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Bradley S Gibson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Unmasking the component-general and component-specific aspects of Primary and secondary Memory in the immediate free recall task
Memory & Cognition, 2018Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M GondoliAbstract:The immediate free recall (IFR) task has been commonly used to estimate the capacities of the Primary Memory (PM) and secondary Memory (SM) components of working Memory (WM). Using this method, the correlation between estimates of the PM and SM components has hovered around zero, suggesting that PM and SM represent fully distinct and dissociable components of WM. However, this conclusion has conflicted with more recent studies that have observed moderately strong, positive correlations between PM and SM when separate attention and retrieval tasks are used to estimate these capacities, suggesting that PM and SM represent at least some related capacities. The present study attempted to resolve this empirical discrepancy by investigating the extent to which the relation between estimates of PM and SM might be suppressed by a third variable that operates during the recall portion of the IFR task. This third variable was termed “strength of recency” (SOR) in the present study as it reflected differences in the extent to which individuals used the same experimentally-induced recency recall initiation strategy. As predicted, the present findings showed that the positive correlation between estimates of PM and SM grew from small to medium when the indirect effect of SOR was controlled across two separate sets of studies. This finding is important because it provides stronger support for the distinction between “component-general” and “component-specific” aspects of PM and SM; furthermore, a proof is presented that demonstrates a limitation of using regression techniques to differentiate general and specific aspects of these components.
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application of the dual component model of working Memory to adhd greater secondary Memory deficit despite confounded cognitive differences
Child Neuropsychology, 2018Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M Gondoli, Kathryn J Ralph, Pedro SztybelAbstract:ABSTRACTThe dual-component model postulates that working Memory capacity consists of two dissociable components: maintenance in Primary Memory (PM) and retrieval from secondary Memory (SM). Recent application of this model to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has revealed that the SM component is more deficient than the PM component across both verbal and spatial modalities. The present study attempts to strengthen this conclusion by addressing two weaknesses in the previous study. First, the present study shows that the SM component continues to be more deficient than the PM component across both modalities under conditions in which (1) all participants were instructed to use the same recall strategy (resulting in the exclusion of fewer participants); and, (2) individual differences in this strategy were controlled. Second, the present study also documents a group difference in word reading efficiency that is confounded with diagnostic status and that might have influenced estimates of PM a...
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exploration of an adaptive training regimen that can target the secondary Memory component of working Memory capacity
Memory & Cognition, 2013Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M Gondoli, William G Kronenberger, Ann C Johnson, Christine M Steeger, Rebecca A MorrisseyAbstract:The dual-component model contends that working Memory (WM) capacity consists of two components. The first is a flexible attention component that involves the active maintenance of a limited amount of information in Primary Memory (PM), and the second is a controlled retrieval component that involves a cue-dependent search of secondary Memory (SM) for information that has been lost from PM. Recent evidence has suggested that the adaptive WM training regimen known as “Cogmed-RM” is not optimally designed, because it only targets PM abilities, not SM abilities. The present study was conducted to investigate whether Cogmed-RM could be modified to target SM abilities by decreasing the recall accuracy threshold that defines individual ability during training. The main findings suggested that the SM component of WM capacity could be targeted by lowering the recall accuracy threshold. The present findings are important because they suggest that adaptive training regimens can be designed that selectively target specific components of WM capacity, and they raise the possibility that the potency of existing training regimens can be increased.
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component analysis of simple span vs complex span adaptive working Memory exercises a randomized controlled trial
Journal of applied research in memory and cognition, 2012Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M Gondoli, William G Kronenberger, Ann C Johnson, Rebecca A Morrissey, Christine M SteegerAbstract:There has been growing interest in using adaptive training interventions such as Cogmed-RM to increase the capacity of working Memory (WM), but this intervention may not be optimally designed. For instance, Cogmed-RM can target the Primary Memory (PM) component of WM capacity, but not the secondary Memory (SM) component. The present study hypothesized that Cogmed-RM does not target SM capacity because the simple span exercises it uses may not cause a sufficient amount of information to be lost from PM during training. To investigate, we randomly assigned participants to either a standard (simple span; N = 31) or a modified (complex span; N = 30) training condition. The main findings showed that SM capacity did not improve, even in the modified training condition. Hence, the potency of span-based WM interventions cannot be increased simply by converting simple span exercises into complex span exercises.
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component analysis of verbal versus spatial working Memory training in adolescents with adhd a randomized controlled trial
Child Neuropsychology, 2011Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M Gondoli, Ann C Johnson, Christine M Steeger, Bradley A Dobrzenski, Rebecca A MorrisseyAbstract:Adaptive training of working Memory (WM) using the Cogmed-RM intervention has recently shown some efficacy as an alternative treatment for ADHD, but this intervention may not be optimally designed. A recent component analysis of WM has suggested that maintenance in Primary Memory (PM) appears to be largely intact whereas recall from secondary Memory (SM) appears to be deficient in ADHD relative to age-matched controls. However, extrapolating from basic research, there is reason to believe that Cogmed-RM may target the PM component more than the SM component; though training with spatial exercises may target the SM component more than training with verbal exercises. To investigate, participants diagnosed with ADHD were randomly assigned to either a verbal training condition (n = 24) or a spatial training condition (n = 23) using a randomized, controlled design, and both groups were instructed to complete at least 20 days of training. The PM and SM components of WM were assessed immediately before and after...
Dawn M Gondoli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Unmasking the component-general and component-specific aspects of Primary and secondary Memory in the immediate free recall task
Memory & Cognition, 2018Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M GondoliAbstract:The immediate free recall (IFR) task has been commonly used to estimate the capacities of the Primary Memory (PM) and secondary Memory (SM) components of working Memory (WM). Using this method, the correlation between estimates of the PM and SM components has hovered around zero, suggesting that PM and SM represent fully distinct and dissociable components of WM. However, this conclusion has conflicted with more recent studies that have observed moderately strong, positive correlations between PM and SM when separate attention and retrieval tasks are used to estimate these capacities, suggesting that PM and SM represent at least some related capacities. The present study attempted to resolve this empirical discrepancy by investigating the extent to which the relation between estimates of PM and SM might be suppressed by a third variable that operates during the recall portion of the IFR task. This third variable was termed “strength of recency” (SOR) in the present study as it reflected differences in the extent to which individuals used the same experimentally-induced recency recall initiation strategy. As predicted, the present findings showed that the positive correlation between estimates of PM and SM grew from small to medium when the indirect effect of SOR was controlled across two separate sets of studies. This finding is important because it provides stronger support for the distinction between “component-general” and “component-specific” aspects of PM and SM; furthermore, a proof is presented that demonstrates a limitation of using regression techniques to differentiate general and specific aspects of these components.
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application of the dual component model of working Memory to adhd greater secondary Memory deficit despite confounded cognitive differences
Child Neuropsychology, 2018Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M Gondoli, Kathryn J Ralph, Pedro SztybelAbstract:ABSTRACTThe dual-component model postulates that working Memory capacity consists of two dissociable components: maintenance in Primary Memory (PM) and retrieval from secondary Memory (SM). Recent application of this model to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has revealed that the SM component is more deficient than the PM component across both verbal and spatial modalities. The present study attempts to strengthen this conclusion by addressing two weaknesses in the previous study. First, the present study shows that the SM component continues to be more deficient than the PM component across both modalities under conditions in which (1) all participants were instructed to use the same recall strategy (resulting in the exclusion of fewer participants); and, (2) individual differences in this strategy were controlled. Second, the present study also documents a group difference in word reading efficiency that is confounded with diagnostic status and that might have influenced estimates of PM a...
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exploration of an adaptive training regimen that can target the secondary Memory component of working Memory capacity
Memory & Cognition, 2013Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M Gondoli, William G Kronenberger, Ann C Johnson, Christine M Steeger, Rebecca A MorrisseyAbstract:The dual-component model contends that working Memory (WM) capacity consists of two components. The first is a flexible attention component that involves the active maintenance of a limited amount of information in Primary Memory (PM), and the second is a controlled retrieval component that involves a cue-dependent search of secondary Memory (SM) for information that has been lost from PM. Recent evidence has suggested that the adaptive WM training regimen known as “Cogmed-RM” is not optimally designed, because it only targets PM abilities, not SM abilities. The present study was conducted to investigate whether Cogmed-RM could be modified to target SM abilities by decreasing the recall accuracy threshold that defines individual ability during training. The main findings suggested that the SM component of WM capacity could be targeted by lowering the recall accuracy threshold. The present findings are important because they suggest that adaptive training regimens can be designed that selectively target specific components of WM capacity, and they raise the possibility that the potency of existing training regimens can be increased.
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component analysis of simple span vs complex span adaptive working Memory exercises a randomized controlled trial
Journal of applied research in memory and cognition, 2012Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M Gondoli, William G Kronenberger, Ann C Johnson, Rebecca A Morrissey, Christine M SteegerAbstract:There has been growing interest in using adaptive training interventions such as Cogmed-RM to increase the capacity of working Memory (WM), but this intervention may not be optimally designed. For instance, Cogmed-RM can target the Primary Memory (PM) component of WM capacity, but not the secondary Memory (SM) component. The present study hypothesized that Cogmed-RM does not target SM capacity because the simple span exercises it uses may not cause a sufficient amount of information to be lost from PM during training. To investigate, we randomly assigned participants to either a standard (simple span; N = 31) or a modified (complex span; N = 30) training condition. The main findings showed that SM capacity did not improve, even in the modified training condition. Hence, the potency of span-based WM interventions cannot be increased simply by converting simple span exercises into complex span exercises.
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component analysis of verbal versus spatial working Memory training in adolescents with adhd a randomized controlled trial
Child Neuropsychology, 2011Co-Authors: Bradley S Gibson, Dawn M Gondoli, Ann C Johnson, Christine M Steeger, Bradley A Dobrzenski, Rebecca A MorrisseyAbstract:Adaptive training of working Memory (WM) using the Cogmed-RM intervention has recently shown some efficacy as an alternative treatment for ADHD, but this intervention may not be optimally designed. A recent component analysis of WM has suggested that maintenance in Primary Memory (PM) appears to be largely intact whereas recall from secondary Memory (SM) appears to be deficient in ADHD relative to age-matched controls. However, extrapolating from basic research, there is reason to believe that Cogmed-RM may target the PM component more than the SM component; though training with spatial exercises may target the SM component more than training with verbal exercises. To investigate, participants diagnosed with ADHD were randomly assigned to either a verbal training condition (n = 24) or a spatial training condition (n = 23) using a randomized, controlled design, and both groups were instructed to complete at least 20 days of training. The PM and SM components of WM were assessed immediately before and after...
Nash Unsworth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The contributions of Primary and secondary Memory to working Memory capacity: an individual differences analysis of immediate free recall.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2010Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Gregory J. Spillers, Gene A. BrewerAbstract:The present study tested the dual-component model of working Memory capacity (WMC) by examining estimates of Primary Memory and secondary Memory from an immediate free recall task. Participants completed multiple measures of WMC and general intellectual ability as well as multiple trials of an immediate free recall task. It was demonstrated that there are 2 sources of variance (Primary Memory and secondary Memory) in immediate free recall and that, further, these 2 sources of variance accounted for independent variation in WMC. Together, these results are consistent with a dual-component model of WMC reflecting individual differences in maintenance in Primary Memory and in retrieval from secondary Memory. Theoretical implications for working Memory and dual-component models of free recall are discussed. Working Memory is usually referred to as a general purpose system that is responsible for the active maintenance of task- or goal-relevant information while simultaneously processing or act- ing on other information (Baddeley, 2007). Given the need of such a general purpose system for a wide variety of activities— including problem solving, reading, coordination and planning, and basic intellectual functioning more broadly—recent work has been devoted to measuring the capacity of working Memory and investigating individual differences in working Memory capacity (WMC). Beginning with Daneman and Carpenter (1980), most researchers have utilized complex working Memory span tasks in which to-be-remembered (TBR) items are interspersed with some processing activity. For instance, in the reading span task partici- pants attempt to remember words or letters while reading and comprehending sentences (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). These tasks can be contrasted with simple Memory span tasks in which TBR items are presented without any additional processing activ- ities. The complex span tasks nicely capture the idea that the dynamics of processing and storage are needed to fully understand the essence of working Memory and tap its capacity. Furthermore, these tasks can be used to estimate an individual's WMC and examine the correlation between this capacity and other important cognitive abilities. Due to the popularity of complex span tasks and the fact that they provide good estimates of WMC, a number of theories have been proposed to account for performance on these tasks and to explain working Memory more broadly. For instance, many orig- inal accounts of complex span tasks emphasized the notion that resources have to be shared between processing and storage ac- tivities and thus the capacity of working Memory is the amount of total resources that individuals have at their disposal (e.g., Dane- man & Carpenter, 1980). Individuals with more resources can effectively deal with the processing task while continuing to main- tain activation of the TBR items, which leads to better performance than in the case of individuals with fewer resources. Alternatively, it is possible that the complex span tasks do not index overall resource-sharing abilities but rather that the processing task dis- places items from working Memory, and thus a rapid switching mechanism is needed to refresh items before they are lost due to time-based forgetting processes such as decay (Towse, Hitch, &
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The nature of individual differences in working Memory capacity: active maintenance in Primary Memory and controlled search from secondary Memory.
Psychological review, 2007Co-Authors: Nash UnsworthAbstract:Studies examining individual differences in working Memory capacity have suggested that individuals with low working Memory capacities demonstrate impaired performance on a variety of attention and Memory tasks compared with individuals with high working Memory capacities. This working Memory limitation can be conceived of as arising from 2 components: a dynamic attention component (Primary Memory) and a probabilistic cue-dependent search component (secondary Memory). This framework is used to examine previous individual differences studies of working Memory capacity, and new evidence is examined on the basis of predictions of the framework to performance on immediate free recall. It is suggested that individual differences in working Memory capacity are partially due to the ability to maintain information accessible in Primary Memory and the ability to search for information from secondary Memory.
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simple and complex Memory spans and their relation to fluid abilities evidence from list length effects
Journal of Memory and Language, 2006Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Randall W EngleAbstract:Complex (working Memory) span tasks have generally shown larger and more consistent correlations with higherorder cognition than have simple (or short-term Memory) span tasks. The relation between verbal complex and simple verbal span tasks to Xuid abilities as a function of list-length was examined. The results suggest that the simple spanXuid abilities correlation changes as a function of list-length, but that the complex span-Xuid abilities correlation remains constant across list-lengths from lists as short as two items. Furthermore, regression and factor analytic results suggested that the longest simple span list-lengths and all of the complex span list-lengths had both unique and shared variability in predicting Xuid abilities, but that estimates of Primary Memory did not uniquely predict Xuid abilities. It is suggested that complex spans, generally, predict higher-order cognition to a greater extent than do simple spans because complex spans require retrieval of items that have been displaced from Primary Memory due to the processing component of these tasks. Items in simple spans will also be displaced from Primary Memory but only after Primary Memory has become overloaded.
Lars Bäckman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gender differences in episodic Memory
Memory & Cognition, 1997Co-Authors: Agneta Herlitz, Larsgoran Nilsson, Lars BäckmanAbstract:The relationship between gender and Memory has been largely neglected by research, despite occasional studies reporting gender differences in episodic Memory performance. The present study examined potential gender differences in episodic Memory, semantic Memory, Primary Memory, and priming. Five hundred thirty women and 470 men, randomly sampled from the city of Umea, Sweden, 35–80 years of age, participated in the study. There were no differences between men and women with regard to age or education, or on a measure of global intellectual functioning. As has been demonstrated previously, men outperformed women on a visuospatial task and women outperformed men on tests of verbal fluency. In addition, the results demonstrated that women consistently performed at a higher level than did men on the episodic Memory tasks, although there were no differences between men and women on the tasks assessing semantic Memory, Primary Memory, or priming. The women’s higher level of performance on the episodic Memory tasks could not be fully explained by their higher verbal ability.
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Episodic Memory and Visuospatial Ability in Detecting and Staging Dementia in a Community-Based Sample of Very Old Adults
The journals of gerontology. Series A Biological sciences and medical sciences, 1995Co-Authors: Agneta Herlitz, Robert D. Hill, Laura Fratiglioni, Lars BäckmanAbstract:BACKGROUND: This study examined the efficacy of a cognitive test battery in detecting and staging dementia in a community-based sample of very old adults. METHOD: The sample consisted of 398 nondemented and 108 demented adults taken from all the inhabitants in the Kungsholmen parish of Stockholm, Sweden (2,368 individuals), aged 75 years and older, who were part of a large-scale epidemiological study on aging and dementia. Participants received a cognitive test battery that consisted of specialized episodic Memory tasks, as well as standardized psychometric measures of visuospatial ability and Primary Memory. RESULTS: A discriminant analysis revealed that highly supported episodic Memory tasks (recognition, cued recall) were primarily responsible for correctly classifying normal old adults (94.5%) from those with the diagnosis of dementia (66.7%). Using the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) as the criterion of dementia severity, a correct classification of 88.9% was achieved for mildly demented subjects and 77.8% for moderately demented subjects. Visuospatial tasks made the greatest contribution in distinguishing those at different levels of dementia severity. CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation indicate that cognitively supported measures assessing episodic Memory may be particularly useful in the detection of dementia, whereas visuospatial measures are more effective in staging the disease. Consistent with biological models of the progression of dementia, this suggests that visuospatial abilities may deteriorate later and/or at a slower rate than episodic Memory skills in the early stages of dementia. It is noteworthy that these conclusions are based on samples of very old adults taken from the general population.
Randall W Engle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the mechanisms of working Memory capacity Primary Memory secondary Memory and attention control
Journal of Memory and Language, 2014Co-Authors: Zach Shipstead, Dakota R B Lindsey, Robyn L Marshall, Randall W EngleAbstract:Working Memory capacity is traditionally treated as a unitary construct that can be explained using one cognitive mechanism (e.g., storage, attention control). Several recent studies have, however, demonstrated that multiple mechanisms are needed to explain individual differences in working Memory capacity. The present study focuses on three such mechanisms: Maintenance/disengagement in Primary Memory, retrieval from sec- ondary Memory, and attention control. Structural equation modeling reveals that each of these mechanisms is important to explaining individual differences in working Memory capacity. Further analyses reveal that the degree to which these mechanisms are apparent may be driven by the type of task used to operationalize working Memory capacity. Spe- cifically, complex span (processing and storage) and visual arrays (change detection) per- formance is strongly related to a person's attention control, while running Memory span (Memory for last n items on a list) performance has a relationship to Primary Memory that is apparent above-and-beyond other working Memory tasks. Finally, regardless of the working Memory task that is used, it is found that Primary and secondary Memory fully explain the relationship of working Memory capacity to general fluid intelligence.
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simple and complex Memory spans and their relation to fluid abilities evidence from list length effects
Journal of Memory and Language, 2006Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Randall W EngleAbstract:Complex (working Memory) span tasks have generally shown larger and more consistent correlations with higherorder cognition than have simple (or short-term Memory) span tasks. The relation between verbal complex and simple verbal span tasks to Xuid abilities as a function of list-length was examined. The results suggest that the simple spanXuid abilities correlation changes as a function of list-length, but that the complex span-Xuid abilities correlation remains constant across list-lengths from lists as short as two items. Furthermore, regression and factor analytic results suggested that the longest simple span list-lengths and all of the complex span list-lengths had both unique and shared variability in predicting Xuid abilities, but that estimates of Primary Memory did not uniquely predict Xuid abilities. It is suggested that complex spans, generally, predict higher-order cognition to a greater extent than do simple spans because complex spans require retrieval of items that have been displaced from Primary Memory due to the processing component of these tasks. Items in simple spans will also be displaced from Primary Memory but only after Primary Memory has become overloaded.