Ponderosa Pine

14,000,000 Leading Edge Experts on the ideXlab platform

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

The Experts below are selected from a list of 279 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Thomas E Kolb - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • variation in seedling budburst phenology and structural traits among southwestern Ponderosa Pine provenances1
    Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2020
    Co-Authors: Aalap Dixit, Thomas E Kolb
    Abstract:

    We used a common garden study to investigate genetic variation in spring budburst phenology, growth, and structural traits of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Enge...

  • Limited response of Ponderosa Pine bole defenses to wounding and fungi
    Tree Physiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Monica L. Gaylord, Thomas E Kolb, Richard W. Hofstetter, Michael R. Wagner
    Abstract:

    Tree defense against bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and their associated fungi generally comprises some combination of constitutive (primary) and induced (secondary) defenses. In Pines, the primary constitutive defense against bark beetles consists of preformed resin stored in resin ducts. Induced defenses at the wound site (point of beetle entry) in Pines may consist of an increase in resin flow and necrotic lesion formation. The quantity and quality of both induced and constitutive defenses can vary by species and season. The inducible defense response in Ponderosa Pine is not well understood. Our study examined the inducible defense response in Ponderosa Pine using traumatic mechanical wounding, and wounding with and without fungal inoculations with two different bark beetle-associated fungi (Ophiostoma minus and Grosmannia clavigera). Resin flow did not significantly increase in response to any treatment. In addition, necrotic lesion formation on the bole after fungal inoculation was minimal. Stand thinning, which has been shown to increase water availability, had no, or inconsistent, effects on inducible tree defense. Our results suggest that Ponderosa Pine bole defense against bark beetles and their associated fungi is primarily constitutive and not induced.

  • prescribed fire effects on bark beetle activity and tree mortality in southwestern Ponderosa Pine forests
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2008
    Co-Authors: C R Breece, Thomas E Kolb, Joel D. Mcmillin, Brett G. Dickson, Karen M. Clancy
    Abstract:

    Prescribed fire is an important tool in the management of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) forests, yet effects on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) activity and tree mortality are poorly understood in the southwestern U.S. We compared bark beetle attacks and tree mortality between paired prescribed-burned and unburned stands at each of four sites in Arizona and New Mexico for three growing seasons after burning (2004‐2006). Prescribed burns increased bark beetle attacks on Ponderosa Pine over the first three post-fire years from 1.5 to 13% of all trees, increased successful, lethal attacks on Ponderosa Pine from 0.4 to 7.6%, increased mortality of Ponderosa Pine from all causes from 0.6 to 8.4%, and increased mortality of all tree species with diameter at breast height >13 cm from 0.6 to 9.6%. On a per year basis, prescribed burns increased Ponderosa Pine mortality from 0.2% per year in unburned stands to 2.8% per year in burned stands. Mortality of Ponderosa Pine 3 years after burning was best described by a logistic regression model with total crown damage (crown scorch + crown consumption) and bark beetle attack rating (no, partial, or mass attack by bark beetles) as independent variables. Attacks by Dendroctonus spp. did notdiffersignificantlyoverboleheights,whereas attacksbyIpsspp.weregreaterontheupperbolecomparedwiththelowerbole. Threepreviously published logistic regression models of tree mortality, developed from fires in 1995‐1996 in northern Arizona, were moderately successful in predicting broad patterns of tree mortality in our data. The influence of bark beetle attack rating on tree mortality was stronger for our data than for data from the 1995‐1996 fires. Our results highlight canopy damage from fire as a strong and consistent predictor of post-fire mortality of Ponderosa Pine, and bark beetle attacks and bole char rating as less consistent predictors because of temporal variability in their relationship to mortality. The small increase in tree mortality and bark beetle attacks caused by prescribed burning should be acceptable to many forest managers and the public given the resulting reduction in surface fuel and risk of severe wildfire. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • perpetuating old Ponderosa Pine
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2007
    Co-Authors: Thomas E Kolb, Peter Z. Fulé, James K Agee, Nate G Mcdowell, Kristen M Pearson, Anna Sala, Richard H Waring
    Abstract:

    We review current knowledge about the use of management treatments to reduce human-induced threats to old Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa) trees. We address the following questions: Are fire-induced damage and mortality greater in old than younger trees? Can management treatments ameliorate the detrimental effects of fire, competition-induced stress, and drought on old trees? Can management increase resistance of old trees to bark beetles? We offer the following recommendations for the use of thinning and burning treatments in old-growth Ponderosa Pine forests. Treatments should be focused on high-value stands where fire exclusion has increased fuels and competition and where detrimental effects of disturbance during harvesting can be minimized. Fuels should be reduced in the vicinity of old trees prior to prescribed burns to reduce fire intensity, as old trees are often more prone to dying after burning than younger trees. Raking the forest floor beneath old trees prior to burning may not only reduce damage from smoldering combustion under certain conditions but also increase fine-root mortality. Thinning of neighboring trees often increases water and carbon uptake of old trees within 1 year of treatment, and increases radial growth within several years to two decades after treatment. However, stimulation of growth of old trees by thinning can be negated by severe drought. Evidence from young trees suggests that management treatments that cause large increases in carbon allocation to radial xylem growth also increase carbon allocation to constitutive resin defenses against bark beetle attacks, but evidence for old trees is scarce. Prescribed, low-intensity burning may attract bark beetles and increase mortality of old trees from beetle attacks despite a stimulation of bole resin production. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • regulation of Ponderosa Pine foliar physiology and insect resistance mechanisms by basal area treatments
    Tree Physiology, 1998
    Co-Authors: Thomas E Kolb, Michael R. Wagner, Kristina M Holmberg, Joseph E Stone
    Abstract:

    : We compared foliar physiology and several measures of tree resistance to insect attack among Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) trees growing in thinned stands. Measurements were made in a second-growth Ponderosa Pine forest in northern Arizona where the basal area treatments (6.9, 18.4, 27.6, 78.2 m(2) ha(-1)) have been experimentally maintained by frequent thinnings for 32 years before our measurements began in 1994. Most of the physiological characteristics measured were affected by the basal area treatments. As stand basal area increased from 6.9 to 78.2 m(2) ha(-1), predawn water potential, midday water potential, net photosynthetic rate, resin production, phloem thickness, and foliar toughness decreased. Foliar nitrogen concentration was greatest in trees in the intermediate basal area treatments. Our results show that the physiological condition of second-growth Ponderosa Pine can be manipulated by silvicultural control of stand basal area, and support the hypothesis that high stand basal area increases tree stress and decreases tree resistance to insect attack.

Karen M. Clancy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Influence of elevation on bark beetle community structure in Ponderosa Pine stands of northern Arizona
    2020
    Co-Authors: Andrew N. Miller, Kelly Barton, Joel D. Mcmillin, Tom Degomez, Karen M. Clancy, John A. Anhold
    Abstract:

    (Please note, this is an abstract only) Bark beetles killed more than 20 million Ponderosa Pine trees in Arizona during 2002-2004. Historically, bark beetle populations remained endemic and Ponderosa Pine mortality was limited to localized areas in Arizona. Consequently, there is a lack of information on bark beetle community structure in Ponderosa Pine stands of Arizona. Furthermore, it is unknown how elevation influences the community structure of these bark beetles. Understanding the bark beetle complex at different elevations will enable development of more effective forest management guidelines.

  • prescribed fire effects on bark beetle activity and tree mortality in southwestern Ponderosa Pine forests
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2008
    Co-Authors: C R Breece, Thomas E Kolb, Joel D. Mcmillin, Brett G. Dickson, Karen M. Clancy
    Abstract:

    Prescribed fire is an important tool in the management of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) forests, yet effects on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) activity and tree mortality are poorly understood in the southwestern U.S. We compared bark beetle attacks and tree mortality between paired prescribed-burned and unburned stands at each of four sites in Arizona and New Mexico for three growing seasons after burning (2004‐2006). Prescribed burns increased bark beetle attacks on Ponderosa Pine over the first three post-fire years from 1.5 to 13% of all trees, increased successful, lethal attacks on Ponderosa Pine from 0.4 to 7.6%, increased mortality of Ponderosa Pine from all causes from 0.6 to 8.4%, and increased mortality of all tree species with diameter at breast height >13 cm from 0.6 to 9.6%. On a per year basis, prescribed burns increased Ponderosa Pine mortality from 0.2% per year in unburned stands to 2.8% per year in burned stands. Mortality of Ponderosa Pine 3 years after burning was best described by a logistic regression model with total crown damage (crown scorch + crown consumption) and bark beetle attack rating (no, partial, or mass attack by bark beetles) as independent variables. Attacks by Dendroctonus spp. did notdiffersignificantlyoverboleheights,whereas attacksbyIpsspp.weregreaterontheupperbolecomparedwiththelowerbole. Threepreviously published logistic regression models of tree mortality, developed from fires in 1995‐1996 in northern Arizona, were moderately successful in predicting broad patterns of tree mortality in our data. The influence of bark beetle attack rating on tree mortality was stronger for our data than for data from the 1995‐1996 fires. Our results highlight canopy damage from fire as a strong and consistent predictor of post-fire mortality of Ponderosa Pine, and bark beetle attacks and bole char rating as less consistent predictors because of temporal variability in their relationship to mortality. The small increase in tree mortality and bark beetle attacks caused by prescribed burning should be acceptable to many forest managers and the public given the resulting reduction in surface fuel and risk of severe wildfire. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Michael G. Harrington - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • physiological responses of Ponderosa Pine in western montana to thinning prescribed fire and burning season
    Tree Physiology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Anna Sala, Gregory D Peters, Lorna R Mcintyre, Michael G. Harrington
    Abstract:

    : Low-elevation Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws.) forests of the northern Rocky Mountains historically experienced frequent low-intensity fires that maintained open uneven-aged stands. A century of fire exclusion has contributed to denser Ponderosa Pine forests with greater competition for resources, higher tree stress and greater risk of insect attack and stand-destroying fire. Active management intended to restore a semblance of the more sustainable historic stand structure and composition includes selective thinning and prescribed fire. However, little is known about the relative effects of these management practices on the physiological performance of Ponderosa Pine. We measured soil water and nitrogen availability, physiological performance and wood radial increment of second growth Ponderosa Pine trees at the Lick Creek Experimental Site in the Bitterroot National Forest, Montana, 8 and 9 years after the application of four treatments: thinning only; thinning followed by prescribed fire in the spring; thinning followed by prescribed fire in the fall; and untreated controls. Volumetric soil water content and resin capsule ammonium did not differ among treatments. Resin capsule nitrate in the control treatment was similar to that in all other treatments, although burned treatments had lower nitrate relative to the thinned-only treatment. Trees of similar size and canopy condition in the three thinned treatments (with and without fire) displayed higher leaf-area-based photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and mid-morning leaf water potential in June and July, and higher wood radial increment relative to trees in control units. Specific leaf area, mass-based leaf nitrogen content and carbon isotope discrimination did not vary among treatments. Our results suggest that, despite minimal differences in soil resource availability, trees in managed units where basal area was reduced had improved gas exchange and growth compared with trees in unmanaged units. Prescribed fire (either in the spring or in the fall) in addition to thinning, had no measurable effect on the mid-term physiological performance and wood growth of second growth Ponderosa Pine.

  • Prescribed burning in southwestern Ponderosa Pine
    1996
    Co-Authors: Stephen S. Sackett, Sally M. Haase, Michael G. Harrington
    Abstract:

    Prescribed burning is an effective way of restoring the fire process to Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) ecosystems of the Southwest. If used judiciously, fire can provide valuable effects for hazard reduction, natural regeneration, thinning, vegetation revitalization, and in general, better forest health. Relatively short burning intervals are required to maintain the benefits of fire.

Scott C Vojta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • tree mortality in drought stressed mixed conifer and Ponderosa Pine forests arizona usa
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2011
    Co-Authors: Joseph L Ganey, Scott C Vojta
    Abstract:

    We monitored tree mortality in northern Arizona (USA) mixed-conifer and Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) forests from 1997 to 2007, a period of severe drought in this area. Mortality was pervasive, occurring on 100 and 98% of 53 mixed-conifer and 60 Ponderosa Pine plots (1-ha each), respectively. Most mortality was attributable to a suite of forest insects, mediated by drought stress. The number of trees dying from 2002 to 2007 was more than 200% greater than the number dying from 1997 to 2002 in mixed-conifer forest and 74% greater in Ponderosa Pine forest. Extent of mortality was spatially variable in both forest types. Median cumulative mortality (the ratio of dead to live trees) increased by approximately 53 and 65% in mixed-conifer and Ponderosa Pine forests, respectively, from 2002 to 2007. Median mortality rates from 2002 to 2007 were approximately 2.0% year-1 in mixed-conifer forest (range = 0-28.5%) and 0.4% year-1 in Ponderosa Pine forest (range = 0-13.6%). Mortality rates generally were not strongly related to either elevation or stand density. Mortality was nonrandom with respect to tree size classes and species. Proportions of trees dying were greatest in the largest size classes, particularly in mixed-conifer forest, where mortality in the largest size class exceeded 22% from 2002 to 2007. Mortality in mixed-conifer forest was particularly pronounced for quaking aspen (85%) and white fir (28%), the least drought tolerant species present. These results provide an early glimpse of how these forest types are likely to respond to predicted climate changes in the southwestern USA. They suggest that these forests are not resilient to climate change, and that treatments to increase resilience to climate change may be appropriate. Research on causes of spatial heterogeneity in extent of mortality might suggest valuable approaches to aid in increasing resilience.

Joel D. Mcmillin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Influence of elevation on bark beetle community structure in Ponderosa Pine stands of northern Arizona
    2020
    Co-Authors: Andrew N. Miller, Kelly Barton, Joel D. Mcmillin, Tom Degomez, Karen M. Clancy, John A. Anhold
    Abstract:

    (Please note, this is an abstract only) Bark beetles killed more than 20 million Ponderosa Pine trees in Arizona during 2002-2004. Historically, bark beetle populations remained endemic and Ponderosa Pine mortality was limited to localized areas in Arizona. Consequently, there is a lack of information on bark beetle community structure in Ponderosa Pine stands of Arizona. Furthermore, it is unknown how elevation influences the community structure of these bark beetles. Understanding the bark beetle complex at different elevations will enable development of more effective forest management guidelines.

  • bark beetle caused mortality in a drought affected Ponderosa Pine landscape in arizona usa
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2009
    Co-Authors: Jose F. Negron, Joel D. Mcmillin, John A. Anhold, Dave Coulson
    Abstract:

    Extensive Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) mortality associated with a widespread severe drought and increased bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) populations occurred in Arizona from 2001 to 2004. A complex of Ips beetles including: the Arizona fivesPined ips, Ips lecontei Swaine, the Pine engraver beetle, Ips pini (Say), Ips calligraphus (Germar), Ips latidens (LeConte), Ips knausi Swaine and Ips integer (Eichhoff) were the primary bark beetle species associated with Ponderosa Pine mortality. In this study we examine stand conditions and physiographic factors associated with bark beetle-caused tree mortality in Ponderosa Pine forests across five National Forests in Arizona. A total of 633 fixed-radius plots were established across five National Forests in Arizona: Apache-Sitgreaves, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott, and Tonto. Prior to the bark beetle outbreak, plots with mortality had higher tree and stocking compared with plots without Pine mortality. Logistic regression modeling found that probability of Ponderosa Pine mortality caused by bark beetles was positively correlated with tree density and inversely related with elevation and tree diameter. Given the large geographical extent of this study resulting logistic models to estimate the likelihood of bark beetle attack should have wide applicability across similar Ponderosa Pine forests across the Southwest. This is particularly true of a model driven by tree density and elevation constructed by combining all forests. Tree mortality resulted in significant reductions in basal area, tree density, stand density index, and mean tree diameter for Ponderosa Pine and for all species combined in these forests. Most of the observed Pine mortality was in the 10–35 cm diameter class, which comprise much of the increase in tree density over the past century as a result of fire suppression and grazing practices. Ecological implications of tree mortality are discussed.

  • prescribed fire effects on bark beetle activity and tree mortality in southwestern Ponderosa Pine forests
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2008
    Co-Authors: C R Breece, Thomas E Kolb, Joel D. Mcmillin, Brett G. Dickson, Karen M. Clancy
    Abstract:

    Prescribed fire is an important tool in the management of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) forests, yet effects on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) activity and tree mortality are poorly understood in the southwestern U.S. We compared bark beetle attacks and tree mortality between paired prescribed-burned and unburned stands at each of four sites in Arizona and New Mexico for three growing seasons after burning (2004‐2006). Prescribed burns increased bark beetle attacks on Ponderosa Pine over the first three post-fire years from 1.5 to 13% of all trees, increased successful, lethal attacks on Ponderosa Pine from 0.4 to 7.6%, increased mortality of Ponderosa Pine from all causes from 0.6 to 8.4%, and increased mortality of all tree species with diameter at breast height >13 cm from 0.6 to 9.6%. On a per year basis, prescribed burns increased Ponderosa Pine mortality from 0.2% per year in unburned stands to 2.8% per year in burned stands. Mortality of Ponderosa Pine 3 years after burning was best described by a logistic regression model with total crown damage (crown scorch + crown consumption) and bark beetle attack rating (no, partial, or mass attack by bark beetles) as independent variables. Attacks by Dendroctonus spp. did notdiffersignificantlyoverboleheights,whereas attacksbyIpsspp.weregreaterontheupperbolecomparedwiththelowerbole. Threepreviously published logistic regression models of tree mortality, developed from fires in 1995‐1996 in northern Arizona, were moderately successful in predicting broad patterns of tree mortality in our data. The influence of bark beetle attack rating on tree mortality was stronger for our data than for data from the 1995‐1996 fires. Our results highlight canopy damage from fire as a strong and consistent predictor of post-fire mortality of Ponderosa Pine, and bark beetle attacks and bole char rating as less consistent predictors because of temporal variability in their relationship to mortality. The small increase in tree mortality and bark beetle attacks caused by prescribed burning should be acceptable to many forest managers and the public given the resulting reduction in surface fuel and risk of severe wildfire. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.