The Experts below are selected from a list of 315 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kip E. Panter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Global perspectives on Poisonous Plants: The 9th International Symposium on Poisonous Plants
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Russell J. Molyneux, Kip E. Panter, Meng-li ZhaoAbstract:The 9th International Symposium on Poisonous Plants (ISOPP9) was held July 15–21, 2013, at the Inner Mongolia Agricultural University in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. The symposium consisted of three days of oral and poster presentations, followed by a tour of the Xilinhot Region of the Mongolian Grasslands, encompassing grazing conditions consisting of desert, grassland, and steppes. This was the first time that an ISOPP meeting has been held in Asia and provided an opportunity for visitors from outside China to become aware of livestock poisonings caused by plant species with which they were previously not familiar while at the same time demonstrating that many of the problems experienced around the world have a common etiology. Presentations focused on botany, veterinary science, toxicology, mechanism of action, and chemistry. As is appropriate for the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, this cluster of papers consists of selected oral and poster presentations in which the ...
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Poisonous Plants: Biomarkers for Diagnosis
Biomarkers in Toxicology, 2014Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Kevin D Welch, Dale R GardnerAbstract:Research on Poisonous Plants in the USA began over 100 years ago and resulted from livestock poisonings by locoweeds, larkspurs, lupines, hemlocks, death camas, selenium-accumulating forages, and other Plants. Poisonings soon began to occur in livestock as the migration westward resulted in overgrazing and exposure of livestock to unfamiliar rangelands and toxic forbs. Research was initiated by the U.S. government in an attempt to mitigate losses and to further encourage settlement of the west. Much of this early research was based on identifying the offending plant and observational studies to describe the poisonings in livestock. Over the last 50 years, advances in technology and research have resulted in identification of thousands of phytochemicals, characterization of their biological effects, and development of management methods or treatments to mitigate poisoning. Identification of biomarkers to improve diagnosis of plant toxicoses has always been an important need for clinicians, diagnostic labs, and scientists. However, few biomarkers specific for plant toxicoses exist. At the USDA Poisonous Plant Research Lab, one area of research emphasis is development of biomarkers specific for Poisonous plant diagnosis. This includes chemical detection of toxins in specific tissues, histopathological description, and biochemical changes associated with specific Poisonous plant toxicoses. In this chapter, some of the most important Poisonous Plants and their toxins that affect livestock are reviewed, and the current status of biomarker development is discussed.
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Poisonous Plants: effects on embryo and fetal development.
Birth defects research. Part C Embryo today : reviews, 2013Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, Benedict T. GreenAbstract:Poisonous plant research in the United States began over 100 years ago as a result of livestock losses from toxic Plants as settlers migrated westward with their flocks, herds, and families. Major losses were soon associated with Poisonous Plants, such as locoweeds, selenium accumulating Plants, poison-hemlock, larkspurs, Veratrum, lupines, death camas, water hemlock, and others. Identification of Plants associated with poisoning, chemistry of the Plants, physiological effects, pathology, diagnosis, and prognosis, why animals eat the Plants, and grazing management to mitigate losses became the overarching mission of the current Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. Additionally, spin-off benefits resulting from the animal research have provided novel compounds, new techniques, and animal models to study human health conditions (biomedical research). The Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory has become an international leader of Poisonous plant research as evidenced by the recent completion of the ninth International Symposium on Poisonous Plant Research held July 2013 in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China. In this article, we review Plants that negatively impact embryo/fetal and neonatal growth and development, with emphasis on those Plants that cause birth defects. Although this article focuses on the general aspects of selected groups of Plants and their effects on the developing offspring, a companion paper in this volume reviews current understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of toxicoses and teratogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 99:223-234, 2013. Published 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
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Poisonous Plants of the United States
Veterinary Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, James A Pfister, Steven T. Lee, Ben T. Green, Daniel Cook, Thomas Z. Davis, Bryan L. StegelmeierAbstract:Abstract Poisonous Plants cause significant economic losses to the livestock industry throughout the world from death losses, abortions, birth defects, increased veterinary care, and other related factors. This chapter is not intended to be all-inclusive, but provides current research information on important Poisonous Plants in the United States, and this resource will be useful to researchers, veterinarians, teachers, land managers, extension agents, and the general public.
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Selected Common Poisonous Plants of the United States’ Rangelands
Rangelands, 2009Co-Authors: Thomas Z. Davis, Steven T. Lee, Michael H Ralphs, Kip E. PanterAbstract:Selected Common Poisonous Plants of the United States’ Rangelands DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i1_davis
Michael H Ralphs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Selected Common Poisonous Plants of the United States’ Rangelands
Rangelands, 2009Co-Authors: Thomas Z. Davis, Steven T. Lee, Michael H Ralphs, Kip E. PanterAbstract:Selected Common Poisonous Plants of the United States’ Rangelands DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i1_davis
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chapter 66 important Poisonous Plants of the united states
Veterinary Toxicology#R##N#Basic and Clinical Principles, 2007Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Dale R Gardner, Michael H Ralphs, Shwuluan Lee, J A Pfister, L F JamesAbstract:Poisonous Plants and the secondary compounds they produce cause large economic losses to the livestock industries throughout the world. These invasive and Poisonous species are often aggressive invaders and reduce optimum utilization of private, federal, and state managed forest, range, and pasture lands. This aspect alone has far reaching implications not only for livestock producers but also for many other segments of society. Poisonous plant problems are often exacerbated during periods of below normal rainfall when the abundance of grasses is reduced. Frequently, the animal's diet shifts during the season as grasses and palatable forbs mature and senesce; for example, the consumption of some Poisonous Plants such as lupines, locoweeds, or larkspurs, which stay green longer into the season, may increase as the season progresses. In other instances, poisoning occurs early in the season before grasses begin to grow, but Poisonous Plants have emerged and are usually very toxic. Poisoning by Plants only occurs when animals eat too much too fast or graze it over a prolonged period of time. Therefore, management strategies to control these factors can minimize losses from Poisonous Plants. The Plants in this chapter are some of the most important Poisonous Plants in the United States, and considerable research is conducted to reduce their incidence of poisoning.
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Veterinary Toxicology - CHAPTER 66 – Important Poisonous Plants of the United States
Veterinary Toxicology, 2007Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Dale R Gardner, Michael H Ralphs, J A Pfister, Stephen Lee, Lynn F. JamesAbstract:Poisonous Plants and the secondary compounds they produce cause large economic losses to the livestock industries throughout the world. These invasive and Poisonous species are often aggressive invaders and reduce optimum utilization of private, federal, and state managed forest, range, and pasture lands. This aspect alone has far reaching implications not only for livestock producers but also for many other segments of society. Poisonous plant problems are often exacerbated during periods of below normal rainfall when the abundance of grasses is reduced. Frequently, the animal's diet shifts during the season as grasses and palatable forbs mature and senesce; for example, the consumption of some Poisonous Plants such as lupines, locoweeds, or larkspurs, which stay green longer into the season, may increase as the season progresses. In other instances, poisoning occurs early in the season before grasses begin to grow, but Poisonous Plants have emerged and are usually very toxic. Poisoning by Plants only occurs when animals eat too much too fast or graze it over a prolonged period of time. Therefore, management strategies to control these factors can minimize losses from Poisonous Plants. The Plants in this chapter are some of the most important Poisonous Plants in the United States, and considerable research is conducted to reduce their incidence of poisoning.
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Reproductive losses to Poisonous Plants: influence of management strategies.
Journal of Range Management, 2002Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Dale R Gardner, James A Pfister, Michael H Ralphs, L F James, Bryan L. StegelmeierAbstract:Poisonous Plants that impair normal reproductive functions in livestock include Veratrum californicum Durand, lupines, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. R (2) know what Poisonous Plants grow on ranges and understand their effects; (3) develop a management plan to provide for alternate grazing in Poisonous plant-free pastures during critical times; (4) provide for balanced nutrition, including protein, energy, minerals and vitamins; (5) maintain a good herd health program; (6) integrate an herbicide treatment program to reduce Poisonous plant populations or to maintain clean pastures for alternate grazing; and, (7) manage the range for maximum forage production. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i3_panter
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Ecological relationships between Poisonous Plants and rangeland condition: a review.
Journal of Range Management, 2002Co-Authors: Michael H RalphsAbstract:In the past, excessive numbers of livestock on western U.S. rangelands, reoccurring droughts, and lack of management resulted in retrogression of plant communities. Poisonous Plants and other less palatable species increased with declining range condition and livestock were forced to eat these Poisonous species because of a shortage of desirable forage, resulting in large, catastrophic losses. The level of management on most western rangelands has improved during the last 60 years, resulting in marked improvement in range condition; yet losses to Poisonous Plants still occur, though not as large and catastrophic as in the past. Some Poisonous species are major components of the pristine, pre-European plant communities [tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi Huth), Veratrum californicum Durand, water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii (DC.)Coult. &Rose), bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.), Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson), and various oak species (Quercus spp.)]. Although populations of many Poisonous seral increaser species have declined with better management, they are still components of plant communities and fluctuate with changing precipitation patterns [locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.), lupine (Lupinus spp.), death camas (Zigadenus spp.), snakeweed (Gutierrezia spp.), threadleaf groundsel (Senecio longolobis Benth.), low larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz.), timber milkvetch (Astragalus miser Dougl. ex Hook.), redstem peavine (A. emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory), western bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata D.C.), orange sneezeweed (Helenium hoopesii Gray), twin leaf senna (Cassia roemeriana Schelle), and white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum Houtt)]. Many of the alien invader species are Poisonous: [Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) C.A. Mey, St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum L.), poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.), tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.), hounds tongue (Cynoglossum officinale L.), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) and other knapweeds (Centaurea spp.)]. Poisoning occurs when livestock consume these Plants because they are either relatively more palatable than the associated forage, or from management mistakes of running short of desirable forage. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i3_ralphs
Dale R Gardner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poisonous Plants: Biomarkers for Diagnosis
Biomarkers in Toxicology, 2014Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Kevin D Welch, Dale R GardnerAbstract:Research on Poisonous Plants in the USA began over 100 years ago and resulted from livestock poisonings by locoweeds, larkspurs, lupines, hemlocks, death camas, selenium-accumulating forages, and other Plants. Poisonings soon began to occur in livestock as the migration westward resulted in overgrazing and exposure of livestock to unfamiliar rangelands and toxic forbs. Research was initiated by the U.S. government in an attempt to mitigate losses and to further encourage settlement of the west. Much of this early research was based on identifying the offending plant and observational studies to describe the poisonings in livestock. Over the last 50 years, advances in technology and research have resulted in identification of thousands of phytochemicals, characterization of their biological effects, and development of management methods or treatments to mitigate poisoning. Identification of biomarkers to improve diagnosis of plant toxicoses has always been an important need for clinicians, diagnostic labs, and scientists. However, few biomarkers specific for plant toxicoses exist. At the USDA Poisonous Plant Research Lab, one area of research emphasis is development of biomarkers specific for Poisonous plant diagnosis. This includes chemical detection of toxins in specific tissues, histopathological description, and biochemical changes associated with specific Poisonous plant toxicoses. In this chapter, some of the most important Poisonous Plants and their toxins that affect livestock are reviewed, and the current status of biomarker development is discussed.
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Poisonous Plants: effects on embryo and fetal development.
Birth defects research. Part C Embryo today : reviews, 2013Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, Benedict T. GreenAbstract:Poisonous plant research in the United States began over 100 years ago as a result of livestock losses from toxic Plants as settlers migrated westward with their flocks, herds, and families. Major losses were soon associated with Poisonous Plants, such as locoweeds, selenium accumulating Plants, poison-hemlock, larkspurs, Veratrum, lupines, death camas, water hemlock, and others. Identification of Plants associated with poisoning, chemistry of the Plants, physiological effects, pathology, diagnosis, and prognosis, why animals eat the Plants, and grazing management to mitigate losses became the overarching mission of the current Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. Additionally, spin-off benefits resulting from the animal research have provided novel compounds, new techniques, and animal models to study human health conditions (biomedical research). The Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory has become an international leader of Poisonous plant research as evidenced by the recent completion of the ninth International Symposium on Poisonous Plant Research held July 2013 in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China. In this article, we review Plants that negatively impact embryo/fetal and neonatal growth and development, with emphasis on those Plants that cause birth defects. Although this article focuses on the general aspects of selected groups of Plants and their effects on the developing offspring, a companion paper in this volume reviews current understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of toxicoses and teratogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 99:223-234, 2013. Published 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
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Poisonous Plants of the United States
Veterinary Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, James A Pfister, Steven T. Lee, Ben T. Green, Daniel Cook, Thomas Z. Davis, Bryan L. StegelmeierAbstract:Abstract Poisonous Plants cause significant economic losses to the livestock industry throughout the world from death losses, abortions, birth defects, increased veterinary care, and other related factors. This chapter is not intended to be all-inclusive, but provides current research information on important Poisonous Plants in the United States, and this resource will be useful to researchers, veterinarians, teachers, land managers, extension agents, and the general public.
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chapter 66 important Poisonous Plants of the united states
Veterinary Toxicology#R##N#Basic and Clinical Principles, 2007Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Dale R Gardner, Michael H Ralphs, Shwuluan Lee, J A Pfister, L F JamesAbstract:Poisonous Plants and the secondary compounds they produce cause large economic losses to the livestock industries throughout the world. These invasive and Poisonous species are often aggressive invaders and reduce optimum utilization of private, federal, and state managed forest, range, and pasture lands. This aspect alone has far reaching implications not only for livestock producers but also for many other segments of society. Poisonous plant problems are often exacerbated during periods of below normal rainfall when the abundance of grasses is reduced. Frequently, the animal's diet shifts during the season as grasses and palatable forbs mature and senesce; for example, the consumption of some Poisonous Plants such as lupines, locoweeds, or larkspurs, which stay green longer into the season, may increase as the season progresses. In other instances, poisoning occurs early in the season before grasses begin to grow, but Poisonous Plants have emerged and are usually very toxic. Poisoning by Plants only occurs when animals eat too much too fast or graze it over a prolonged period of time. Therefore, management strategies to control these factors can minimize losses from Poisonous Plants. The Plants in this chapter are some of the most important Poisonous Plants in the United States, and considerable research is conducted to reduce their incidence of poisoning.
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Veterinary Toxicology - CHAPTER 66 – Important Poisonous Plants of the United States
Veterinary Toxicology, 2007Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Dale R Gardner, Michael H Ralphs, J A Pfister, Stephen Lee, Lynn F. JamesAbstract:Poisonous Plants and the secondary compounds they produce cause large economic losses to the livestock industries throughout the world. These invasive and Poisonous species are often aggressive invaders and reduce optimum utilization of private, federal, and state managed forest, range, and pasture lands. This aspect alone has far reaching implications not only for livestock producers but also for many other segments of society. Poisonous plant problems are often exacerbated during periods of below normal rainfall when the abundance of grasses is reduced. Frequently, the animal's diet shifts during the season as grasses and palatable forbs mature and senesce; for example, the consumption of some Poisonous Plants such as lupines, locoweeds, or larkspurs, which stay green longer into the season, may increase as the season progresses. In other instances, poisoning occurs early in the season before grasses begin to grow, but Poisonous Plants have emerged and are usually very toxic. Poisoning by Plants only occurs when animals eat too much too fast or graze it over a prolonged period of time. Therefore, management strategies to control these factors can minimize losses from Poisonous Plants. The Plants in this chapter are some of the most important Poisonous Plants in the United States, and considerable research is conducted to reduce their incidence of poisoning.
Bryan L. Stegelmeier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poisonous Plants of the United States
Veterinary Toxicology, 2012Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, James A Pfister, Steven T. Lee, Ben T. Green, Daniel Cook, Thomas Z. Davis, Bryan L. StegelmeierAbstract:Abstract Poisonous Plants cause significant economic losses to the livestock industry throughout the world from death losses, abortions, birth defects, increased veterinary care, and other related factors. This chapter is not intended to be all-inclusive, but provides current research information on important Poisonous Plants in the United States, and this resource will be useful to researchers, veterinarians, teachers, land managers, extension agents, and the general public.
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chapter 66 important Poisonous Plants of the united states
Veterinary Toxicology#R##N#Basic and Clinical Principles, 2007Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Dale R Gardner, Michael H Ralphs, Shwuluan Lee, J A Pfister, L F JamesAbstract:Poisonous Plants and the secondary compounds they produce cause large economic losses to the livestock industries throughout the world. These invasive and Poisonous species are often aggressive invaders and reduce optimum utilization of private, federal, and state managed forest, range, and pasture lands. This aspect alone has far reaching implications not only for livestock producers but also for many other segments of society. Poisonous plant problems are often exacerbated during periods of below normal rainfall when the abundance of grasses is reduced. Frequently, the animal's diet shifts during the season as grasses and palatable forbs mature and senesce; for example, the consumption of some Poisonous Plants such as lupines, locoweeds, or larkspurs, which stay green longer into the season, may increase as the season progresses. In other instances, poisoning occurs early in the season before grasses begin to grow, but Poisonous Plants have emerged and are usually very toxic. Poisoning by Plants only occurs when animals eat too much too fast or graze it over a prolonged period of time. Therefore, management strategies to control these factors can minimize losses from Poisonous Plants. The Plants in this chapter are some of the most important Poisonous Plants in the United States, and considerable research is conducted to reduce their incidence of poisoning.
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Veterinary Toxicology - CHAPTER 66 – Important Poisonous Plants of the United States
Veterinary Toxicology, 2007Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Dale R Gardner, Michael H Ralphs, J A Pfister, Stephen Lee, Lynn F. JamesAbstract:Poisonous Plants and the secondary compounds they produce cause large economic losses to the livestock industries throughout the world. These invasive and Poisonous species are often aggressive invaders and reduce optimum utilization of private, federal, and state managed forest, range, and pasture lands. This aspect alone has far reaching implications not only for livestock producers but also for many other segments of society. Poisonous plant problems are often exacerbated during periods of below normal rainfall when the abundance of grasses is reduced. Frequently, the animal's diet shifts during the season as grasses and palatable forbs mature and senesce; for example, the consumption of some Poisonous Plants such as lupines, locoweeds, or larkspurs, which stay green longer into the season, may increase as the season progresses. In other instances, poisoning occurs early in the season before grasses begin to grow, but Poisonous Plants have emerged and are usually very toxic. Poisoning by Plants only occurs when animals eat too much too fast or graze it over a prolonged period of time. Therefore, management strategies to control these factors can minimize losses from Poisonous Plants. The Plants in this chapter are some of the most important Poisonous Plants in the United States, and considerable research is conducted to reduce their incidence of poisoning.
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Reproductive losses to Poisonous Plants: influence of management strategies.
Journal of Range Management, 2002Co-Authors: Kip E. Panter, Dale R Gardner, James A Pfister, Michael H Ralphs, L F James, Bryan L. StegelmeierAbstract:Poisonous Plants that impair normal reproductive functions in livestock include Veratrum californicum Durand, lupines, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. R (2) know what Poisonous Plants grow on ranges and understand their effects; (3) develop a management plan to provide for alternate grazing in Poisonous plant-free pastures during critical times; (4) provide for balanced nutrition, including protein, energy, minerals and vitamins; (5) maintain a good herd health program; (6) integrate an herbicide treatment program to reduce Poisonous plant populations or to maintain clean pastures for alternate grazing; and, (7) manage the range for maximum forage production. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i3_panter
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Ponderosa pine and broom snakeweed: Poisonous Plants that affect livestock.
Journal of Natural Toxins, 1999Co-Authors: Dale R Gardner, Lynn F. James, James A Pfister, Kip E. Panter, Michael H Ralphs, Bryan L. StegelmeierAbstract:: Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and the snakeweeds (Gutierrezia sarothrae and G. microcephala) are two groups of range Plants that are Poisonous to livestock. Ponderosa pine causes late-term abortions in cattle, and the snakeweeds are toxic and also cause abortions in cattle, sheep, and goats. Research is underway at the USDA-ARS-Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory to better understand livestock poisonings caused by grazing ponderosa pine needles and the snakeweeds and to provide methods of reducing losses to the livestock and supporting industries. This review includes the history of the problem, a brief description of the signs of poisoning, the research, to identify the chemical toxins, and current management practices on prevention of poisonings.
Rani Magotra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Traditional knowledge on Poisonous Plants of Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir, India
Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2014Co-Authors: Harpreet Bhatia, R.k. Manhas, Kewal Kumar, Rani MagotraAbstract:Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Poisonous Plants comprise the third largest category of poisons known around the world. Other than affecting the humans directly, they are the major cause of economic losses in the livestock industry since the advent of civilisation. Aim of the present study was to collect and systematically document the traditional knowledge of Poisonous Plants of Udhampur District for the benefit of humanity before it is entombed forever. Material and methods Direct interviews of the informants were conducted and the Plants identified as Poisonous by them were collected, identified and herbarium sheets were prepared. The data collected through interviews was analysed with two quantitative tools viz. the factor informant consensus and fidelity level. Results A total of 90 toxic Plants were listed from the study site. Most dominant toxic families were Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Apocynaceae and Euphorbiaceae. Most of the Poisonous Plants were herbs (57.1%) and the whole plant toxicity was reported to be the highest (32.4%) followed by leaves (23.1%). According to the factor informant consensus, gastrointestinal category had the greatest agreement closely followed by the death category. The most important species on the basis of fidelity level for gastrointestinal category were Cannabis sativa, Cassia occidentalis, Cuscuta reflexa, Euphorbia helioscopia and Euphorbia hirta, for death category were Anagalis arvensis, Embelia robusta and Prunus persica, for dermatological category Euphorbia royleana, Leucaena leucocephala, Parthenium hysterophorus and Urtica dioica, and for sexual illness category were Calotropis procera and Carica papaya. Conclusion Further phytochemical and pharmacological studies are required to ascertain the toxic components of the Poisonous Plants, so that they may be utilised for the betterment of future generations.