The Experts below are selected from a list of 3525 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Minghua Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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circularly Polarized Luminescence from solvent free chiral organic π liquids
Angewandte Chemie, 2021Co-Authors: Minghua Liu, Yuqian Jiang, Xue Bai, Yimeng Sun, Guangjiu Zhao, Jian Jiang, Chenhuan YuanAbstract:The solvent-free organic π-liquids have been attracting increasing attentions owing to the inherent optoelectronic properties accompanied by the advantages of non-volatility and high processability. Herein, we reported a series of naphthalene derivatives substituted with chiral branched alkyl chains, which are present as liquids (Nap1-3) or solid (Nap4) at room temperature, depending on the substitution positions. Circular dichroism (CD) and circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) were only observed for enantiomeric Nap2 (2,3-substituted) liquid. It is suggested that the chiral aggregation in the π-liquid leads to the CD signal and the chiral excimer resulting in the CPL performance. When achiral anthracene or pyrene was dissolved in Nap2, the π-liquid could serve as chirality and energy transfer media in which both CD and CPL emerged from the achiral anthracene. A CPL dissymmetry factor (|glum |) of anthracene reached to 5.2×10-2 when dissolved in chiral Nap2 liquid, which is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that of the pure Nap2 π-liquid.
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histidine proton shuttle initiated switchable inversion of circularly Polarized Luminescence
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020Co-Authors: Dian Niu, Guanghui Ouyang, Minghua LiuAbstract:Switchable inversion of the sign of circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) in chiral supramolecular systems has gained remarkable interest because of its role in understanding the chirality-switch...
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multi color tunable circularly Polarized Luminescence in one single aie system
Chemical Science, 2020Co-Authors: Hongxing Shang, Minghua Liu, Zeyang Ding, Yue Shen, Bing Yang, Shimei JiangAbstract:Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) materials with a large Luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) and multi-color properties are very attractive. While multi-color tunable CPL can be realized by different organic dyes, the challenge of realizing both a higher glum and multiple colors using a single component remains. Here, we design an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophore, which is a pyridine functionalized cyanostilbene attached to a chiral unit, and realize multi-color tunable CPL with a high glum. The compound can self-assemble into a nanohelix and form both gel and xerogel films, exhibiting blue CPL with large glum values of −3.0 × 10−2 and −1.7 × 10−2, respectively. With the assistance of pyridine protonation, the xerogel films exhibit red-shifted CPL signals from 480 nm to 530 nm, covering from blue via green and yellow to orange. Additionally, the glum remains constant during the process. This work paves a simple and convenient way to construct multi-color tunable CPL materials using a single molecule.
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photon upconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence via triplet triplet annihilation
Advanced Materials, 2019Co-Authors: Dong Yang, Jianlei Han, Minghua Liu, Pengfei DuanAbstract:Circularly Polarized luminescent materials are of increasing attention due to their potential applications in advanced optical technologies, such as chiroptical devices and optical sensing. Recently, in all reported circularly Polarized luminescent materials, high-energy excitation results in low-energy or downconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) emission. Although photon upconversion-i.e., the conversion of low-energy light into higher-energy emission, with a wide variety of applications-has been widely reported, the integration of photon upconversion and CPL in one chiral system to achieve higher-energy CPL emission has never been reported. Herein, a brief review is provided of recent achievements in photon-upconverted CPL via the triplet-triplet annihilation mechanism, focusing on the amplified dissymmetry factor glum through energy transfer process and dual upconverted and downconverted CPL emission through chirality and energy transfer process.
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enhanced circularly Polarized Luminescence in emissive charge transfer complexes
Angewandte Chemie, 2019Co-Authors: Jianlei Han, Pengfei Duan, Minghua Liu, Xue Jin, Dong Yang, Yuqian JiangAbstract:Achieving a large dissymmetry factor (glum ) is a challenge in the field of circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL). A chiral charge-transfer (CT) system consisting of chiral electron donor and achiral electron acceptor shows bright circularly Polarized emission with large glum value. The chiral emissive CT complexes could be fabricated through various approaches, such as grinding, crystallization, spin coating, and gelatinization, by simply blending chiral donor and achiral acceptor. The structural synergy originating from π-π stacking and strong CT interactions resulted in the long-range ordered self-assembly, enabling the formation of supramolecular gels. Benefiting from the large magnetic dipole transition moment in the CT state, the CPL activity of CT complexes exhibited large circular polarization. Our design strategy of the chiral emissive CT complexes is expected to help the development of new molecular engineering strategies for designing highly efficient CPL-active materials.
Pengfei Duan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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recent advances of circularly Polarized Luminescence in photon upconversion systems
Chemistry Letters, 2021Co-Authors: Pengfei DuanAbstract:Upconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence (UC-CPL) is coined by combining two individual concepts of photon upconversion (UC) and circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL). It has exhibited great...
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new perspectives to trigger and modulate circularly Polarized Luminescence of complex and aggregated systems energy transfer photon upconversion charge transfer and organic radical
Accounts of Chemical Research, 2020Co-Authors: Tonghan Zhao, Pengfei DuanAbstract:ConspectusChiral functional materials with circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) have risen rapidly in recent years because of their fascinating characteristics and potential applications in vari...
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circularly Polarized Luminescence from gelator molecules from isolated molecules to assemblies
2020Co-Authors: Tonghan Zhao, Pengfei DuanAbstract:Currently, molecular gels have become one kind of the fascinating candidates for fabricating chiroptical materials with circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) properties, due to the tunable and modifiable structure, simple yet facile synthesis, controlled and reversible assembly, and so on. Since self-assembly approach has been regarded as an efficient way for amplifying the chirality, supramolecular gelation provides a remarkable method for fabricating CPL materials with high dissymmetry factor (glum). Various gel systems, including chiral-, achiral-, organic-inorganic hybrid systems can be endowed with CPL activities through supramolecular gelatinization, possessing excellent Luminescence circular polarization. This chapter summarizes and reviews the present status and progress of supramolecular gel systems with CPL activity.
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photon upconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence via triplet triplet annihilation
Advanced Materials, 2019Co-Authors: Dong Yang, Jianlei Han, Minghua Liu, Pengfei DuanAbstract:Circularly Polarized luminescent materials are of increasing attention due to their potential applications in advanced optical technologies, such as chiroptical devices and optical sensing. Recently, in all reported circularly Polarized luminescent materials, high-energy excitation results in low-energy or downconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) emission. Although photon upconversion-i.e., the conversion of low-energy light into higher-energy emission, with a wide variety of applications-has been widely reported, the integration of photon upconversion and CPL in one chiral system to achieve higher-energy CPL emission has never been reported. Herein, a brief review is provided of recent achievements in photon-upconverted CPL via the triplet-triplet annihilation mechanism, focusing on the amplified dissymmetry factor glum through energy transfer process and dual upconverted and downconverted CPL emission through chirality and energy transfer process.
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circularly Polarized Luminescence of achiral cyanine molecules assembled on dna templates
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2019Co-Authors: Qiao Jiang, Pengfei Duan, Qian Peng, Pingan Yin, Yonggang Zhen, Weiqiang Chen, Baoquan DingAbstract:The exploration of biocompatible materials with circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) activity is becoming an attractive topic due to the great potential application in biosensing and bioimaging. Here, we describe a strategy to fabricate new CPL-active biomaterials using achiral carbazole-based biscyanine fluorophores coassembled with chiral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. This cyanine molecule has been shown to behave as a DNA detecting probe, featuring strong fluorescent emission induced by restriction of intramolecular rotation (RIR). When the achiral cyanine molecules are bound to the minor groove of DNA via electrostatic attraction in aqueous solution, the chirality of the DNA molecules can be transferred to the confined RIR cyanine dyes, triggering a remarkable circularly Polarized luminescent emission. The chirality of the CPL signal can be regulated by the structures of the DNA templates. Stimuli-responsive CPL activates were observed from DNA-cyanine complexes. We further verified this strategy on different DNA-based nanomaterials, including DNA origami nanostructure. Our design presents a new avenue to fabricate compatible CPL materials.
Ben Zhong Tang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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circularly Polarized Luminescence from aiegens
Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2020Co-Authors: Fengyan Song, Zheng Zhao, Zhiyang Liu, Jacky Wing Yip Lam, Ben Zhong TangAbstract:Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) based on aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) has received increasing attention owing to the increase of applications to generate CPL devices and biologically active probes. CPL-active materials fabricated from AIEgens exhibit higher photoLuminescence quantum yields and larger dissymmetry factors in the solid state in comparison with single molecules in solution. We called the phenomenon of enhanced CPL in an aggregated state aggregation-induced circularly Polarized Luminescence (AICPL). This review highlights recent research in the CPL generation of AIEgens from (macro)molecular luminogens and supramolecular assemblies based on the AIE mechanism of restriction of intramolecular motion. In addition, some cases in which CPL-active AIEgens have enabled advancement in stimulus response materials and application in CPL devices, especially circularly Polarized electroLuminescence. Thus, CPL-active AIEgens are highly promising candidates for a wide range of technologically oriented multidisciplinary fields.
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molecular design circularly Polarized Luminescence and helical self assembly of chiral aggregation induced emission molecules
Chemistry-an Asian Journal, 2019Co-Authors: Ben Zhong TangAbstract:Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) are a new class of luminophors, which are non-emissive in solution, but emit intensively upon aggregation. By properly designing the chemical structures of the AIEgens, their aggregation process can be tuned towards a desired direction to give diverse novel luminescent architectures of micelles, rods, and helical fibers. AIEgens represent a kind of promising building block for the fabrication of luminescent micro/nanostructures with controllable morphologies. In this review, we describe our recent work in this research area, focusing on the molecular design, circularly Polarized Luminescence properties, and helical self-assembly behavior of AIEgens.
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circularly Polarized Luminescence from chiral conjugated poly carbazole ran acridine s with aggregation induced emission and delayed fluorescence
ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2019Co-Authors: Fengyan Song, Ben Zhong Tang, Haoke Zhang, Qian Cheng, Jacky W Y LamAbstract:Pure organic materials with circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) and delayed fluorescence have gained increasing interest from academic and technological areas. To enhance the solid-state emissi...
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circularly Polarized Luminescence cpl from chiral aie molecules and macrostructures
Small, 2016Co-Authors: Jesse Roose, Ben Zhong Tang, Kam Sing WongAbstract:Circularly-Polarized Luminescence (CPL) has received new attention on the rise of applications to generate devices and biologically active probes. These applications require fluorophores that are not only chiral but also provide strong fluorescence intensity in aggregated state. Thus, a new research branch has opened up a few years ago, which allows CPL-active fluorophores to be emissive in aggregated-state. As a result, reports on the combination of the CPL property with the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon have emerged. Herein the early design principles that have been reported until now to generate CPL-active AIE-active fluorophores (AIEgens) are summarized. In this regard the alignment of monomeric emitters in a chiral fashion, either in supramolecules, polymers or liquid crystals has been proven to be a successful approach. Additionally, first reports have appeared that demonstrate how to tackle the daunting task to furnish individual CPL-active AIEgens.
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click synthesis aggregation induced emission and chirality circularly Polarized Luminescence and helical self assembly of a leucine containing silole
Small, 2016Co-Authors: Shan Xue, Jacky Wing Yip Lam, Kam Sing Wong, Bo Shen, Zhihui Cheng, Ben Zhong TangAbstract:By introducing chiral leucine pendants to silole scaffold, leucine-containing silole (Silole-Leu) is synthesized and it is endowed with not only aggregation-induced emission and circular dichroism, but excellent chiral Polarized Luminescence as well. Silole–Leu also has the capacity to self-assemble into nano/micro helical luminescent fibers and the dimension of the fibers can be tuned by adjusting the ratio and volume of mixed solvents for evaporation as revealed by atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope, and fluorescence microscope. The characteristic helicity of microfibers is directly visualized for the first time by using fluorescence microscope.
Jianlei Han - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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photon upconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence via triplet triplet annihilation
Advanced Materials, 2019Co-Authors: Dong Yang, Jianlei Han, Minghua Liu, Pengfei DuanAbstract:Circularly Polarized luminescent materials are of increasing attention due to their potential applications in advanced optical technologies, such as chiroptical devices and optical sensing. Recently, in all reported circularly Polarized luminescent materials, high-energy excitation results in low-energy or downconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) emission. Although photon upconversion-i.e., the conversion of low-energy light into higher-energy emission, with a wide variety of applications-has been widely reported, the integration of photon upconversion and CPL in one chiral system to achieve higher-energy CPL emission has never been reported. Herein, a brief review is provided of recent achievements in photon-upconverted CPL via the triplet-triplet annihilation mechanism, focusing on the amplified dissymmetry factor glum through energy transfer process and dual upconverted and downconverted CPL emission through chirality and energy transfer process.
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enhanced circularly Polarized Luminescence in emissive charge transfer complexes
Angewandte Chemie, 2019Co-Authors: Jianlei Han, Pengfei Duan, Minghua Liu, Xue Jin, Dong Yang, Yuqian JiangAbstract:Achieving a large dissymmetry factor (glum ) is a challenge in the field of circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL). A chiral charge-transfer (CT) system consisting of chiral electron donor and achiral electron acceptor shows bright circularly Polarized emission with large glum value. The chiral emissive CT complexes could be fabricated through various approaches, such as grinding, crystallization, spin coating, and gelatinization, by simply blending chiral donor and achiral acceptor. The structural synergy originating from π-π stacking and strong CT interactions resulted in the long-range ordered self-assembly, enabling the formation of supramolecular gels. Benefiting from the large magnetic dipole transition moment in the CT state, the CPL activity of CT complexes exhibited large circular polarization. Our design strategy of the chiral emissive CT complexes is expected to help the development of new molecular engineering strategies for designing highly efficient CPL-active materials.
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Photon-upconverting chiral liquid crystal: significantly amplified upconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence
Chemical Science, 2019Co-Authors: Xuefeng Yang, Jianlei Han, Yafei Wang, Pengfei DuanAbstract:In this work, we demonstrate a room-temperature chiral liquid crystal which shows remarkable photon upconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence (UC-CPL). Circularly Polarized luminescent materials with higher dissymmetry factor (glum) underpin the basis for future applications. Since most chiral organic molecules have only a small glum, it is vital to explore a new pathway to amplify the glum of organic compounds. Here, by dispersing a chiral emitter and a triplet donor into a room-temperature nematic liquid crystal, highly efficient triplet–triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) and UC-CPL were observed in the induced chiral nematic liquid crystal (N*LC). Moreover, this system could simultaneously amplify the promoted circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) and the upconverted circularly Polarized Luminescence. The dissymmetry factors glum of CPL and UC-CPL have been amplified by three orders of magnitude and one order of magnitude, respectively.
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proton triggered circularly Polarized Luminescence in orthogonal and co assemblies of chiral gelators with achiral perylene bisimide
Chemical Communications, 2018Co-Authors: Jianlei Han, Minghua Liu, Shengwei Huo, Dongxue Han, Tifeng Jiao, Pengfei DuanAbstract:The orthogonal- or co-assembly of achiral perylene bisimide (PBI) with chiral gelators can be regulated by solvents. While the coassembly leads to the formation of chiroptical nanofibers through chirality transfer, the orthogonal assemblies could not. Moreover, protonation on the coassembled nanofibers could light up the circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL).
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circularly Polarized Luminescence from a pyrene cyclodextrin supra dendron
Langmuir, 2018Co-Authors: Jianlei Han, Minghua Liu, Qingxian Jin, Dong Yang, Yuening Zhang, Jin Zhou, Pengfei DuanAbstract:Soft nanomaterials with circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) have been currently attracting great interest. Here, we report a pyrene-containing π-peptide dendron hydrogel, which shows 1D and 2D nanostructures with varied CPL activities. It was found that the individual dendrons formed hydrogels in a wide pH range (3–12) and self-assembled into helices with pH-tuned pitches. Through chirality transfer, the pyrene unit could show CPL originated from both the monomer and excimer bands. When cyclodextrin was introduced, different supra-dendrons were obtained with β-cyclodextrin (PGAc@β-CD) and γ-cyclodextrin (PGAc@γ-CD) through host–guest interactions, respectively. Interestingly, the PGAc@β-CD and PGAc@γ-CD supra-dendrons self-assembled into 2D nanosheet and entangled nanofibers, respectively, showing cyclodextrin induced circularly Polarized emission from both the monomer and excimer bands of the pyrene moiety. Thus, through a simple host–guest interaction, both the nanostructures and the chiroptical act...
Gilles Muller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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acid base triggered switching of circularly Polarized Luminescence and electronic circular dichroism in organic and organometallic helicenes
Chemistry: A European Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Nidal Saleh, Gilles Muller, Nicolas Vanthuyne, Barry Moore, Monika Srebro, Loic Toupet, Christian Roussel, Kirandeep K. Deol, J Gareth A Williams, Jochen AutschbachAbstract:Electronic circular dichroism and circularly Polarized Luminescence acid/base switching activity has been demonstrated in helicene-bipyridine proligand 1 a and in its “rollover” cycloplatinated derivative 2 a. Whereas proligand 1 a displays a strong bathochromic shift (>160 nm) of the nonPolarized and circularly Polarized Luminescence upon protonation, complex 2 a displays slightly stronger emission. This strikingly different behavior between singlet emission in the organic helicene and triplet emission in the organometallic derivative has been rationalized by using quantum-chemical calculations. The very large bathochromic shift of the emission observed upon protonation of azahelicene-bipyridine 1 a has been attributed to the decrease in aromaticity (promoting a charge-transfer-type transition rather than a π–π* transition) as well as an increase in the HOMO–LUMO character of the transition and stabilization of the LUMO level upon protonation.
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potential switchable circularly Polarized Luminescence from chiral cyclometalated platinum ii complexes
Inorganic Chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Xiaopeng Zhang, Gilles Muller, Victoria Y Chang, Jian Liu, Xiaoliang Yang, Wei Huang, Xiaozeng YouAbstract:A series of chiral cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes, [Pt((−)-L1)(Dmpi)]Cl ((−)-1), [Pt((+)-L1)(Dmpi)]Cl ((+)-1), [Pt((−)-L2)(Dmpi)]Cl ((−)-2), [Pt((+)-L2)(Dmpi)]Cl ((+)-2), [Pt3((−)-L2)2(Dmpi)4](ClO4)4 ((−)-3), and [Pt3((+)-L2)2(Dmpi)4](ClO4)4 ((+)-3) [(−)-L1 = (−)-4,5-pinene-6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine, (+)-L1 = (+)-4,5-pinene-6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine), (−)-L2 = (−)-1,3-bis(2-(4,5-pinene)pyridyl)benzene, (+)-L2 = (+)-1,3-bis(2-(4,5-pinene)pyridyl)benzene, Dmpi = 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide], have been designed and synthesized. In aqueous solutions, (−)-1 and (+)-1 aggregate into one-dimensional helical chain structures through Pt···Pt, π–π, and hydrophobic–hydrophobic interactions. (−)-3 and (+)-3 represent a novel helical structure with Pt–Pt bonds. The formation of helical structures results in enhanced and distinct chiroptical properties as evidenced by circular dichroism spectra. Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) was observed from the aggregates of (−)-1 and (+)-1 in water, as well as (−)...
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Potential Switchable Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Chiral Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes
2015Co-Authors: Xiaopeng Zhang, Gilles Muller, Victoria Y Chang, Jian Liu, Xiaoliang Yang, Wei Huang, Xiaozeng YouAbstract:A series of chiral cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes, [Pt((−)-L1)(Dmpi)]Cl ((−)-1), [Pt((+)-L1)(Dmpi)]Cl ((+)-1), [Pt((−)-L2)(Dmpi)]Cl ((−)-2), [Pt((+)-L2)(Dmpi)]Cl ((+)-2), [Pt3((−)-L2)2(Dmpi)4](ClO4)4 ((−)-3), and [Pt3((+)-L2)2(Dmpi)4](ClO4)4 ((+)-3) [(−)-L1 = (−)-4,5-pinene-6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine, (+)-L1 = (+)-4,5-pinene-6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine), (−)-L2 = (−)-1,3-bis(2-(4,5-pinene)pyridyl)benzene, (+)-L2 = (+)-1,3-bis(2-(4,5-pinene)pyridyl)benzene, Dmpi = 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide], have been designed and synthesized. In aqueous solutions, (−)-1 and (+)-1 aggregate into one-dimensional helical chain structures through Pt···Pt, π–π, and hydrophobic–hydrophobic interactions. (−)-3 and (+)-3 represent a novel helical structure with Pt–Pt bonds. The formation of helical structures results in enhanced and distinct chiroptical properties as evidenced by circular dichroism spectra. Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) was observed from the aggregates of (−)-1 and (+)-1 in water, as well as (−)-3 and (+)-3 in dichloromethane. The CPL activity can be switched reversibly (for (−)-1 and (+)-1) or irreversibly (for (−)-3 and (+)-3) by varying the temperature
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ligand induced circular dichroism and circularly Polarized Luminescence in cdse quantum dots
ACS Nano, 2013Co-Authors: Urice Tohgha, Gilles Muller, Kirandeep K. Deol, Ashlin G Porter, Samuel G Bartko, Jung Kyu Choi, Brian M Leonard, Krisztina Varga, Jan Kubelka, Milan BalazAbstract:Chiral thiol capping ligands l- and d-cysteines induced modular chiroptical properties in achiral cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QDs). Cys-CdSe prepared from achiral oleic acid capped CdSe by postsynthetic ligand exchange displayed size-dependent electronic circular dichroism (CD) and circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL). Opposite CPL signals were measured for the CdSe QDs capped with d- and l-cysteine. The CD profile and CD anisotropy varied with size of CdSe nanocrystals with largest anisotropy observed for CdSe nanoparticles of 4.4 nm. Magic angle spinning solid state NMR (MAS ssNMR) experiments suggested bidentate interaction between cysteine and the surface of CdSe. Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations verified that attachment of l- and d-cysteine to the surface of model (CdSe)13 nanoclusters induces measurable opposite CD signals for the exitonic band of the nanocluster. The origin of the induced chirality is consistent with the hybridization of highest occupied CdSe...
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circularly Polarized Luminescence of curium a new characterization of the 5f actinide complexes
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2012Co-Authors: Ga Lai Law, Gilles Muller, Christopher M Andolina, Vinh Luu, Philip X Rutkowski, David K Shuh, John K Gibson, Kenneth N RaymondAbstract:A key distinction between the lanthanide (4f) and the actinide (5f) transition elements is the increased role of f-orbital covalent bonding in the latter. Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) is an uncommon but powerful spectroscopy which probes the electronic structure of chiral, luminescent complexes or molecules. While there are many examples of CPL spectra for the lanthanides, this report is the first for an actinide. Two chiral, octadentate chelating ligands based on orthoamide phenol (IAM) were used to complex curium(III). While the radioactivity kept the amount of material limited to micromole amounts, spectra of the highly luminescent complexes showed significant emission peak shifts between the different complexes, consistent with ligand field effects previously observed in Luminescence spectra.
