as a sense that this marked a civilizational crisis. Hippy sensibilities offended older, middle-class Mexicans, who often rendered their disgust by lamenting that Mexican youths were, in effect, becoming Indian through their embrace of psychedelics. Dr. Roquet, who was himself no fan of the hippies and who insisted that many of his patients were former drug abusers, became a victim of this anxiety. Continuing to work with these drugs after they were banned, he relied on the goodwill of friends in the government to keep his practice viable. This arrangement collapsed in 1974, after an article in the magazine Tiempo accused Roquet of being a drug-pedaling degenerate (Roquet insisted that the article was a hit-piece, placed by enemies in the psychiatric profession who were jealous of his success). Roquet would spend several months in jail after being arrested in November 1974, but he was ultimately released without charge.
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Peyote Effect
2018Co-Authors: Alexander S. DawsonAbstract:Peyote has marked the boundary between the Indian and the West since it was outlawed by the Spanish Inquisition in 1620. For nearly four centuries, ecclesiastical, legal, scientific, and scholarly authorities have worked to police that boundary and ensure that while indigenous subjects might consume Peyote, non-indigenes could not. It is a boundary repeatedly remade, in part because generations of non-indigenes have refused to stay on their side of the line. Moving back and forth across the U.S.-Mexican border, this book explores how battles over who might enjoy the right to consume Peyote have unfolded in both countries in the two centuries since Mexican independence. It focuses particularly how these conflicts have contributed to the racially exclusionary system that characterizes modern drug regimes. Through this approach, we also see a surprising history of racial thinking that binds the two countries more closely than we might think.
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1909
Peyote Effect, 2018Co-Authors: Alexander S. DawsonAbstract:Even as some Americans saw in peyotism a fascinating and perhaps even salubrious Native American religion, others responded with a visceral disgust to what they saw as a degenerate and dangerous cult. This chapter traces the powerful response by missionaries, Indian Agents, and conservatives to the growing popularity of peyotism in Native American communities in the first decades of the twentieth century, beginning with an incident in which the famed temperance activist William “Pussyfoot” Johnson attempted to purchase all the Peyote for sale in Laredo and then burn it in a symbolic gesture. The chapter also considers the origins of the Peyote religions within Native American communities during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Daniel C. Swan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Objects of Purpose—Objects of Prayer: Peyote Boxes of the Native American Church
Museum Anthropology Review, 2010Co-Authors: Daniel C. SwanAbstract:Peyote boxes are the containers that members of the Native American Church use to store and transport the ritual and personal objects used by participants in the night-long religious services of the Church. Peyote boxes can be classified into two basic forms; boxes specifically produced for use by Peyotists and a wide range of containers adapted for such use. In addition to their functional value, Peyote boxes also provide an additional arena for the expressive culture of Peyotism through the various media and methods employed to decorate and embellish their exterior surfaces. Through a lifetime of use, Peyote boxes become highly intimate, portable records of personal experience, both spiritual and secular. Peyote boxes provide a rich context for an examination of the criteria used by museums to collect objects and the potential for biased representations of the material world.
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objects of purpose objects of prayer Peyote boxes of the native american church
Museum Anthropology Review, 2010Co-Authors: Daniel C. SwanAbstract:Peyote boxes are the containers that members of the Native American Church use to store and transport the ritual and personal objects used by participants in the night-long religious services of the Church. Peyote boxes can be classified into two basic forms; boxes specifically produced for use by Peyotists and a wide range of containers adapted for such use. In addition to their functional value, Peyote boxes also provide an additional arena for the expressive culture of Peyotism through the various media and methods employed to decorate and embellish their exterior surfaces. Through a lifetime of use, Peyote boxes become highly intimate, portable records of personal experience, both spiritual and secular. Peyote boxes provide a rich context for an examination of the criteria used by museums to collect objects and the potential for biased representations of the material world.
Peter A G M De Smet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Prehistoric Peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas.
Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2005Co-Authors: Hesham R El-seedi, Olof Beck, Peter A G M De Smet, Göran Possnert, Jan G BruhnAbstract:Two archaeological specimens of Peyote buttons, i.e. dried tops of the cactus Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coulter, from the collection of the Witte Museum in San Antonio, was subjected to radiocarbon dating and alkaloid analysis. The samples were presumably found in Shumla Cave No. 5 on the Rio Grande, Texas. Radiocarbon dating shows that the calibrated 14C age of the weighted mean of the two individual dated samples corresponds to the calendric time interval 3780-3660 BC (one sigma significance). Alkaloid extraction yielded approximately 2% of alkaloids. Analysis with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) led to the identification of mescaline in both samples. No other Peyote alkaloids could be identified. The two Peyote samples appear to be the oldest plant drug ever to yield a major bioactive compound upon chemical analysis. The identification of mescaline strengthens the evidence that native North Americans recognized the psychotropic properties of Peyote as long as 5700 years ago.
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mescaline use for 5700 years
The Lancet, 2002Co-Authors: Jan G Bruhn, Peter A G M De Smet, Hesham R Elseedi, Olof BeckAbstract:Archaeological investigations in northeast Mexico and Trans-Pecos, Texas have shown that the use of psychotropic drugs in this region goes back to around 8500 BC. The aboriginal inhabitants of this region used the mescal bean, Sophora secundiflora, and buttons from the Peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii1. From an archaeological site in Coahuila, Mexico, several Peyote buttons were retrieved and radiocarbon-dated to AD 810–1070. Alkaloid analysis revealed the presence of mescaline and four related tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids2. We have, however, analysed two much older samples of Peyote buttons. These samples are thought to have been found in Shumla Cave number five on the Rio Grande, TX, USA, and are in the collection of the Witte Museum in San Antonio3. Radiocarbon dating showed a mean age of 5700 years. Standard alkaloid extraction procedures done on the samples gave residues that were analysed by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We were able to identify mescaline in both samples, based on identical retention times and Rf values, and similar mass-to-charge ratios and fragmentation pattern. The detection of mescaline in two different samples, both analysed by two methods based on different principles, is reliable evidence for the presence of this psychotropic drug. Freshly prepared Peyote buttons can contain up to 8% of total alkaloids. The previously studied 1000-year-old sample had a lower content, around 2·25%. In our analysis, alkaloid content had fallen to 2%, and mescaline was the only Peyote alkaloid we could identify. There was no trace of any of the other tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids typical for Peyote. Earlier, nicotine and caffeine had been identified in plant remains from a medicine man's tomb in Bolivia, aged 1600 years4. Morphine has been found in a 3500 year old ceramic container from Cyprus5. From a scientific perspective, the studied Peyote material seems to be the oldest plant drug that yielded a major bioactive compound on chemical analysis. From a cultural point of view, our identification of mescaline strengthens the evidence that Native Americans already recognised and valued the psychotropic properties of Peyote as long as 5700 years ago.