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Astrid Forneck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Two Root-Feeding Grape Phylloxera (D. vitifoliae) Lineages Feeding on a Rootstock and V. vinifera
Insects, 2020Co-Authors: Stefania Savoi, Michaela Griesser, Markus Eitle, Harald Berger, Manuel Curto, Harald Meimberg, Astrid ForneckAbstract:Grape Phylloxera is an American native insect pest that caused heavy damages to the vineyards worldwide since its spreading to wine regions since the 1850s. This insect, able to feed on leaves and roots, induces plant galls and manipulates the grapevine physiology leading to plant damage and may cause plant death. The most successful treatment was the use of mostly partially resistant rootstocks. The degree of resistance is affected by environment, grapevine management and the insect biotype. In this study, we analyse the interaction of insect biotypes feeding on particular host plants. Therefore we evaluated the gene expression of Phylloxera feeding on a susceptible host versus feeding on a rootstock in two different developmental stages. We discovered (mainly in advanced insect developmental stages) genes expressed in higher proportion in one insect compared to the other. These genes related to chemosensory; in plant physiology manipulation and root deformation and insect digestive traits may play a role in the plant-insect interaction determining plant resistance in response to the pest attack. Grape Phylloxera is one of the most dangerous insect pests for worldwide viticulture. The leaf- and root-galling phylloxerid has been managed by grafting European grapevines onto American rootstock hybrids. Recent reports pinpoint the appearance of host-adapted biotypes, but information about the biomolecular characteristics underlying grape Phylloxera biotypisation and its role in host performance is scarce. Using RNA-sequencing, we sequenced the transcriptome of two larval stages: L1 (probing) and L2-3 (feeding) larvae of two root-feeding grape Phylloxera lineages feeding on the rootstock Teleki 5C (biotype C) and V. vinifera Riesling (biotype A). In total, 7501 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were commonly modulated by the two biotypes. For the probing larvae, we found an increased number of DEGs functionally associated with insect chemoreception traits, such as odorant-binding proteins, chemosensory proteins, ionotropic, odorant, and gustatory receptors. The transcriptomic profile of feeding larvae was enriched with DEGs associated with the primary metabolism. Larvae feeding on the tolerant rootstock Teleki 5C exhibited higher numbers of plant defense suppression-associated DEGs than larvae feeding on the susceptible host. Based on the identified DEGs, we discuss their potential role for the compatible grape Phylloxera-Vitis interaction belowground. This study was the first to compare the transcriptomes of two grape Phylloxera lineages feeding on a tolerant and susceptible host, respectively, and to identify DEGs involved in the molecular interaction with these hosts. Our data provide a source for future studies on host adaptation mechanisms of grape Phylloxera and help to elucidate grape Phylloxera resistance further.
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Major Outbreaks in the Nineteenth Century Shaped Grape Phylloxera Contemporary Genetic Structure in Europe
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Javier Tello, Roswitha Mammerler, Marko Čajić, Astrid ForneckAbstract:Grape Phylloxera is native to North America, where Vitis spp. acquired different mechanisms of resistance to leaf and root attack. Its appearance in European vineyards at the beginning of the 1860s, where the Phylloxera-susceptible grapevine species V. vinifera L. is majorly cultivated, caused the devastation of a great number of vineyards, generating a deep crisis in the European wine production and trade industries. However, the origin and genetic structure of this pest across European vineyards still remain controversial and uncertain. Herein, we analysed the genetic structure of 1173 grape Phylloxera individuals collected from 100 locations across eight European countries. Structure and phylogenetic analyses show that contemporary grape Phylloxera populations in Europe are the result of at least two independent introductions from the native range that mirrors the historical records that also suggest two major outbreaks in Europe. The comparative analysis with samples from the native range trace back one of these two genetic groups to plants imported from the North East coast of North America, where the American species V. riparia and V. labrusca dominate. This study clarifies the level of genetic diversity of grape Phylloxera in Europe and provides relevant information to resolve previous controversy about its origin.
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Use of DNA Markers for Grape Phylloxera Population and Evolutionary Genetics: From RAPDs to SSRs and Beyond.
Insects, 2019Co-Authors: Javier Tello, Astrid ForneckAbstract:Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) is a major pest of cultivated grapevines (Vitis spp.), occurring in virtually all viticultural regions around the world. Different grape Phylloxera strains can be found at varying levels on leaves and roots on both own-rooted plants and in plants grafted onto partially resistant rootstocks. Considering its relevance for the adequate management of the pest in infested vineyards, the analysis of its genetic diversity has received considerable attention from the scientific community in the last decades. Here, we review 25 years of DNA-based molecular markers applied to the analysis of the genetic structure and the reproductive mode of grape Phylloxera in its native range and in different introduced regions. The use given to RAPD, AFLP, mtDNA sequencing and microsatellite (SSR) genetic markers for the analysis of grape Phylloxera diversity is discussed, and an overview of the main findings obtained after their application to different populations collected in diverse regions all around the world is shown. Lastly, we explore how recent advancements in molecular biology and in modern high throughput genotyping technologies may be applied to better understand grape Phylloxera natural diversity at a molecular level.
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Scientific Opinion: Improving the Definition of Grape Phylloxera Biotypes and Standardizing Biotype Screening Protocols
American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 2016Co-Authors: Astrid Forneck, Kevin S. Powell, M. Andrew WalkerAbstract:Grape Phylloxera biotypes are defined by their specific performance on, or preference for, a particular host (e.g., feeding on a particular rootstock). Numerous studies have phenotyped Phylloxera biotypes, particularly with regard to their performance on various hosts, but the results are difficult to compare because there is neither a homogenous nomenclature nor a standardized protocol for phenotyping. To improve communication within the scientific community, we offer a simplified Phylloxera biotype classification to allow clear data interpretation and effective communication. We also introduce the standard techniques employed for Phylloxera phenotyping and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
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Aseptic dual culture of grape ( Vitis spp.) and grape Phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae FITCH)
Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research, 2015Co-Authors: Astrid Forneck, M. A. Walker, Nikolaus MerktAbstract:An aseptic dual culture of grape Phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae FITCH) and grape vine ( Vitis spp.) was developed. This method permits continuous observation of Phylloxera feeding and the whole plant response on a dynamic basis. The plant/parasite interaction of three testplants ( V. vinifera L., var. Riesling, SO 4 ( V. berlandieri PLANCH. X V. riparia L.) and V. riparia , var. Gloire de Montpellier) are demonstrated by observing post-infectious reactions of the host- and population dynamics of the parasite. Different stages of Phylloxera could be observed including nymphs, winged Phylloxera (alatae) and sexual male Phylloxera. Several potential applications for this aseptic dual culture are demonstrated.
Kevin S. Powell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genetic identification of SNP markers linked to a new grape Phylloxera resistant locus in Vitis cinerea for marker-assisted selection
BMC Plant Biology, 2018Co-Authors: Harley M. Smith, Catherine W. Clarke, Bernadette M. Carmody, Mark R. Thomas, Peter R. Clingeleffer, Brady Smith, Kevin S. PowellAbstract:Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) is a major insect pest that negatively impacts commercial grapevine performance worldwide. Consequently, the use of Phylloxera resistant rootstocks is an essential component of vineyard management. However, the majority of commercially available rootstocks used in viticulture production provide limited levels of grape Phylloxera resistance, in part due to the adaptation of Phylloxera biotypes to different Vitis species. Therefore, there is pressing need to develop new rootstocks better adapted to specific grape growing regions with complete resistance to grape Phylloxera biotypes. Grapevine rootstock breeding material, including an accession of Vitis cinerea and V. aestivalis, DRX55 ([M. rotundifolia x V. vinifera] x open pollinated) and MS27-31 (M. rotundifolia specific hybrid), provided complete resistance to grape Phylloxera in potted plant assays. To map the genetic factor(s) of grape Phylloxera resistance, a F1 V. cinerea x V. vinifera Riesling population was screened for resistance. Heritability analysis indicates that the V. cinerea accession contained a single allele referred as RESISTANCE TO DAKTULOSPHAIRA VITIFOLIAE 2 (RDV2) that confers grape Phylloxera resistance. Using genetic maps constructed with pseudo-testcross markers for V. cinerea and Riesling, a single Phylloxera resistance locus was identified in V. cinerea. After validating SNPs at the RDV2 locus, interval and linkage mapping showed that grape Phylloxera resistance mapped to linkage group 14 at position 16.7 cM. The mapping of RDV2 and the validation of markers linked to grape Phylloxera resistance provides the basis to breed new rootstocks via marker-assisted selection that improve vineyard performance.
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Accounting for spatially heterogeneous conditions in local-scale surveillance strategies: case study of the biosecurity insect pest, grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch)).
Pest Management Science, 2018Co-Authors: Maggie D. Triska, Kevin S. Powell, Cassandra Collins, Inca Pearce, Michael RentonAbstract:BACKGROUND Surveillance strategies are often standardized and completed on grid patterns to detect pest incursions quickly; however, it may be possible to improve surveillance through more targeted observation that accounts for landscape heterogeneity, dispersal and the habitat requirements of the invading organism. We simulated pest spread at a local scale, using grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch)) as a case study, and assessed the influence of incorporating spatial heterogeneity into surveillance compared with current, standard surveillance strategies. RESULTS Time to detection and spread within and beyond the vineyard were reduced by conducting surveys that target sampling effort in soil that is highly suitable for the invading pest in comparison with standard surveillance strategies. However, these outcomes were dependent on the virulence level of Phylloxera because Phylloxera is a complex pest with multiple genotypes that influence spread and detectability. CONCLUSION Targeting surveillance strategies based on local-scale spatial heterogeneity can decrease the time to detection without increasing the survey cost, and surveillance that targets highly suitable soil is the most efficient strategy for detecting new incursions. In addition, combining targeted surveillance strategies with buffer zones and hygiene procedures, and updating surveillance strategies as additional species information becomes available, will further decrease the risk of pest spread. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite as a disinfestation treatment against genetically diverse strains of grape Phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae)
Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2017Co-Authors: C.w. Clarke, S. Norng, Fiona Wigg, Kevin S. PowellAbstract:Background and Aims Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, causes damage to ungrafted European grapevines, Vitis vinifera L. Where distribution is limited such as in Australia and China, Phylloxera is managed primarily through quarantine protocols. In Australia, there are 83 known Phylloxera genetic strains, and studies have shown differences in susceptibility to some disinfestation treatments. First instar nymphs are the most dispersive stage and can be transferred from infested to healthy vineyards on footwear and hand held tools. The current disinfestation protocol recommends a footbath treatment for 30 s with 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) followed by a water rinse. Methods and Results Survival of six endemic Phylloxera genetic strains, G1, G4, G7, G19, G20 and G30, was determined by immersing first instars in 0, 2, 3 and 4% NaOCl for 30, 40 and 60 s followed by a 30 s water rinse. Although Phylloxera survival was significantly reduced by increasing NaOCl concentration and treatment duration, none of the treatment combinations were 100% effective. By excluding the post-treatment water rinse, 100% mortality was achieved across all the six genetic strains using a treatment of 2% NaOCl for 60 s. Conclusions Results from this study recommend a revised disinfestation treatment for footwear and hand held tools. Significance of the Study It is important to consider differences in susceptibility to disinfestation treatments by Phylloxera genetic strains.
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Scientific Opinion: Improving the Definition of Grape Phylloxera Biotypes and Standardizing Biotype Screening Protocols
American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 2016Co-Authors: Astrid Forneck, Kevin S. Powell, M. Andrew WalkerAbstract:Grape Phylloxera biotypes are defined by their specific performance on, or preference for, a particular host (e.g., feeding on a particular rootstock). Numerous studies have phenotyped Phylloxera biotypes, particularly with regard to their performance on various hosts, but the results are difficult to compare because there is neither a homogenous nomenclature nor a standardized protocol for phenotyping. To improve communication within the scientific community, we offer a simplified Phylloxera biotype classification to allow clear data interpretation and effective communication. We also introduce the standard techniques employed for Phylloxera phenotyping and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
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A Holistic Approach to Future Management of Grapevine Phylloxera
Arthropod Management in Vineyards:, 2012Co-Authors: Kevin S. PowellAbstract:Grapevine Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), belongs to the Phylloxeridae family. Phylloxerids are a group of gall-forming sap-sucking insects including the minor pests pecan Phylloxera (Phylloxera devastratrix Pergande) and pear Phylloxera (Aphanostigma piri (Cholodovski)), which live on deciduous trees and perennial fruit crops (Powell 2008) and are related to the superfamily Aphidioidea. Grapevine Phylloxera, the main economically important phylloxerid, is monophagous to Vitis spp. (Vitaceae) and is widely recognized as the most significant insect pest of commercial European grapevines, Vitis vinifera L. Grapevine Phylloxera was first described in 1855 on native Vitis spp. (Granett et al. 2001a) but its devastating effect on V. vinifera was not recognized until the accidental introduction of this pest to Europe in the early 1860s. After the widely reported economic impact on the European wine industry (Ordish 1972) and removal of over two million ha of grapevines (Jackson 2008), it spread to South Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Australasia later in the nineteenth century (Boehm 1996; Campbell 2004).
M. A. Walker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) in Argentina: ecological associations to diversity, population structure and reproductive mode
Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 2018Co-Authors: C. Arancibia, Summaira Riaz, Cecilia B. Agüero, B. Ramirez-corona, Rodrigo Alonso, F. Buscema, Liliana Martínez, M. A. WalkerAbstract:Background and Aims The North American insect pest grape Phylloxera was introduced into Europe in the 19th century and devastated the Vitis vinifera‐based vineyards. It has since become widely distributed among the world’s vineyards. Although it is present in Argentina, it has not caused any major damage. This work aims: to characterise the genetic diversity of Argentinean Phylloxera; to determine population structure and reproductive mode; to compare Argentinean genotypes with samples from seven other countries; and to examine relationships between the infestation level and genetic profile with ecological factors. Methods and Results One hundred and twenty‐nine samples of Phylloxera from Argentinean provinces were analysed with 21 microsatellite markers. Seventeen multilocus genotypes were identified. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis identified two major groups. Principal coordinates analysis grouped together Peruvian, California biotypes A and B and Argentinean Phylloxera, showing dissimilarity with other foreign samples. Associations between infestation level, berry colour and climatic region, and associations between genetic clusters and climatic region were established. Conclusions Endemic Argentinean Phylloxera genotypes showed genetic diversity and were different from other samples assessed. Parthenogenesis is proposed as the main reproductive mode, but rare sexual reproduction is not ruled out. No particular structure was observed in the Phylloxera populations. Significance of the Study This is the first detailed report on the genetic characterisation of Phylloxera populations in Argentina using microsatellites markers. It provides the foundation for further studies.
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Population Structure, Diversity and Reproductive Mode of the Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) across Its Native Range.
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Karl T. Lund, Summaira Riaz, M. A. WalkerAbstract:Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, is a gall-forming insect that feeds on the leaves and roots of many Vitis species. The roots of the cultivated V. vinifera cultivars and hybrids are highly susceptible to grape Phylloxera feeding damage. The native range of this insect covers most of North America, and it is particularly abundant in the eastern and central United States. Phylloxera was introduced from North America to almost all grape-growing regions across five of the temperate zone continents. It devastated vineyards in each of these regions causing large-scale disruptions to grape growers, wine makers and national economies. In order to understand the population diversity of grape Phylloxera in its native range, more than 500 samples from 19 States and 34 samples from the introduced range (northern California, Europe and South America) were genotyped with 32 simple sequence repeat markers. STRUCTURE, a model based clustering method identified five populations within these samples. The five populations were confirmed by a neighbor-joining tree and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). These populations were distinguished by their Vitis species hosts and their geographic locations. Samples collected from California, Europe and South America traced back to Phylloxera sampled in the northeastern United States on V. riparia, with some influence from Phylloxera collected along the Atlantic Coast and Central Plains on V. vulpina. Reproductive statistics conclusively confirmed that sexual reproduction is common in the native range and is combined with cyclical parthenogenesis. Native grape Phylloxera populations were identified to be under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The identification of admixed samples between many of these populations indicates that shared environments facilitate sexual reproduction between different host associated populations to create new genotypes of Phylloxera. This study also found that assortative mating might occur across the sympatric range of the V. vulpina west and V. cinerea populations.
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Aseptic dual culture of grape ( Vitis spp.) and grape Phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae FITCH)
Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research, 2015Co-Authors: Astrid Forneck, M. A. Walker, Nikolaus MerktAbstract:An aseptic dual culture of grape Phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae FITCH) and grape vine ( Vitis spp.) was developed. This method permits continuous observation of Phylloxera feeding and the whole plant response on a dynamic basis. The plant/parasite interaction of three testplants ( V. vinifera L., var. Riesling, SO 4 ( V. berlandieri PLANCH. X V. riparia L.) and V. riparia , var. Gloire de Montpellier) are demonstrated by observing post-infectious reactions of the host- and population dynamics of the parasite. Different stages of Phylloxera could be observed including nymphs, winged Phylloxera (alatae) and sexual male Phylloxera. Several potential applications for this aseptic dual culture are demonstrated.
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Extraction of DNA from eggs of grape Phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae FITCH) for use in RAPD testing
Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research, 2015Co-Authors: Hong Lin, M. A. WalkerAbstract:Three different extraction methods for preparing DNA from single grape Phylloxera ( Daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) eggs for use in PCR-RAPD assay were compared. Pulverization in a glass micro-grinder produced much more clear and consistent RAPD results than when the egg DNA was extracted with a Chelex lysis or a proteinase-K + lysis. Multiple single egg extractions from the same parthenogenetic colony were done with all three methods; no RAPD assay differences were detected. This technique will allow evaluation of the roles population diversity, mutation rates, and reproductive mechanisms play in the Vitis /Phylloxera interaction.
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Population dynamics of grape Phylloxera in California vineyards
Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research, 2015Co-Authors: A. D. Omer, Jeffrey Granett, D. A. Downie, M. A. WalkerAbstract:Field monitoring was conducted to investigate population growth of grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), in commercial grapevines in California. Phylloxera populations started from very low densities each spring, they increased exponentially and peaked during mid-summer, and then declined from mid-to late-summer. A second population peak was observed in the fall. Populations increased and declined simultaneously across all age classes. Egg populations were highest, followed by 1 st and 2 nd and then 3 rd and 4 th instars; adult populations were the lowest. The distribution of age classes as a proportion of the total population indicated a higher intrinsic rate of increase in field vines in spring and early summer than was observed in the laboratory. Densities of Phylloxera on tuberosities were highest during the summer and coincided with the population maximum. Densities of Phylloxera on nodosities were highest in early spring and in the fall and coincided with periods of root flush. Evaluation of the relationship of soil temperatures to developing Phylloxera suggested that decline of Phylloxera populations in mid-and late-summer cannot be attributed to temperatures below a developmental threshold. Decreased root quality or quantity and mortality factors may explain this decline. Phylloxera overwintered as 1 st or 2 nd instars. Analysis of spatial distribution of Phylloxera using Taylor's power law and Iwao's patchiness regression indicated that Phylloxera populations are aggregated. The significance of this research with respect to Phylloxera management is discussed.
Ary A. Hoffmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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clone lineages of grape Phylloxera differ in their performance on vitis vinifera
Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2010Co-Authors: Karen S. Herbert, K S Powell, Paul A Umina, P Mitrovski, Katerina Viduka, Ary A. HoffmannAbstract:Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, is an important pest of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) (Vitaceae). The distribution and frequency of Phylloxera clone lineages vary within infested regions of Australia, suggesting the introduction of separate lineages of D. vitifoliae with host associations. Virulence levels of particular Phylloxera clones may vary on V. vinifera, but much of this evidence is indirect. In this study, we directly tested the performance of Phylloxera clones on V. vinifera using an established excised root assay and a new glasshouse vine assessment. In the root assay, grape Phylloxera clones differed in egg production and egg to adult survivorship. In the vine assay, clones differed in the number of immature and adult life stages on roots. In addition vine characteristics, including mean stem weight, root weight, leaf chlorophyll and leaf area, were affected by different Phylloxera clones. The two most widespread clones displayed high levels of virulence. These results point to only some Phylloxera clones being highly virulent on V. vinifera, helping to explain patterns of field damage, Phylloxera distributions and continued survival and production of V. vinifera vines in some infested areas.
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Developing and testing a diagnostic probe for grape Phylloxera applicable to soil samples.
Journal of economic entomology, 2008Co-Authors: Karen S. Herbert, Kevin S. Powell, Alan C. Mckay, Di Hartley, Herdina, Kathy Ophel-keller, Michele Schiffer, Ary A. HoffmannAbstract:Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera Phylloxeridae) is a damaging pest of grapevines (Vitis spp.) around the world, and the management of this pest requires early detection of infestations. Here, we describe the development and validation of a sensitive DNA test for grape Phylloxera that can be applied to soil. Species-specific primers were developed for grape Phylloxera in the internal transcribed space region 2, and their specificity was confirmed after thorough screening by using a wide range of vineyard organisms and aphid genera. Preliminary testing of the detection limits of the grape Phylloxera-specific primers was conducted using field-sourced soil types spiked with a known number of grape Phylloxera. The assay was converted to a real-time polymerase chain reaction format (TaqMan MGB). This assay, in combination with DNA extraction from soil, can detect Phylloxera crawlers added to soil. The assay was evaluated in the field at a recently detected grape Phylloxera infestation site from the Yarra Valley in Victoria, Australia. The DNA assay proved to be substantially more sensitive than a standard ground survey for detecting grape Phylloxera presence on vine roots in the infested vineyard. Moreover, unlike the ground survey, the assay provided quantitative information on grape Phylloxera infestations, because grape Phylloxera DNA concentrations in samples from vines closely matched the numbers of grape Phylloxera crawlers collected with emergence traps placed at the base of vines. Unlike other detection techniques, the method can be applied at any time of the year, and it can be potentially modified to provide specific information on the virulence levels of the particular grape Phylloxera genotypes responsible for any new infestations.
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Assaying the potential benefits of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid for Phylloxera suppression and improvements to grapevine vigour
Crop Protection, 2008Co-Authors: Karen S. Herbert, Ary A. Hoffmann, Kevin S. PowellAbstract:Abstract Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Fitch) is an encroaching problem for the Australian wine industry with four new outbreaks recorded in the past 5 years. Whilst quarantine- and Phylloxera-resistant rootstocks are the recommended long-term management strategies, there are at present no short-term options for recently infested vineyards. In this study, an assay for assessing the impact of the systemic insecticides thiamethoxam (Actara®; two applications at a concentration of 2000 ppm active ingredient) and imidacloprid (Confidor®; one and two applications at a concentration of 2000 ppm active ingredient) on suppression of Phylloxera populations on grapevine roots was developed. Results from in vitro and in planta trials showed that both insecticides resulted in reduced Phylloxera numbers and improved vine vigour. Imidacloprid was found to have a greater effect on Phylloxera suppression and vine vigour improvement. Therefore imidacloprid has the potential to be successfully used for Phylloxera suppression in the field, but will require further validation under field conditions before recommendations can be made. The assay developed provides a screening procedure for future chemical testing against Phylloxera.
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the use of dna markers for pest management clonal lineages and population biology of grape Phylloxera
Acta Horticulturae, 2007Co-Authors: Paul A Umina, K S Powell, Karen S. Herbert, A M Corrie, Vanessa L White, Ary A. HoffmannAbstract:Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, is an important pest of grapevines, Vitis vinifera. The distribution and frequency of grape Phylloxera genotypes varies within infested regions of Australia, suggesting the introduction of separate lineages of D. vitifoliae, which has important implications for the management of this pest. In this study, we apply six nuclear DNA microsatellite markers to characterize different Phylloxera genotypic classes and present a comprehensive summary of the spatial distribution of D. vitifoliae genotypic lineages within Australian vineyards. Comparisons of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase I) sequences are also performed, supporting previous conclusions that D. vitifoliae in Australia fall into two distinct clades. This information has generated important knowledge for the management of grape Phylloxera and can be linked to historical information on introductions and outbreaks in Australia.
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changes in grape Phylloxera abundance in ungrafted vineyards
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2006Co-Authors: Karen S. Herbert, Ary A. Hoffmann, K S PowellAbstract:To examine seasonal changes in the abundance of grape Phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), several sampling methods were tested at vineyards in Victoria, Australia. At a recently infested site, changes detected by root assessment, trunk trapping, and emergence trapping were closely correlated, although the largest numbers of grape Phylloxera were obtained using traps that collected Phylloxera emerging from soil. This trapping technique was further used to investigate changes in grape Phylloxera numbers across three different sites from southeastern Australia as well as in three consecutive seasons at the same vineyard. Grape Phylloxera numbers decreased as vines deteriorated; a single peak of emergence occurred in every summer. Size and timing of emergence peaks varied between sites and also between vine blocks within a site. The number of grape Phylloxera trapped was correlated with degree-days. Monitoring soil temperature may provide a way of timing control options against grape Phylloxera and a way of identifying peak periods when Phylloxera detection surveys should be completed or when grape Phylloxera are at the highest risk of spreading among vineyards.
Tim Watts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long run health impacts of income shocks wine and Phylloxera in nineteenth century france
The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2010Co-Authors: Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Gilles Postelvinay, Tim WattsAbstract:Abstract Between 1863 and 1890, Phylloxera destroyed 40% of French vineyards. Using the regional variation in the timing of this shock, we identify and examine the effects on adult height, health, and life expectancy of children born in the years and regions affected by the Phylloxera. The shock decreased long-run height, but it did not affect other dimensions of health, including life expectancy. We find that those born in affected regions were about 1.8 millimeters shorter than others at age 20, a significant effect since average heights grew by only 2 centimeters in the entire nineteenth century.
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Long run health impacts of income shocks: Wine and Phylloxera in 19th century France
Review of Economics and Statistics, 2010Co-Authors: Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Gilles Postel-vinay, Tim WattsAbstract:Between 1863 and 1890, Phylloxera destroyed 40% of French vineyards. Using the regional variation in the timing of this shock, we identify and examine the effects on adult height, health, and life expectancy of children born in the years and regions affected by the Phylloxera. The shock decreased long-run height, but it did not affect other dimensions of health, including life expectancy. We find that those born in affected regions were about 1.8 millimeters shorter than others at age 20, a significant effect since average heights grew by only 2 centimeters in the entire nineteenth century.