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Idil Arslanalaton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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toxicity and biodegradability assessment of raw and ozonated Procaine Penicillin g formulation effluent
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2006Co-Authors: Idil Arslanalaton, Ali Efe CaglayanAbstract:Abstract The effect of O 3 (applied dose=1440 mg h −1 ; pH 7 and pH 12) and H 2 O 2 /O 3 (applied dose=1440 mg h −1 ; pH 7; 10 mM H 2 O 2 ) pretreatment of Procaine Penicillin G (PPG) formulation effluent on its biodegradability and acute toxicity was investigated. For that purpose ISO 8192 activated sludge inhibition and Daphnia magna acute toxicity tests were conducted. BOD 5 measurements that were carried out to preevaluate the biocompatibility of untreated, ozonated, and perozonated PPG effluent have shown that BOD 5 alone was not a very correct or useful tool to predict the actual biodegradability of PPG effluent. No significant correlation existed between the BOD 5 and the toxicity test results. Acute toxicity studies carried out with D. magna and synthetic municipal sewage sludge have demonstrated the inhibitory effect of H 2 O 2 /O 3 oxidation. COD removal of pharmaceutical wastewater containing PPG effluent with acclimated sewage sludge decreased from 79% to 50% after H 2 O 2 /O 3 pretreatment.
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ozonation of Procaine Penicillin g formulation effluent part i process optimization and kinetics
Chemosphere, 2005Co-Authors: Idil Arslanalaton, Ali Efe CaglayanAbstract:Abstract Ozonation characteristics of synthetic Procaine Penicillin G (PPG) formulation effluent were investigated in a semi-batch ozone reactor at different pH (3, 7 and 12), ozone feed rates (600–2600 mg h−1) and COD values (200–600 mg l−1). Ozonation of aqueous PPG effluent resulted in 37 (82)% COD removal after 60 (120) min ozonation when the reaction pH was kept constant at pH = 7.900 mg l−1 (corresponding to 50% of the total introduced) ozone was absorbed during a reaction period of 1 h. The effects of increasing the applied ozone dose and the initial COD on the COD abatement rates of PPG effluent were also studied. Results have indicated that increasing the ozone dose and decreasing the COD content both have positive effects on COD removal rates. The significant contribution of the free radical ( OH) reaction pathway to PPG ozonation could be traced using tert-butyl alcohol as the OH probe compound at varying concentrations. The bimolecular reaction rate constants for the direct reaction of PPG with ozone were found as 152 and 2404 M−1 h−1 at pH = 3 and 7, respectively, using the gas phase ozone partial pressures determined from of the outlet gas stream analysis. It could be demonstrated that ozone decomposition to free radicals being triggered by increasing the pH from 3 to 7 is essential for the rate enhancement of PPG effluent ozonation.
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photo fenton like and photo fenton like oxidation of Procaine Penicillin g formulation effluent
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Idil Arslanalaton, F GursesAbstract:Abstract In the present study, the degradation of Procaine Penicillin G (PPG) formulation effluent by Fenton-like (Fe3+/H2O2) and UV-A light assisted Fenton-like (Fe3+/H2O2/UV-A) processes have been investigated at pH = 3. The effects of different process variables such as the initial Fe3+and H2O2 concentrations, reaction time and UV-A light on PPG formulation effluent degradation rates have been evaluated. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total organic carbon (TOC) and acute toxicity towards the water flea Daphnia magna were selected as the environmental sum parameters to follow the performance of Fenton-like and photo-Fenton-like advanced oxidation processes on the PPG (Procaine Penicillin G) formulation effluent (CODo=600 mg/l; BOD5=53 mg/l; TOCo=450 mg/l). At optimum reaction conditions (i.e. [Fe3+]=1.5 mM and [H2O2]=25 mM, pH = 3), 56% COD and 42% TOC removal where achieved by the photo-Fenton-like process after 30 min treatment time, whereas the removal efficiencies of the dark Fenton-like process were limited to 44% COD and 35% TOC for the same treatment period. The superiority of the UV-A light-assisted Fenton-like process over the dark Fenton-like reaction was more evident in terms of their effect on biodegradability improvement; the BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.10 to 0.45 and 0.10 to only 0.24 after application of the photo-Fenton-like and Fenton-like processes, respectively. Based on the results of acute toxicity tests it could be inferred that the photo-Fenton-like process is a suitable method for complete detoxification and partial oxidation of PPG formulation effluent. COD removal efficiency decreased from 56 to 17% for the photo-Fenton-like process and from 44 to 14% for the dark Fenton-like process in the presence of the 1214 mg/l chloride ion (used as a free radical probe compound at acidic pH) after 30 min oxidative treatment, indicating that in both treatment processes the hydroxyl radical ( OH) was the major oxidizing agent for PPG.
F Gurses - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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photo fenton like and photo fenton like oxidation of Procaine Penicillin g formulation effluent
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Idil Arslanalaton, F GursesAbstract:Abstract In the present study, the degradation of Procaine Penicillin G (PPG) formulation effluent by Fenton-like (Fe3+/H2O2) and UV-A light assisted Fenton-like (Fe3+/H2O2/UV-A) processes have been investigated at pH = 3. The effects of different process variables such as the initial Fe3+and H2O2 concentrations, reaction time and UV-A light on PPG formulation effluent degradation rates have been evaluated. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total organic carbon (TOC) and acute toxicity towards the water flea Daphnia magna were selected as the environmental sum parameters to follow the performance of Fenton-like and photo-Fenton-like advanced oxidation processes on the PPG (Procaine Penicillin G) formulation effluent (CODo=600 mg/l; BOD5=53 mg/l; TOCo=450 mg/l). At optimum reaction conditions (i.e. [Fe3+]=1.5 mM and [H2O2]=25 mM, pH = 3), 56% COD and 42% TOC removal where achieved by the photo-Fenton-like process after 30 min treatment time, whereas the removal efficiencies of the dark Fenton-like process were limited to 44% COD and 35% TOC for the same treatment period. The superiority of the UV-A light-assisted Fenton-like process over the dark Fenton-like reaction was more evident in terms of their effect on biodegradability improvement; the BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.10 to 0.45 and 0.10 to only 0.24 after application of the photo-Fenton-like and Fenton-like processes, respectively. Based on the results of acute toxicity tests it could be inferred that the photo-Fenton-like process is a suitable method for complete detoxification and partial oxidation of PPG formulation effluent. COD removal efficiency decreased from 56 to 17% for the photo-Fenton-like process and from 44 to 14% for the dark Fenton-like process in the presence of the 1214 mg/l chloride ion (used as a free radical probe compound at acidic pH) after 30 min oxidative treatment, indicating that in both treatment processes the hydroxyl radical ( OH) was the major oxidizing agent for PPG.
Mark G. Papich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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clinical outcome of transcervical infusion of a combination of Procaine Penicillin and gentamicin in late term pregnant mares
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2021Co-Authors: Mark G. Papich, T M Beachler, Natalie C Andrews, Karen A Von Dollen, Katelyn Ellis, Katie Withowski, C S BaileyAbstract:Abstract Transcervical intrauterine infusion of antibiotics may more effectively treat pathogens associated with fetal and neonatal disease in pregnant mares than standard systemic routes. The objective of this study was to assess the safety of transcervical antibiotic infusion by characterizing the gestational outcome in nine healthy pregnant pony mares following a single transcervical infusion of 2.4 million IU of Procaine Penicillin and 200 mg of gentamicin in a 10 mL volume during late gestation. Assessment of fetal-placental health was performed through serial measurement of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) and fetal heart rate and mares and foals were closely monitored in the periparturient period. Fetal heart rate and CTUP remained unchanged after infusion, with no evidence of fluid accumulation or significant increase at the time-points 24, 48, and 72 hours. All mares foaled without complication 12–58 days after antibiotic infusion at a mean gestational age of 322.7 ± 12.7 days. Two out of nine foals displayed signs of mild neonatal maladjustment syndrome that responded to minimal supportive care and all foals survived to weaning without further complications.
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antimicrobial activity of ceftiofur and Penicillin with gentamicin against escherichia coli and streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in an ex vivo model of equine postpartum uterine disease
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2019Co-Authors: Karen A Von Dollen, Mark G. Papich, T M Beachler, Monica Jones, Tonya Harris, S K Lyle, Scott C BaileyAbstract:Abstract The use of antimicrobials for the management of equine uterine disease is commonplace, with antibiotic selection generally based on empirical evidence or in vitro sensitivity results. However, the potential disconnect between these laboratory results and clinical efficacy in the mare raises concern for antibiotic failure and subsequent development of resistant organisms. In this work, we attempt to bridge this gap by using an ex vivo model of the equine postpartum uterus to quantitatively evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two commonly used antibiotic treatments in the mare (ceftiofur and Penicillin with gentamicin). The activity of both of these treatments was evaluated in two different fluid environments (standard bacterial culture broth and equine postpartum uterine fluid) against clinical isolates of E. coli and S. zooepidemicus. Although treatment with ceftiofur was effective at reducing growth of S. zooepidemicus in equine postpartum uterine fluid, it did not reduce bacterial growth of E. coli. Treatment with Procaine Penicillin G with gentamicin achieved at least bacteriostatic activity against E. coli in both fluid types, and bactericidal activity against S. zooepidemicus in both fluid types. The intrauterine infusion of Procaine Penicillin G with gentamicin in cases of postpartum uterine disease caused by E. coli or S. zooepidemicus is supported by the results of this work.
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depletion of Penicillin g residues in tissues plasma and injection sites of market pigs injected intramuscularly with Procaine Penicillin g
Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment, 1998Co-Authors: Gary O. Korsrud, Mark G. Papich, W. D. G. Yates, James D. Macneil, D. A. Landry, G. Lambert, C D C Salisbury, C S Rhodes, W S Bulmer, M. S. YongAbstract:Procaine Penicillin G was administered by intramuscular (IM) injection to groups of healthy 100 kg market pigs at the approved label dose (15000 IU/kg body weight), once daily for three consecutive days; or an extra‐label dose (66000 IU/kg body weight), once daily for five consecutive days. Penicillin G residue depletion was followed in plasma, tissue and injection sites using a liquid chromatographic method. Groups of pigs were killed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 days after the last injection with the label dose. Penicillin G was not detected in liver after 1 day of withdrawal, in muscle and fat after 2 days of withdrawal, in plasma after 4 days of withdrawal, in skin after 5 days of withdrawal, or in kidney and the injection sites after 8 days of withdrawal. Other groups of pigs were killed 1,2,3,5 and 7 days after injection with the extra‐label dose. In these pigs Penicillin G was not found in liver after 2 days of withdrawal, in fat after 3 days of withdrawal, or in the muscle, skin, plasma and injection sites...
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Depletion of Penicillin G residues in tissues and injection sites of yearling beef steers dosed with benzathine Penicillin G alone or in combination with Procaine Penicillin G.
Food Additives and Contaminants, 1994Co-Authors: Gary O. Korsrud, Joe O. Boison, Mark G. Papich, W. D. G. Yates, James D. Macneil, E. D. Janzen, J. J. Mckinnon, D. A. Landry, G. Lambert, M. S. YongAbstract:The contribution of benzathine Penicillin G to residues in tissues and injection sites of yearling beef steers was assessed by treating seven groups of five to seven steers with either benzathine and Procaine Penicillin G together or benzathine Penicillin G alone. Steers were injected with a commercial combination of benzathine and Procaine Penicillin G according to the Canadian (intramuscular) or United States (subcutaneous) label dosages of 8600 and 8800 IU Penicillin G/kg body weight, respectively. They were killed 14 or 30 days after the intramuscular injections, and 30 days after the subcutaneous injections. At the label withdrawal times, Canadian 14 days and United States 30 days, the levels in the injection sites for all of the treatments were 30–60 times above the Canadian and United States’ Maximum Residue Limit of 50 μg/kg, while liver, kidney and gluteal muscle levels were below the Maximum Residue Limit. Other steers were injected intramuscularly with 24 000 IU benzathine/Procaine Penicillin G...
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Disposition of Penicillin G after administration of benzathine Penicillin G, or a combination of benzathine Penicillin G and Procaine Penicillin G in cattle.
American journal of veterinary research, 1994Co-Authors: Mark G. Papich, Gary O. Korsrud, Joe O. Boison, W. D. G. Yates, James D. Macneil, E. D. Janzen, J. J. Mckinnon, D. A. LandryAbstract:Plasma concentration of Penicillin G was evaluated in beef steers after administration of either a combination of benzathine Penicillin G and Procaine Penicillin G in a 1:1 mixture at a dosage of 9,000 U/kg of body weight, IM (n = 5), 24,000 U/kg, IM (n = 5), or 8,800 U/kg, SC (n = 5), or benzathine Penicillin G alone at a dosage of 12,000 U/kg, IM (n = 7). Plasma concentration of Penicillin G was measured by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography assay that had a limit of determination of 0.005 microgram/ml. At a dosage for this combination of 9,000 U/kg IM, and 8,800 U/kg, SC, which are approved label recommendations in Canada, and the United States, respectively, mean (+/- SEM) peak plasma concentration was 0.58 (+/- 0.15) and 0.44 (+/- 0.02) microgram/ml, respectively. Although plasma Penicillin concentration was quantifiable for 7 days in the steers that received 9,000 U/kg, IM, and for 4 days in the steers that received 8,800 U/kg, SC, the concentration was < 0.1 microgram/ml in both groups after the first 12 hours. After administration of the combination at dosage of 24,000 U/kg, IM, there was an initial peak plasma concentration at approximately 2 hours; thereafter, plasma concentration decreased slowly, with half-life of 58 hours. Although plasma Penicillin G concentration was quantifiable for 12 days at this dosage, concentration was < 0.1 microgram/ml after the first 48 hours. After the initial 48 hours, plasma concentration of Penicillin was of similar magnitude and decreased at similar rate for the combination at dosage of 24,000 U/kg and for 12,000 U/kg of benzathine Penicillin G alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
D. A. Landry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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depletion of Penicillin g residues in tissues plasma and injection sites of market pigs injected intramuscularly with Procaine Penicillin g
Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment, 1998Co-Authors: Gary O. Korsrud, Mark G. Papich, W. D. G. Yates, James D. Macneil, D. A. Landry, G. Lambert, C D C Salisbury, C S Rhodes, W S Bulmer, M. S. YongAbstract:Procaine Penicillin G was administered by intramuscular (IM) injection to groups of healthy 100 kg market pigs at the approved label dose (15000 IU/kg body weight), once daily for three consecutive days; or an extra‐label dose (66000 IU/kg body weight), once daily for five consecutive days. Penicillin G residue depletion was followed in plasma, tissue and injection sites using a liquid chromatographic method. Groups of pigs were killed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 days after the last injection with the label dose. Penicillin G was not detected in liver after 1 day of withdrawal, in muscle and fat after 2 days of withdrawal, in plasma after 4 days of withdrawal, in skin after 5 days of withdrawal, or in kidney and the injection sites after 8 days of withdrawal. Other groups of pigs were killed 1,2,3,5 and 7 days after injection with the extra‐label dose. In these pigs Penicillin G was not found in liver after 2 days of withdrawal, in fat after 3 days of withdrawal, or in the muscle, skin, plasma and injection sites...
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Depletion of Penicillin G residues in tissues and injection sites of yearling beef steers dosed with benzathine Penicillin G alone or in combination with Procaine Penicillin G.
Food Additives and Contaminants, 1994Co-Authors: Gary O. Korsrud, Joe O. Boison, Mark G. Papich, W. D. G. Yates, James D. Macneil, E. D. Janzen, J. J. Mckinnon, D. A. Landry, G. Lambert, M. S. YongAbstract:The contribution of benzathine Penicillin G to residues in tissues and injection sites of yearling beef steers was assessed by treating seven groups of five to seven steers with either benzathine and Procaine Penicillin G together or benzathine Penicillin G alone. Steers were injected with a commercial combination of benzathine and Procaine Penicillin G according to the Canadian (intramuscular) or United States (subcutaneous) label dosages of 8600 and 8800 IU Penicillin G/kg body weight, respectively. They were killed 14 or 30 days after the intramuscular injections, and 30 days after the subcutaneous injections. At the label withdrawal times, Canadian 14 days and United States 30 days, the levels in the injection sites for all of the treatments were 30–60 times above the Canadian and United States’ Maximum Residue Limit of 50 μg/kg, while liver, kidney and gluteal muscle levels were below the Maximum Residue Limit. Other steers were injected intramuscularly with 24 000 IU benzathine/Procaine Penicillin G...
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Disposition of Penicillin G after administration of benzathine Penicillin G, or a combination of benzathine Penicillin G and Procaine Penicillin G in cattle.
American journal of veterinary research, 1994Co-Authors: Mark G. Papich, Gary O. Korsrud, Joe O. Boison, W. D. G. Yates, James D. Macneil, E. D. Janzen, J. J. Mckinnon, D. A. LandryAbstract:Plasma concentration of Penicillin G was evaluated in beef steers after administration of either a combination of benzathine Penicillin G and Procaine Penicillin G in a 1:1 mixture at a dosage of 9,000 U/kg of body weight, IM (n = 5), 24,000 U/kg, IM (n = 5), or 8,800 U/kg, SC (n = 5), or benzathine Penicillin G alone at a dosage of 12,000 U/kg, IM (n = 7). Plasma concentration of Penicillin G was measured by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography assay that had a limit of determination of 0.005 microgram/ml. At a dosage for this combination of 9,000 U/kg IM, and 8,800 U/kg, SC, which are approved label recommendations in Canada, and the United States, respectively, mean (+/- SEM) peak plasma concentration was 0.58 (+/- 0.15) and 0.44 (+/- 0.02) microgram/ml, respectively. Although plasma Penicillin concentration was quantifiable for 7 days in the steers that received 9,000 U/kg, IM, and for 4 days in the steers that received 8,800 U/kg, SC, the concentration was < 0.1 microgram/ml in both groups after the first 12 hours. After administration of the combination at dosage of 24,000 U/kg, IM, there was an initial peak plasma concentration at approximately 2 hours; thereafter, plasma concentration decreased slowly, with half-life of 58 hours. Although plasma Penicillin G concentration was quantifiable for 12 days at this dosage, concentration was < 0.1 microgram/ml after the first 48 hours. After the initial 48 hours, plasma concentration of Penicillin was of similar magnitude and decreased at similar rate for the combination at dosage of 24,000 U/kg and for 12,000 U/kg of benzathine Penicillin G alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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depletion of intramuscularly and subcutaneously injected Procaine Penicillin g from tissues and plasma of yearling beef steers
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire, 1993Co-Authors: Gary O. Korsrud, Joe O. Boison, Mark G. Papich, W. D. G. Yates, James D. Macneil, E. D. Janzen, D. A. Landry, G. Lambert, R D H Cohen, M. S. YongAbstract:Withdrawal periods required when doses of 24,000 IU and 66,000 IU of Procaine Penicillin G/kg body weight were administered to yearling beef steers by intramuscular injection daily for five consecutive days were investigated. These dosages are in excess of product label recommendations, but are in the range of Procaine Penicillin G dosages that have been administered for the treatment of some feedlot bacterial diseases. The approved dose in Canada is 7,500 IU/kg body weight intramuscularly, once daily, with a withdrawal period of five days. Based on the tissue residue data from this study, the appropriate withdrawal period is ten days for the 24,000 IU/kg body weight dose and 21 days for the 66,000 IU/kg body weight dose when administered intramuscularly to yearling beef steers. In a related study, 18 yearling beef steers received 66,000 IU of Procaine Penicillin G/kg body weight administered by subcutaneous injection, an extra-label treatment in terms of both dose and route of administration, typical of current practice in some circumstances. Deposits of the drug were visible at subcutaneous injection sites up to ten days after injection, with more inflammation and hemorrhage observed than for intramuscular injections of the same dose. These results suggest that Procaine Penicillin G should not be administered subcutaneously at high doses; and therefore a withdrawal period was not established for subcutaneous injection.
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a study of the disposition of Procaine Penicillin g in feedlot steers following intramuscular and subcutaneous injection
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1993Co-Authors: Mark G. Papich, Gary O. Korsrud, Joe O. Boison, W. D. G. Yates, James D. Macneil, E. D. Janzen, R D H Cohen, D. A. LandryAbstract:The disposition of an aqueous suspension of Procaine Penicillin G (300,000 U/mL) was studied in feedlot steers. Four groups of three steers were used. Steers in groups 1 and 2 received Procaine Penicillin G once daily for 5 days intramuscularly (i.m.) at a dose of 24,000 U/kg (group 1) or of 66,000 U/kg (group 2). The injection on the last day was administered in the gluteal muscle. Steers in group 3 (i.m. neck injection) and group 4 [subcutaneous (s.c.) injection] each received a single dose of Procaine Penicillin G at a dose of 66,000 U/kg. From every animal, after the last injection in groups 1 and 2 and following the single injection in groups 3 and 4, a series of blood samples was taken at fixed time intervals. The plasma from these samples was analysed for Penicillin G by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay in order to determine the disposition of Penicillin. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the curve (AUC) were significantly different between groups 1 and 2, but we found no difference in the disappearance rate constant between these two groups. Group 4 single s.c. injections produced a lower mean Cmax (1.85 +/- 0.27 microgram/mL) than the mean Cmax (4.24 +/- 1.08 micrograms/mL) produced in group 3 by i.m. injections into the neck muscle or the mean Cmax (2.63 +/- 0.27 microgram/mL) produced in group 2 by i.m. injections into the gluteal muscle. However the mean Cmax produced by i.m. injections into the neck muscles (group 3) was higher than the mean Cmax produced by i.m. injections into the gluteal muscle (group 2). Additionally, the disappearance t1/2 was longer (18.08 h) in group 4 following the s.c. injection and shorter (8.85 h) in group 3 following the i.m. neck injection, than the t1/2 following administration of the same dose i.m. into the gluteal muscle (15.96 h) in group 2. In this study, when Procaine Penicillin G was injected into the gluteal muscle, doses of 66,000 U/kg were necessary to produce plasma concentrations that were above a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Penicillin G of 1.0 microgram/mL as compared to doses of 24,000 U/kg.
Ali Efe Caglayan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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toxicity and biodegradability assessment of raw and ozonated Procaine Penicillin g formulation effluent
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2006Co-Authors: Idil Arslanalaton, Ali Efe CaglayanAbstract:Abstract The effect of O 3 (applied dose=1440 mg h −1 ; pH 7 and pH 12) and H 2 O 2 /O 3 (applied dose=1440 mg h −1 ; pH 7; 10 mM H 2 O 2 ) pretreatment of Procaine Penicillin G (PPG) formulation effluent on its biodegradability and acute toxicity was investigated. For that purpose ISO 8192 activated sludge inhibition and Daphnia magna acute toxicity tests were conducted. BOD 5 measurements that were carried out to preevaluate the biocompatibility of untreated, ozonated, and perozonated PPG effluent have shown that BOD 5 alone was not a very correct or useful tool to predict the actual biodegradability of PPG effluent. No significant correlation existed between the BOD 5 and the toxicity test results. Acute toxicity studies carried out with D. magna and synthetic municipal sewage sludge have demonstrated the inhibitory effect of H 2 O 2 /O 3 oxidation. COD removal of pharmaceutical wastewater containing PPG effluent with acclimated sewage sludge decreased from 79% to 50% after H 2 O 2 /O 3 pretreatment.
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ozonation of Procaine Penicillin g formulation effluent part i process optimization and kinetics
Chemosphere, 2005Co-Authors: Idil Arslanalaton, Ali Efe CaglayanAbstract:Abstract Ozonation characteristics of synthetic Procaine Penicillin G (PPG) formulation effluent were investigated in a semi-batch ozone reactor at different pH (3, 7 and 12), ozone feed rates (600–2600 mg h−1) and COD values (200–600 mg l−1). Ozonation of aqueous PPG effluent resulted in 37 (82)% COD removal after 60 (120) min ozonation when the reaction pH was kept constant at pH = 7.900 mg l−1 (corresponding to 50% of the total introduced) ozone was absorbed during a reaction period of 1 h. The effects of increasing the applied ozone dose and the initial COD on the COD abatement rates of PPG effluent were also studied. Results have indicated that increasing the ozone dose and decreasing the COD content both have positive effects on COD removal rates. The significant contribution of the free radical ( OH) reaction pathway to PPG ozonation could be traced using tert-butyl alcohol as the OH probe compound at varying concentrations. The bimolecular reaction rate constants for the direct reaction of PPG with ozone were found as 152 and 2404 M−1 h−1 at pH = 3 and 7, respectively, using the gas phase ozone partial pressures determined from of the outlet gas stream analysis. It could be demonstrated that ozone decomposition to free radicals being triggered by increasing the pH from 3 to 7 is essential for the rate enhancement of PPG effluent ozonation.