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T R Overton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of feeding synthetic zeolite a during the Prepartum Period on serum mineral concentration oxidant status and performance of multiparous holstein cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2019Co-Authors: A L Kerwin, C M Ryan, B M Leno, P Theilgaard, David M. Barbano, M. Jakobsen, T R OvertonAbstract:ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding synthetic zeolite A for 3 wk before expected calving on peripartal serum mineral concentrations, hypocalcemia, oxidant status, and performance. Holstein cows (n = 55) entering their second or greater lactations were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 dietary treatments starting 21 d before expected calving: control (CON: 40% corn silage, 33% wheat straw, and 27% concentrate; n = 29) or experimental [EXP: CON plus zeolite A (X-Zelit, Protekta Inc., Lucknow, ON, Canada/Vilofoss, Graasten, Denmark; n = 26) at an inclusion rate of 3.3% of dry matter, targeting 500 g/d as-fed]. Cows were fed the same postpartum diet and housed in individual tiestalls through 28 d in milk. Cows fed EXP had higher serum Ca concentrations as parturition approached and during the immediate postpartum Period. Serum P concentrations were lower for the EXP-fed cows during the Prepartum Period and the first 2 d of lactation, whereas serum Mg concentrations were lower than those of the CON-fed cows only during the immediate periparturient Period. Cows fed EXP had decreased prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) from d −1 through 3 relative to day of parturition, with the largest difference occurring within the first day postpartum. Prepartum dry matter intake tended to be decreased and rumination was decreased in cows fed EXP; however; postpartum dry matter intake, rumination, milk yield, milk component yield, and colostrum measurements did not differ between treatments. Cows fed EXP tended to have increased hazard of pregnancy by 150 d in milk when controlling for parity compared with CON-fed cows; potential reproductive benefits merit further study. This study demonstrated that zeolite A supplementation during the Prepartum Period results in markedly improved serum Ca concentrations around parturition and similar postpartum performance compared with controls and is effective at decreasing hypocalcemia in multiparous Holstein cows.
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Insulin signaling, inflammation, and lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of transition dairy cows either overfed energy during the Prepartum Period or fed a controlled-energy diet
Journal of Dairy Science, 2016Co-Authors: Sabine Mann, T R Overton, Daryl V. Nydam, F.a. Leal Yepes, Angel Abuelo, J. J. WakshlagAbstract:Adipose tissue mobilization is a hallmark of the transition Period in dairy cows. Cows overfed energy during the dry Period have higher concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) compared with cows fed a controlled-energy diet Prepartum. The reason for an increase in blood NEFA concentrations at the level of adipose tissue in cows overfed energy has not been fully elucidated. One hypothesis is that cows with high BHB concentrations suffer from adipose tissue-specific insulin resistance, leading to higher rates of adipose tissue mobilization in the postpartum Period. To test this hypothesis, subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies of cows overfed energy in excess of predicted requirements by 50% in the dry Period, and that had high concentrations of blood BHB postpartum (group H; n=12), were used. Findings were compared with results of biopsies from cows fed a controlled-energy diet and with low BHB concentrations postpartum (group C; n=12) to create the biggest contrast in BHB concentrations. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained before and 60 min after an intravenous glucose challenge (0.25 g/kg of glucose) at 28 and 10 d before expected calving as well as on d 4 and 21 postpartum. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and hormone-sensitive lipase was determined before and after glucose infusion by Western blot. Western blot was also used to assess the baseline protein abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and insulin receptor β-subunit. In addition, gene expression of fatty acid synthase, adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and tumor necrosis factor α was determined by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Backfat thickness was determined in the thurl area by ultrasonography. Cows in group H showed a greater degree of lipogenesis Prepartum, but no differences were found in lipolytic enzyme activity postpartum compared with cows in group C. Baseline plasma insulin concentrations were decreased and serum NEFA concentrations increased postpartum in group H. Insulin signaling through protein kinase B, quantity of insulin receptor, markers of inflammation, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in adipose tissue were not different between the groups, but expression of adiponectin was increased in adipose tissue of cows in group H during the immediate peripartum Period. In conclusion, differences in serum concentrations of NEFA between cows overfed energy Prepartum and high blood concentrations of BHB are likely due to greater negative energy balance postpartum reflected in lower circulating concentrations of glucose and insulin and an increase in the total amount of mobilized adipose tissue mass rather than due to changes in adipose tissue insulin signaling.
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Prepartum 2 4 thiazolidinedione alters metabolic dynamics and dry matter intake of dairy cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2007Co-Authors: K L Smith, S E Stebulis, M R Waldron, T R OvertonAbstract:Abstract Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are potent, synthetic ligands for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR- γ ) that reduce plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and potentiate the action of insulin in peripheral tissues of several species. Holstein cows (n=9) entering their second or greater lactation were used to determine whether late Prepartum administration of TZD would affect periparturient metabolism and milk production. Cows were limit-fed a total mixed ration (TMR) during the Prepartum Period to provide no more than 130% of predicted energy requirements. During the postpartum Period cows were fed a common TMR for ad libitum intake. Cows were administered either 2,4-TZD (4.0 mg/kg of body weight) or saline (control) by intrajugular infusion once daily from 25 d before expected parturition until parturition. Plasma samples were collected daily from 26 d before expected parturition through 7 d postpartum. Plasma NEFA concentrations decreased during the Prepartum Period (d −21 to −1; 70 vs. 83±4μEq/L) and tended to be decreased during the peripartum Period (d −7 to d +7; 113 vs. 205±32μEq/L) due to Prepartum TZD administration. Plasma concentrations of glucose were not affected by treatment; however, plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations decreased in TZD-treated cows (8.6 vs. 10.7±1.7 mg/dL) as parturition approached, and plasma insulin concentrations increased during the peripartum Period (0.65 vs. 0.38±0.07 ng/mL). Postpartum liver triglyceride and glycogen content was not affected by treatment. Prepartum TZD administration tended to increase dry matter intake during the peripartum and postpartum Periods (16.6 vs. 14.6±0.8 kg/d and 20.0 vs. 17.2±1.2 kg/d, respectively). Milk yield for the first 30 d postpartum and milk composition measured on d 8 postpartum were not affected by treatment. There was no effect of Prepartum TZD administration on insulin-dependent glucose utilization assessed using insulin challenge during either the Prepartum or postpartum Periods. These results suggest that administration of TZD during the late Prepartum Period has the potential to improve metabolic health and DMI of periparturient dairy cows and warrants further investigation.
David H. Lloyd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Diversity and stability of the Staphylococcus intermedius flora in three bitches and their puppies
Epidemiology and Infection, 2003Co-Authors: Leena E. Saijonmaa-koulumies, V. Myllys, David H. LloydAbstract:The study investigated the transfer and the stability of the S. intermedius flora in three bitches and their puppies. A total of 240 cutaneous and mucosal isolates of S. intermedius was collected from three healthy Cavalier King Charles spaniels and their puppies during the immediate Prepartum Period and after whelping, over a total of 15 weeks. The isolates were genotyped with random amplified polymeric DNA-polymerase chain reaction analysis (RAPD-PCR) using two primers. Seventeen different genotypes of S. intermedius were identified. One or two of the genotypes were dominant in each of the bitches and their puppies. The rest were isolated only once or twice from the bitches or their puppies. The study indicates that S. intermedius flora within each studied bitch mainly consisted of one or two dominating and persistent clones, which were transferred from the dam to her puppies immediately after birth.
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Colonization of neonatal puppies by Staphylococcus intermedius.
Veterinary Dermatology, 2002Co-Authors: Leena E. Saijonmaa-koulumies, David H. LloydAbstract:Cutaneous and mucosal carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius was determined in five Cavalier King Charles spaniel bitches, living in normal domestic environment, and their 18 puppies during the immediate Prepartum Period and after whelping, over a total of 8 weeks, using quantitative swab techniques. Within 8 h of birth S. intermedius was isolated from each puppy. The nose and mouth were the most frequently colonized mucosal sites (83 and 78%, respectively). At that time S. intermedius was isolated from the abdominal skin in 78% of the puppies. One day postpartum the mucosal populations increased significantly (P < 0.001) but fell 6 (P < 0.01) and 20 (P < 0.001) days later. Populations from abdominal skin reduced during the first and fourth weeks postpartum (P < 0.05 for both). This study indicates that in the domestic environment S. intermedius establishes itself soon after birth. The level of colonization by S. intermedius in the bitches seems to influence the colonization by pathogenic staphylococci in puppies.
C M Ryan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of feeding synthetic zeolite a during the Prepartum Period on serum mineral concentration oxidant status and performance of multiparous holstein cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2019Co-Authors: A L Kerwin, C M Ryan, B M Leno, P Theilgaard, David M. Barbano, M. Jakobsen, T R OvertonAbstract:ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding synthetic zeolite A for 3 wk before expected calving on peripartal serum mineral concentrations, hypocalcemia, oxidant status, and performance. Holstein cows (n = 55) entering their second or greater lactations were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 dietary treatments starting 21 d before expected calving: control (CON: 40% corn silage, 33% wheat straw, and 27% concentrate; n = 29) or experimental [EXP: CON plus zeolite A (X-Zelit, Protekta Inc., Lucknow, ON, Canada/Vilofoss, Graasten, Denmark; n = 26) at an inclusion rate of 3.3% of dry matter, targeting 500 g/d as-fed]. Cows were fed the same postpartum diet and housed in individual tiestalls through 28 d in milk. Cows fed EXP had higher serum Ca concentrations as parturition approached and during the immediate postpartum Period. Serum P concentrations were lower for the EXP-fed cows during the Prepartum Period and the first 2 d of lactation, whereas serum Mg concentrations were lower than those of the CON-fed cows only during the immediate periparturient Period. Cows fed EXP had decreased prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) from d −1 through 3 relative to day of parturition, with the largest difference occurring within the first day postpartum. Prepartum dry matter intake tended to be decreased and rumination was decreased in cows fed EXP; however; postpartum dry matter intake, rumination, milk yield, milk component yield, and colostrum measurements did not differ between treatments. Cows fed EXP tended to have increased hazard of pregnancy by 150 d in milk when controlling for parity compared with CON-fed cows; potential reproductive benefits merit further study. This study demonstrated that zeolite A supplementation during the Prepartum Period results in markedly improved serum Ca concentrations around parturition and similar postpartum performance compared with controls and is effective at decreasing hypocalcemia in multiparous Holstein cows.
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Research Update: Energy Strategies for Dry Cows
2014Co-Authors: Sabine Mann, C M Ryan, Thomas R. Overton, F.a. Leal Yepes, Joseph J. Wakshlag, Daryl V. NydamAbstract:Nutritional strategies for the dry cow have varied during the last decades with several different ones being used on dairy farms today. Because dry matter intakes (DMI) invariably drop before calving, some authors have proposed to increase the energy content of the Prepartum ration in order to improve production and health in early lactation (Grummer, 1995; McNamara et al., 2003) and it was shown that DMI is increased in the Prepartum Period when higher energy diets are fed. On the other hand, research and experience in the field have shown beneficial effects to feeding cows a controlled energy diet Prepartum (Drehmann, 2000; Douglas et al., 2006; Janovick et al., 2011; Vickers et al., 2013). A difference was shown for the effect of diets differing in energy being fed either during the far-off or close-up Period and the authors concluded that overfeeding in the far-off Period had more severe negative consequences than overfeeding in the close-up Period (Dann et al., 2006).
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Effects of hydroxy trace minerals on oxidative metabolism, cytological endometritis, and performance of transition dairy cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2014Co-Authors: T. Yasui, C M Ryan, Robert O. Gilbert, K.r. Perryman, Thomas R. OvertonAbstract:Abstract Multiparous Holstein cows (n=60) were used to determine effects of supplementing hydroxy forms of Zn, Cu, and Mn compared with 2 other common supplementation strategies on oxidative metabolism, cytological endometritis, and performance of transition cows. After a 1-wk pretreatment Period, cows were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 dietary treatments from 21d before expected calving through 84d postcalving. Dietary treatments administered by daily top-dressing included (1) inorganic sulfate forms of Zn, Cu, and Mn (ITM); (2) a blend (75:25) of sulfates and organic complexes of Zn, Cu, and Mn (ITM/OTM); and (3) hydroxy trace minerals (HTM) of Zn, Cu, and Mn. The resulting dietary concentrations of supplemental Zn, Cu, and Mn were similar among treatments and averaged 40, 10, and 27mg/kg, respectively, before calving and 59, 15, and 40mg/kg, respectively, after calving. Total concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mn averaged 80, 16, and 62mg/kg during the Prepartum Period and 102, 23, and 75mg/kg, respectively, during the postpartum Period. Overall, effects of treatment on milk yield and milk composition were not significant. Cows fed HTM during the Prepartum Period had higher body weight (BW) than those fed ITM during the Prepartum Period and had higher BW during the postpartum Period than those fed the other treatments; however, BW change, body condition score, and body condition score change were not affected by treatment. Plasma total antioxidant capacity was lower in cows fed HTM than ITM but was not different from cows fed ITM/OTM. Cows fed HTM tended to have lower concentrations of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than those fed ITM during the whole study Period, but plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were not different between HTM and ITM/OTM. Plasma haptoglobin was lower in cows fed HTM than ITM/OTM at 1wk postpartum. Endometrial cytology 7d postcalving and cytological endometritis as assessed on 1d between 40 and 60d postcalving was not affected by treatment. In conclusion, supplementation with HTM sources of Zn, Cu, and Mn modulated plasma variables related to oxidative metabolism compared with supplementation with ITM; however, HTM and ITM/OTM resulted in similar responses. Furthermore, the source of trace minerals did not affect performance or uterine health in this experiment.
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Effects of chromium propionate supplementation during the periparturient Period and early lactation on metabolism, performance, and cytological endometritis in dairy cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2014Co-Authors: T. Yasui, C M Ryan, Robert O. Gilbert, J.a.a. Mcart, Daryl V. Nydam, F. Valdez, K.e. Griswold, Thomas R. OvertonAbstract:Abstract Multiparous Holstein cows (n=61) were used to determine the effects of chromium propionate (Cr-Pro) supplementation during the periparturient Period and early lactation on metabolism, performance, and the incidence of cytological endometritis (CE). After a 1-wk preliminary Period, cows were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments from 21 d before expected calving through 63 d postpartum: (1) control (n=31) and (2) Cr-Pro (n=30) administered by daily topdress at a rate of 8mg/d of Cr. A tendency was detected for increased dry matter intake (DMI) during the Prepartum Period for cows fed Cr-Pro. Moreover, cows fed Cr-Pro tended to have lower plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids during the Prepartum Period. However, effects of Cr-Pro supplementation on postpartum DMI and milk yield were not significant. Cows fed Cr-Pro tended to have higher urea N concentrations in milk. An interaction of treatment and day existed during the postpartum Period, such that cows fed Cr-Pro had lower plasma glucose concentrations within the first day postpartum compared with controls. Plasma haptoglobin concentration was not affected by treatment during the postpartum Period. Blood neutrophil glycogen concentrations were not affected by treatment when sampled at either 7 d postpartum or on one day between 40 and 60 d (48 d±0.44 standard error) postpartum. Evaluation of endometrial cytology by low volume lavage at 7 d postpartum (first lavage) and on one day between 40 and 60 d (second lavage) postpartum revealed that cows fed Cr-Pro tended to have a higher percentage of neutrophils at first lavage and decreased incidence of CE as assessed at second lavage. In conclusion, supplementation with Cr-Pro resulted in trends for increased DMI and lower plasma nonesterified fatty acids Prepartum. Postpartum production and energy metabolism were not affected by treatment; however, Cr-Pro supplementation tended to affect the postpartum influx of neutrophils into the uterus and decreased the incidence of CE, suggesting positive effects of Cr-Pro supplementation on uterine health.
Leena E. Saijonmaa-koulumies - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Diversity and stability of the Staphylococcus intermedius flora in three bitches and their puppies
Epidemiology and Infection, 2003Co-Authors: Leena E. Saijonmaa-koulumies, V. Myllys, David H. LloydAbstract:The study investigated the transfer and the stability of the S. intermedius flora in three bitches and their puppies. A total of 240 cutaneous and mucosal isolates of S. intermedius was collected from three healthy Cavalier King Charles spaniels and their puppies during the immediate Prepartum Period and after whelping, over a total of 15 weeks. The isolates were genotyped with random amplified polymeric DNA-polymerase chain reaction analysis (RAPD-PCR) using two primers. Seventeen different genotypes of S. intermedius were identified. One or two of the genotypes were dominant in each of the bitches and their puppies. The rest were isolated only once or twice from the bitches or their puppies. The study indicates that S. intermedius flora within each studied bitch mainly consisted of one or two dominating and persistent clones, which were transferred from the dam to her puppies immediately after birth.
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Colonization of neonatal puppies by Staphylococcus intermedius
Veterinary Dermatology, 2002Co-Authors: Leena E. Saijonmaa-koulumies, David G. LloydAbstract:Cutaneous and mucosal carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius was determined in five Cavalier King Charles spaniel bitches, living in normal domestic environment, and their 18 puppies during the immediate Prepartum Period and after whelping, over a total of 8 weeks, using quantitative swab techniques. Within 8 h of birth S. intermedius was isolated from each puppy. The nose and mouth were the most frequently colonized mucosal sites (83 and 78%, respectively). At that time S. intermedius was isolated from the abdominal skin in 78% of the puppies. One day postpartum the mucosal populations increased significantly (P
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Colonization of neonatal puppies by Staphylococcus intermedius.
Veterinary Dermatology, 2002Co-Authors: Leena E. Saijonmaa-koulumies, David H. LloydAbstract:Cutaneous and mucosal carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius was determined in five Cavalier King Charles spaniel bitches, living in normal domestic environment, and their 18 puppies during the immediate Prepartum Period and after whelping, over a total of 8 weeks, using quantitative swab techniques. Within 8 h of birth S. intermedius was isolated from each puppy. The nose and mouth were the most frequently colonized mucosal sites (83 and 78%, respectively). At that time S. intermedius was isolated from the abdominal skin in 78% of the puppies. One day postpartum the mucosal populations increased significantly (P < 0.001) but fell 6 (P < 0.01) and 20 (P < 0.001) days later. Populations from abdominal skin reduced during the first and fourth weeks postpartum (P < 0.05 for both). This study indicates that in the domestic environment S. intermedius establishes itself soon after birth. The level of colonization by S. intermedius in the bitches seems to influence the colonization by pathogenic staphylococci in puppies.
M L Kuthy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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use of cocaine during the immediate Prepartum Period by childbearing women in ohio
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1993Co-Authors: J M Moser, V H Jones, M L KuthyAbstract:Despite widespread concern about exposure of infants in utero to cocaine, population-based data regarding the prevalence of such exposures are limited. An official task force in Ohio called for studies to generate such data for that state. During three weeks in late 1990, urine was obtained within 48 hours of birth from 1,819 infants born in 25 Ohio hospitals randomly selected from a pool of hospitals accounting for over 80% of Ohio births. Maternal age, race/ethnicity, and residence information were collected so that results could not be linked to individual mothers or infants. Urines were screened for benzoylecgonine (BZE), a cocaine metabolite, using a commercially available immunoassay. The crude prevalence of BZE positivity was 2.0%. When adjusted for unequal cluster sizes and race/ethnicity, the prevalence was 1.4%. The adjusted prevalence for infants born to black mothers was 7.2%, for infants born to white mothers, 0.3%. Ninety-seven percent of the mothers whose infants tested positive were residents of a city of 20,000 or more people. The use of hospital maternity units as a basis for anonymous sampling, as demonstrated in this study, may be a useful model for other jurisdictions seeking population-based data concerning perinatal drug exposures. Such methods may be especially useful for trend studies and program evaluation. In this study, we found widely distributed prepartal cocaine usage in Ohio. Black newborns were significantly more likely than white newborns to show evidence of recent cocaine exposure.