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Peter J. Mumby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spatial Patterns of Parrotfish Corallivory in the Caribbean: The Importance of Coral Taxa, Density and Size
2016Co-Authors: George Roff, Mary H. Ledlie, Juan Carlos Ortiz, Peter J. MumbyAbstract:The past few decades have seen an increase in the frequency and intensity of disturbance on coral reefs, resulting in shifts in size and composition of coral populations. These changes have lead to a renewed focus on processes that influence demographic rates in corals, such as corallivory. While previous research indicates selective corallivory among coral taxa, the importance of coral size and the density of coral colonies in influencing corallivory are unknown. We surveyed the size, taxonomy and number of bites by parrotfish per colony of corals and the abundance of three main corallivorous parrotfish (Sparisoma viride, Sparisoma aurofrenatum, Scarus vetula) at multiple spatial scales (reefs within islands: 1–100 km, and between islands:.100 km) within the Bahamas Archipelago. We used a linear mixed model to determine the influence of coral taxa, colony size, colony density, and parrotfish abundance on the intensity of corallivory (bites per m2 of coral tissue). While the effect of colony density was significant in determining the intensity of corallivory, we found no significant influence of colony size or parrotfish abundance (density, biomass or community structure). Parrotfish bites were most frequently observed on the dominant species of reef building corals (Montastraea annularis, Montastraea faveolata and Porites astreoides), yet our results indicate that when the confounding effects of colony density and size were removed, selective corallivory existed only for the less dominant Porites Porites. As changes in disturbance regimes result in the decline of dominant frame-work building corals such as Montastraea spp., the projected success of P. Porites on Caribbea
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Porites and the Phoenix effect: unprecedented recovery after a mass coral bleaching event at Rangiroa Atoll, French Polynesia
Marine Biology, 2014Co-Authors: George Roff, Sonia Bejarano, Yves-marie Bozec, Maggy Nugues, Robert S. Steneck, Peter J. MumbyAbstract:The 1997/1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was the most severe coral bleaching event in recent history, resulting in the loss of 16 % of the world’s coral reefs. Mortality was particularly severe in French Polynesia, where unprecedented mortality of massive Porites was observed in lagoonal sites of Rangiroa Atoll. To assess the recovery of massive Porites 15 years later, we resurveyed the size structure and extent of partial mortality of massive Porites at Tivaru (Rangiroa). Surveys revealed an abundance of massive Porites colonies rising from the shallow lagoonal floor. Colony width averaged 2.65 m, reaching a maximum of 7.1 m (estimated age of ~391 ± 107 years old). The relative cover of recently dead skeleton within quadrats declined from 42.8 % in 1998 to zero in 2013, yet the relative cover of old dead skeleton increased only marginally from 22.1 % in 1998 to 26.1 % in 2013. At a colony level, the proportion of Porites dominated by living tissue increased from 34.9 % in 1998 to 73.9 % in 2013, indicating rapid recovery of recent dead skeleton to living tissue rather than transitioning to old dead skeleton. Such rapid post-bleaching recovery is unprecedented in massive Porites and resulted from remarkable self-regeneration termed the ‘Phoenix effect’, whereby remnant cryptic patches of tissue that survived the 1997/1998 ENSO event regenerated and rapidly overgrew adjacent dead skeleton. Contrary to our earlier predictions, not only are large massive Porites relatively resistant to stress, they appear to have a remarkable capacity for recovery even after severe partial mortality.
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Spatial patterns of parrotfish corallivory in the Caribbean: the importance of coral taxa, density and size.
PloS one, 2011Co-Authors: George Roff, Mary H. Ledlie, Juan Carlos Ortiz, Peter J. MumbyAbstract:The past few decades have seen an increase in the frequency and intensity of disturbance on coral reefs, resulting in shifts in size and composition of coral populations. These changes have lead to a renewed focus on processes that influence demographic rates in corals, such as corallivory. While previous research indicates selective corallivory among coral taxa, the importance of coral size and the density of coral colonies in influencing corallivory are unknown. We surveyed the size, taxonomy and number of bites by parrotfish per colony of corals and the abundance of three main corallivorous parrotfish (Sparisoma viride, Sparisoma aurofrenatum, Scarus vetula) at multiple spatial scales (reefs within islands: 1–100 km, and between islands: >100 km) within the Bahamas Archipelago. We used a linear mixed model to determine the influence of coral taxa, colony size, colony density, and parrotfish abundance on the intensity of corallivory (bites per m2 of coral tissue). While the effect of colony density was significant in determining the intensity of corallivory, we found no significant influence of colony size or parrotfish abundance (density, biomass or community structure). Parrotfish bites were most frequently observed on the dominant species of reef building corals (Montastraea annularis, Montastraea faveolata and Porites astreoides), yet our results indicate that when the confounding effects of colony density and size were removed, selective corallivory existed only for the less dominant Porites Porites. As changes in disturbance regimes result in the decline of dominant frame-work building corals such as Montastraea spp., the projected success of P. Porites on Caribbean reefs through high reproductive output, resistance to disease and rapid growth rates may be attenuated through selective corallivory by parrotfish.
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Unprecedented bleaching-induced mortality in Porites spp. at Rangiroa Atoll, French Polynesia
Marine Biology, 2001Co-Authors: Peter J. Mumby, John R. M. Chisholm, Alasdair J. Edwards, Chris D. Clark, E. B. Roark, Serge Andréfouët, Jean JaubertAbstract:In April–May 1998, mass coral bleaching was observed in the lagoon of Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. Six months later, the extent of bleaching-induced coral mortality was assessed at three sites. Corals in the fast-growing genus Pocillopora had experienced >99% mortality. Many large colonies of the slow-growing genus Porites (mean horizontal cross-sectional area 5.8 m2) had also died – a phenomenon not previously observed in French Polynesia and virtually unprecedented world-wide. At one site, 25% of colonies, or 44% of the pre-bleaching cover of living Porites, experienced whole-colony mortality. At the two other sites, recently dead Porites accounted for 41% and 82% of the pre-bleaching live cover. Mortality in Porites was negatively correlated with depth between 1.5 and 5 m. Using a 50-year dataset of mean monthly sea surface temperature (SST), derived from ship- and satellite-borne instruments, we show that bleaching occurred during a period of exceptionally high summer SST. 1998 was the first year in which mean monthly SSTs exceeded the 1961–1990 upper 95% confidence limit (29.4°C) for a period of three consecutive months. We suggest that the sustained 3-month anomaly in local summer SST was a major cause of coral mortality, but do not discount the synergistic effect of solar radiation. Recovery of the size-frequency distribution of Porites colonies to pre-bleaching levels may take at least 100 years.
Zac H. Forsman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A resilient brooding coral in the broadcast spawning Porites lobata species complex: a new endemic, introduced species, mutant, or new adaptive potential?
Coral Reefs, 2020Co-Authors: Narrissa P. Brown, Zac H. Forsman, Kaho T. Tisthammer, Robert H. RichmondAbstract:With increasing exposure to local and global stressors associated with a rapidly changing climate, corals adapted to thrive within stressful environments are of particular interest to researchers and managers. A bleaching resilient Porites coral with an unusual appearance was discovered dominating shallow waters (1–2 m) within Honolulu Harbor, Hawai‘i, a heavily sedimented and polluted habitat with high levels of anthropogenic influence. Continuous monitoring of this ‘Harbor Porite s’ revealed prolific year-round brooding and release of planula larvae, with no clear seasonal pattern. Furthermore, recruitment and rapid growth were observed in seawater tanks followed by fusing of various sized colonies, indicating brooding of clonal larvae. Genetic markers placed this coral with high similarity (histone and ITS sequences are 99.9% and 99.4% similar, respectively) to corals in the P. lobata species complex which are gonochoric broadcast spawning corals. Fixed differences were observed, and F _ ST values were high and significant, which could either be explained by reproductive isolation or from clonal sampling over a limited area (this coral has not yet been found in other locations). Observations of skeletal microstructure also showed similarity to corals in the P. lobata complex, although with a higher proportion of corallites with excavated columella resulting in a cavity similar in size to the brooded larvae. These observations suggest that bleaching resilience and reproductive mode may be more plastic than previously assumed for Porites corals. Additional work is needed to determine if these corals represent a very recent endemic species, an introduced coral, the result of reproductive disruption from pollution (e.g., endocrine disruption), or extreme phenotypic variation within the P. lobata complex. Prolific growth and production of larvae, combined with observations of resilience to anthropogenic impacts such as bleaching, sedimentation, and pollution, make this coral a good candidate model for the study of adaptation and acclimatization to climate change and other anthropogenic stressors.
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Environmental latitudinal gradients and host‐specificity shape Symbiodiniaceae distribution in Red Sea Porites corals
Journal of Biogeography, 2019Co-Authors: Tullia Isotta Terraneo, Zac H. Forsman, Francesca Benzoni, Marco Fusi, Benjamin C. C. Hume, Roberto Arrigoni, Christian R. Voolstra, Michael L. BerumenAbstract:Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the diversity of algal symbionts of the family Symbiodiniaceae associated with the coral genus Porites in the Red Sea, and to test for host-specificity and environmental variables driving biogeographical patterns of algal symbiont distribution. Location: Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Taxon: Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae in association with the reef-building coral genus Porites. Methods: Eighty Porites coral specimens were collected along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. Species boundaries were assessed morphologically and genetically (putative Control Region – mtCR; ITS region – ITS). Community composition of symbiotic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae was also assessed. Using the ITS2 marker with the SymPortal framework, Symbiodiniaceae data at the genus, majority ITS2 sequence and ITS2 type profile were used to assess symbiont diversity and distribution patterns. These were analysed in relation to coral host diversity, geographic location and environmental variables. Results: Among the 80 Porites samples, 10 morphologies were identified. These corals were clustered into five lineages (clades I–V) by each of the markers independently. Clades I, II and III each comprised of a single Porites morphology, while clades IV and V contained up to five distinct morphologies. The diversity of Symbiodiniaceae associated with Porites was high and latitudinal differentiation was observed. In particular, a shift from a Cladocopium-dominated to a Durusdinium-dominated community was found along the north–south gradient. Symbiont diversity showed the patterns of geographic-specific association at Symbiodiniaceae genus, majority ITS2 sequence and ITS2 type profile level. Specific associations with host genotypes (but not morphological species) were also recovered when considering Symbiodiniaceae majority ITS2 sequence and ITS2 type profiles. Main conclusions: This study provides the first large-scale molecular characterization of Symbiodiniaceae communities associated with Porites corals from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. The use of intragenomic diversity data enabled the resolution of host-symbiont specificity and biogeographical patterns of distribution, previously unachievable with the ITS2 marker alone. Finally, correlation among symbiont diversity and Red Sea environmental gradients was documented.
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the lobe coral Porites lobata (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) sequenced using ezRAD
Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 2016Co-Authors: Kaho H. Tisthammer, Zac H. Forsman, Victoria L. Sindorf, Tayler L. Massey, Coral R. Bielecki, Robert J. ToonenAbstract:AbstractThe mitochondrial genome of the coral Porites lobata was sequenced using ezRAD. The assembled genome consists of 18,647 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and two transfer RNA genes. The gene arrangement was consistent with other scleractinian coral mitochondrial genomes. The sequence was strikingly similar to Porites okinawensis, indicating the necessity for further systematic work to resolve phylogenetic relationships in the genus Porites.
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Resurrection of Porites hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907; a Hawaiian coral obscured by small size, cryptic habitat, and confused taxonomy
Zootaxa, 2010Co-Authors: Zac H. Forsman, Jonathan A. Martinez, Jim E. Maragos, Robert J. ToonenAbstract:The purpose of this note is to propose recognition of Porites hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907, (Figure 1A–D) a species currently regarded as a junior synonym of Porites rus (Forskal 1775), as a valid species, based on molecular and morphological characteristics. Vaughan (1907 p. 217, pl 91 figs 2, 2a) described Porites ( Synaraea ) hawaiiensis from a specimen collected from Kalihi Harbor on the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i (Figure 1 C). Porites ( Synarea ) hawaiiensis was also reported from the Marshall Islands by Wells (1954 p. 455, pl 170 figs 6,7). Porites hawaiiensis was subsequently thought to be a junior synonym of Porites ( Synaraea ) convexa Verrill, 1864, due to the small calices that are characteristic of the subgenus Synaraea (Maragos 1977). Later both species were made synonyms of P. ( Synaraea ) rus , Forskal 1775 (Veron & Pichon 1982; Cairns 1991). Vaughan, 1907 described the calices of P. hawaiiensis as “densely spinulose” with “coenchyma” equaling, or exceeding the 0.5 mm diameter of the calices, and a pitted star shaped space between the pali (Figure 1C,D). In the absence of living specimens, the Vaughan, 1907 type specimen was difficult to distinguish from newly settled P. rus colonies, but upon closer examination in the field, Maragos et al. (2004) recognized small coral colonies that appeared to match the description of P. hawaiiensis . This species can readily be distinguished from Porites rus and other Porites by very small colony size (
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American Samoa's island of giants: massive Porites colonies at Ta'u island
Coral Reefs, 2009Co-Authors: D. P. Brown, Zac H. Forsman, L. Basch, Daniel J. Barshis, Douglas Fenner, Jeremy GoldbergAbstract:[Extract] One of the largest and oldest single hermatypic coral colonies known is a massive Porites coral located on the southwest corner of Ta'u island (14°15S, 169°30W) in the Manu'a group of American Samoa. The coral is believed to be Porites lutea based on colony and corallite morphology; however, Porites taxonomy is notoriously difficult and recent genetic work has revealed surprising levels of cryptic diversity (Forsman et al.2009). Small (1 cm) cores were collected for genetic and microscopic work, and to determine skeletal density. DNA sequence for mitochondrial (COI, COIII) and nuclear (ITS region) markers were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers ITS-FJ416523-6, mt COI-FJ423967, and mt control FJ427369), and skeletal voucher specimens have been deposited at the Bishop Museum (SC4164).
Michael L. Berumen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Environmental latitudinal gradients and host‐specificity shape Symbiodiniaceae distribution in Red Sea Porites corals
Journal of Biogeography, 2019Co-Authors: Tullia Isotta Terraneo, Zac H. Forsman, Francesca Benzoni, Marco Fusi, Benjamin C. C. Hume, Roberto Arrigoni, Christian R. Voolstra, Michael L. BerumenAbstract:Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the diversity of algal symbionts of the family Symbiodiniaceae associated with the coral genus Porites in the Red Sea, and to test for host-specificity and environmental variables driving biogeographical patterns of algal symbiont distribution. Location: Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Taxon: Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae in association with the reef-building coral genus Porites. Methods: Eighty Porites coral specimens were collected along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. Species boundaries were assessed morphologically and genetically (putative Control Region – mtCR; ITS region – ITS). Community composition of symbiotic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae was also assessed. Using the ITS2 marker with the SymPortal framework, Symbiodiniaceae data at the genus, majority ITS2 sequence and ITS2 type profile were used to assess symbiont diversity and distribution patterns. These were analysed in relation to coral host diversity, geographic location and environmental variables. Results: Among the 80 Porites samples, 10 morphologies were identified. These corals were clustered into five lineages (clades I–V) by each of the markers independently. Clades I, II and III each comprised of a single Porites morphology, while clades IV and V contained up to five distinct morphologies. The diversity of Symbiodiniaceae associated with Porites was high and latitudinal differentiation was observed. In particular, a shift from a Cladocopium-dominated to a Durusdinium-dominated community was found along the north–south gradient. Symbiont diversity showed the patterns of geographic-specific association at Symbiodiniaceae genus, majority ITS2 sequence and ITS2 type profile level. Specific associations with host genotypes (but not morphological species) were also recovered when considering Symbiodiniaceae majority ITS2 sequence and ITS2 type profiles. Main conclusions: This study provides the first large-scale molecular characterization of Symbiodiniaceae communities associated with Porites corals from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. The use of intragenomic diversity data enabled the resolution of host-symbiont specificity and biogeographical patterns of distribution, previously unachievable with the ITS2 marker alone. Finally, correlation among symbiont diversity and Red Sea environmental gradients was documented.
F. Le Cornec - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evidence for the non-influence of salinity variability on the Porites coral Sr/Ca palaeothermometer
Climate of the Past, 2015Co-Authors: Mélanie Moreau, Thierry Corrège, E. P. Dassié, F. Le CornecAbstract:Abstract. Porites coral-based sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions are obtained from the measurement of skeleton Sr/Ca ratio. However, the influence of salinity in the incorporation of these trace elements in the Porites aragonitic skeleton is still poorly documented. Laboratory experiments indicate that in three different coral species (not including the widely used Porites genus), salinity does not influence the Sr/Ca thermometer. In this study, we test the salinity effect on Porites Sr/Ca-based SST reconstructions at monthly and interannual timescales in open-ocean environmental conditions. We use a large spatial compilation of published Porites data from the Red Sea and Pacific and Indian oceans. Additionally to those published records, we add a new eastern Pacific coral Sr/Ca record from Clipperton Atoll. Using two different salinity products (Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) SSS reanalyses version 2.2.4, Carton and Giese, 2008; and instrumental SSS from the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, France (IRD) Delcroix et al., 2011), we find no evidence of salinity bias on the Sr/Ca SST proxy at monthly and interannual timescales. We conclude that Porites Sr/Ca is a reliable palaeothermometer that is not influenced by salinity variability.
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Evidence for the non-influence of salinity variability on the Porites coral Sr/Ca palaeothermometer
Climate of the Past Discussions, 2015Co-Authors: Mélanie Moreau, Thierry Corrège, E. P. Dassié, F. Le CornecAbstract:Porites coral-based sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions are obtained from the measurement of skeleton Sr/Ca ratio. However, the influence of salinity in the incorporation of these trace elements in the Porites aragonitic skeleton is still poorly documented. Laboratory experiments indicate that in three different coral species (not including the widely used Porites genus), salinity does not influence the Sr/Ca thermometer. In this study, we test the salinity effect on Porites Sr/Ca-based SST reconstructions at monthly and interannual timescales in open-ocean environmental conditions. We use a large spatial compilation of published Porites data from the Red Sea and Pacific and Indian oceans. Additionally to those published records, we add a new eastern Pacific coral Sr/Ca record from Clipperton Atoll. Using two different salinity products (Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) SSS reanalyses version 2.2.4, Carton and Giese, 2008; and instrumental SSS from the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France (IRD) Delcroix et al., 2011), we find no evidence of salinity bias on the Sr/Ca SST proxy at monthly and interannual timescales. We conclude that Porites Sr/Ca is a reliable palaeothermometer that is not influenced by salinity variability.
George Roff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spatial Patterns of Parrotfish Corallivory in the Caribbean: The Importance of Coral Taxa, Density and Size
2016Co-Authors: George Roff, Mary H. Ledlie, Juan Carlos Ortiz, Peter J. MumbyAbstract:The past few decades have seen an increase in the frequency and intensity of disturbance on coral reefs, resulting in shifts in size and composition of coral populations. These changes have lead to a renewed focus on processes that influence demographic rates in corals, such as corallivory. While previous research indicates selective corallivory among coral taxa, the importance of coral size and the density of coral colonies in influencing corallivory are unknown. We surveyed the size, taxonomy and number of bites by parrotfish per colony of corals and the abundance of three main corallivorous parrotfish (Sparisoma viride, Sparisoma aurofrenatum, Scarus vetula) at multiple spatial scales (reefs within islands: 1–100 km, and between islands:.100 km) within the Bahamas Archipelago. We used a linear mixed model to determine the influence of coral taxa, colony size, colony density, and parrotfish abundance on the intensity of corallivory (bites per m2 of coral tissue). While the effect of colony density was significant in determining the intensity of corallivory, we found no significant influence of colony size or parrotfish abundance (density, biomass or community structure). Parrotfish bites were most frequently observed on the dominant species of reef building corals (Montastraea annularis, Montastraea faveolata and Porites astreoides), yet our results indicate that when the confounding effects of colony density and size were removed, selective corallivory existed only for the less dominant Porites Porites. As changes in disturbance regimes result in the decline of dominant frame-work building corals such as Montastraea spp., the projected success of P. Porites on Caribbea
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Porites and the Phoenix effect: unprecedented recovery after a mass coral bleaching event at Rangiroa Atoll, French Polynesia
Marine Biology, 2014Co-Authors: George Roff, Sonia Bejarano, Yves-marie Bozec, Maggy Nugues, Robert S. Steneck, Peter J. MumbyAbstract:The 1997/1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was the most severe coral bleaching event in recent history, resulting in the loss of 16 % of the world’s coral reefs. Mortality was particularly severe in French Polynesia, where unprecedented mortality of massive Porites was observed in lagoonal sites of Rangiroa Atoll. To assess the recovery of massive Porites 15 years later, we resurveyed the size structure and extent of partial mortality of massive Porites at Tivaru (Rangiroa). Surveys revealed an abundance of massive Porites colonies rising from the shallow lagoonal floor. Colony width averaged 2.65 m, reaching a maximum of 7.1 m (estimated age of ~391 ± 107 years old). The relative cover of recently dead skeleton within quadrats declined from 42.8 % in 1998 to zero in 2013, yet the relative cover of old dead skeleton increased only marginally from 22.1 % in 1998 to 26.1 % in 2013. At a colony level, the proportion of Porites dominated by living tissue increased from 34.9 % in 1998 to 73.9 % in 2013, indicating rapid recovery of recent dead skeleton to living tissue rather than transitioning to old dead skeleton. Such rapid post-bleaching recovery is unprecedented in massive Porites and resulted from remarkable self-regeneration termed the ‘Phoenix effect’, whereby remnant cryptic patches of tissue that survived the 1997/1998 ENSO event regenerated and rapidly overgrew adjacent dead skeleton. Contrary to our earlier predictions, not only are large massive Porites relatively resistant to stress, they appear to have a remarkable capacity for recovery even after severe partial mortality.
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Spatial patterns of parrotfish corallivory in the Caribbean: the importance of coral taxa, density and size.
PloS one, 2011Co-Authors: George Roff, Mary H. Ledlie, Juan Carlos Ortiz, Peter J. MumbyAbstract:The past few decades have seen an increase in the frequency and intensity of disturbance on coral reefs, resulting in shifts in size and composition of coral populations. These changes have lead to a renewed focus on processes that influence demographic rates in corals, such as corallivory. While previous research indicates selective corallivory among coral taxa, the importance of coral size and the density of coral colonies in influencing corallivory are unknown. We surveyed the size, taxonomy and number of bites by parrotfish per colony of corals and the abundance of three main corallivorous parrotfish (Sparisoma viride, Sparisoma aurofrenatum, Scarus vetula) at multiple spatial scales (reefs within islands: 1–100 km, and between islands: >100 km) within the Bahamas Archipelago. We used a linear mixed model to determine the influence of coral taxa, colony size, colony density, and parrotfish abundance on the intensity of corallivory (bites per m2 of coral tissue). While the effect of colony density was significant in determining the intensity of corallivory, we found no significant influence of colony size or parrotfish abundance (density, biomass or community structure). Parrotfish bites were most frequently observed on the dominant species of reef building corals (Montastraea annularis, Montastraea faveolata and Porites astreoides), yet our results indicate that when the confounding effects of colony density and size were removed, selective corallivory existed only for the less dominant Porites Porites. As changes in disturbance regimes result in the decline of dominant frame-work building corals such as Montastraea spp., the projected success of P. Porites on Caribbean reefs through high reproductive output, resistance to disease and rapid growth rates may be attenuated through selective corallivory by parrotfish.