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Mark R. Wilkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Recent advances in polyhydroxyalkanoate Production: Feedstocks, strains and process developments.
International journal of biological macromolecules, 2020Co-Authors: Mark R. WilkinsAbstract:Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have been actively studied in academia and industry for their properties comparable to petroleum-derived plastics and high biocompatibility. However, the major limitation for commercialization is their high cost. Feedstock costs, especially carbon costs, account for the majority of the final cost. Finding cheap feedstocks for PHA Production and associated process development are critical for a cost-effective PHA Production. In this study, waste materials from different sources, particularly lignocellulosic biomass, were proposed as suitable feedstocks for PHA Production. Strains involved in the conversion of these feedstocks into PHA were reviewed. Newly isolated strains were emphasized. Related process development, including the factors that affect PHA Production, Fermentation modes and downstream processing, was elaborated upon.
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Effect of orange peel oil on ethanol Production by Zymomonas mobilis.
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009Co-Authors: Mark R. WilkinsAbstract:Abstract The effect of orange peel oil on ethanol Production by the ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis was investigated. Orange peel oil was added in various amounts to determine its effects on ethanol Production. Fermentation of model sugar solutions was conducted at 30 and 37 °C. The minimum orange peel oil concentration that inhibited ethanol Production by Z. mobilis was determined after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h for both temperatures. Minimum inhibitory orange peel oil concentrations for ethanol Production at 30 °C were 0.05% after 24 h, 0.10% after 48 h, 0.15% after 72 h, and 0.20% after 96 h. Minimum inhibitory orange peel oil concentrations for ethanol Production at 37 °C were 0.05% after 24 h, 0.10% after 48 h, and 0.20% after 72 h. Orange peel oil did not inhibit ethanol Production after 96 h at a temperature of 37 °C.
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Effect of limonene on ethanol Production by Zymomonas mobilis
2007 Minneapolis Minnesota June 17-20 2007, 2007Co-Authors: Mark R. WilkinsAbstract:The effect of orange peel oil on ethanol Production by the ethanolgenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis was investigated. Orange stripper oil produced from orange peel was added in various amounts to determine its effects on ethanol Production. Fermentation of model sugar solutions were conducted at 30 and 37 °C. The minimum peel oil concentration that inhibited ethanol Production was determined after 24, 48 and 72 h and the two yeasts were compared to one another in terms of ethanol yield. Minimum inhibitory peel oil concentrations for ethanol Production at 30 °C were 0.05% after 24 h, 0.10% after 48 h, 0.15% after 72 h, and 0.20% after 96 h. Minimum inhibitory peel oil concentrations for ethanol Production at 37 °C were 0.05% after 24 h, 0.10% after 48 h, and 0.20% after 72 h. Peel oil did not inhibit ethanol Production after 96 h at a temperature of 37°C.
S J Kennedy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effect of sugar beet pulp based silage additives on effluent Production Fermentation in silo losses silage intake and animal performance
Grass and Forage Science, 1994Co-Authors: Charlotte A Moore, S J KennedyAbstract:First-harvest direct-cut, double-chopped grass (190 and 164g DMkg−1 in Experiments 1 and 2 resptectively) was ensiled without an additive or, in Experiment 1, with 30 kg t−1 grass of an absorbent additive based on sugar beet pulp (Sweet ‘n’ Dry) or with 3·441 t−1 grass of formic acid and, in Experiment 2, with 30, 50 and 70 kg t−1 grass of Sweet ‘n’ Dry or with 50kg t−1 grass of unmolassed sugar beet pulp. The preservation and nutritive value of the silage, in-silo losses (including silage effluent Production), silage intake and animal performance of adult and growing cattle were examined. In Experiment 1 all three silages were well preserved, although the formic acid-treated silage displayed significantly lower pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) [g kg−1 total nitrogen (TN)] and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) than the other two silages. In Experiment 2 absorbent-treated silages displayed significantly lower pH, buffer capacity (Bc), NH3N (gkg−1 TN), CP, modified acid detergent fibre (MADF) and VFAs than untreated silage. Treatment of grass with the absorbent additives at ensiling resulted in reduced effluent Production. In Experiment 1 each kilogram of Sweet ‘n’ Dry retained approximately 11 effluent, and in Experiment 2 silages made with Sweet ‘n’ Dry applied at 70kgt−1 and sugar beet pulp applied at 50 kg t−1 produced similar volumes of effluent and each kilogram of absorbent retained 1·0 and 1·31 of effluent respectively. In Experiment 1 sixty beef cattle [mean initial live weight (LW) 460 kg] were grouped according to LW and allocated to treatment at random. For untreated silage (unsupplemented or with 1 or 2 kg supplement head−1 day−1), absorbent-treated silage (unsupplemented or with 1 or 2 kg supplement head−1 day−1) and formic acid-treated silage (1 kg supplement head−1 day−1) the daily silage DM intakes were 6·12, 6·21, 6·40, 7·65, 7·45, 7·11 and 7·85 (s.e. 0·280) kg respectively, the daily liveweight gains were 0·22, 0·56, 0·81, 0·59, 0·74, 0·81 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·071) kg respectively and daily carcass gains were 0·31, 0·47, 0·67, 0·47, 0·61, 0·70 and 0·57 (s.e. 0·043) kg respectively throughout a 75-day feeding period. In Experiment 2, fifty-six growing cattle (mean initial weight 312 kg) were grouped according to LW and allocated to treatment at random. For untreated silage (unsupplemented or with 1·5 kg Sweet ‘n’ Dry or 1·5 kg commercial concentrates head−1 day−1), silage treated with Sweet ‘n’ Dry at 30, 50 and 70 kg t−1 grass and silage treated with 50kg sugar beet pulp t−1 grass the daily silage DM intakes were 5·46, 5·28, 5·33, 6·21, 6·27, 6·60 and 6·62 (s.e. 0·154) kg respectively and daily liveweight gains were 0·39, 0·75, 0·81, 0·63, 0·76, 0·94 and 1·75 (s.e. 0·052) kg respectively throughout a 122-day feeding period. In this experiment 360g kg−1 more absorbent was required when it was included at ensiling rather than offered as a supplement to untreated silage to achieve the same individual animal performance.
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The effect of sugar beet pulp‐based silage additives on effluent Production, Fermentation, in‐silo losses, silage intake and animal performance
Grass and Forage Science, 1994Co-Authors: Charlotte A Moore, S J KennedyAbstract:First-harvest direct-cut, double-chopped grass (190 and 164g DMkg−1 in Experiments 1 and 2 resptectively) was ensiled without an additive or, in Experiment 1, with 30 kg t−1 grass of an absorbent additive based on sugar beet pulp (Sweet ‘n’ Dry) or with 3·441 t−1 grass of formic acid and, in Experiment 2, with 30, 50 and 70 kg t−1 grass of Sweet ‘n’ Dry or with 50kg t−1 grass of unmolassed sugar beet pulp. The preservation and nutritive value of the silage, in-silo losses (including silage effluent Production), silage intake and animal performance of adult and growing cattle were examined. In Experiment 1 all three silages were well preserved, although the formic acid-treated silage displayed significantly lower pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) [g kg−1 total nitrogen (TN)] and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) than the other two silages. In Experiment 2 absorbent-treated silages displayed significantly lower pH, buffer capacity (Bc), NH3N (gkg−1 TN), CP, modified acid detergent fibre (MADF) and VFAs than untreated silage. Treatment of grass with the absorbent additives at ensiling resulted in reduced effluent Production. In Experiment 1 each kilogram of Sweet ‘n’ Dry retained approximately 11 effluent, and in Experiment 2 silages made with Sweet ‘n’ Dry applied at 70kgt−1 and sugar beet pulp applied at 50 kg t−1 produced similar volumes of effluent and each kilogram of absorbent retained 1·0 and 1·31 of effluent respectively. In Experiment 1 sixty beef cattle [mean initial live weight (LW) 460 kg] were grouped according to LW and allocated to treatment at random. For untreated silage (unsupplemented or with 1 or 2 kg supplement head−1 day−1), absorbent-treated silage (unsupplemented or with 1 or 2 kg supplement head−1 day−1) and formic acid-treated silage (1 kg supplement head−1 day−1) the daily silage DM intakes were 6·12, 6·21, 6·40, 7·65, 7·45, 7·11 and 7·85 (s.e. 0·280) kg respectively, the daily liveweight gains were 0·22, 0·56, 0·81, 0·59, 0·74, 0·81 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·071) kg respectively and daily carcass gains were 0·31, 0·47, 0·67, 0·47, 0·61, 0·70 and 0·57 (s.e. 0·043) kg respectively throughout a 75-day feeding period. In Experiment 2, fifty-six growing cattle (mean initial weight 312 kg) were grouped according to LW and allocated to treatment at random. For untreated silage (unsupplemented or with 1·5 kg Sweet ‘n’ Dry or 1·5 kg commercial concentrates head−1 day−1), silage treated with Sweet ‘n’ Dry at 30, 50 and 70 kg t−1 grass and silage treated with 50kg sugar beet pulp t−1 grass the daily silage DM intakes were 5·46, 5·28, 5·33, 6·21, 6·27, 6·60 and 6·62 (s.e. 0·154) kg respectively and daily liveweight gains were 0·39, 0·75, 0·81, 0·63, 0·76, 0·94 and 1·75 (s.e. 0·052) kg respectively throughout a 122-day feeding period. In this experiment 360g kg−1 more absorbent was required when it was included at ensiling rather than offered as a supplement to untreated silage to achieve the same individual animal performance.
Cristina Guedes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Relationship between in situ degradation kinetics and in vitro gas Production Fermentation using different mathematical models
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2009Co-Authors: Miguel Rodrigues, John W. Cone, Luis M. M. Ferreira, M.c. Blok, Cristina GuedesAbstract:Abstract In vitro and in situ studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of different mathematical models, used to fit gas Production profiles of 15 feedstuffs, on estimates of nylon bag organic matter (OM) degradation kinetics. The gas Production data were fitted to Exponential, Logistic, Gompertz and a Sigmoidal model. Using only gas Production parameters allowed poor prediction of in situ degradation. It was not possible to estimate the washout ( W ) and degradable ( D ) in situ fractions for all models, with the exception of the Sigmoidal model with which the D fraction was poorly estimated ( R 2 = 0.28). The Exponential model did not show any estimation capability, and the Logistic and Gompertz models best predicted in situ degradation rate of OM ( k d ) with R 2 values of 0.65 and 0.62, respectively. The transformation of the in situ rate of degradation ( k d ) to its half-life value of degradation ((ln 2/ k d )100) provided an improvement of k d prediction in the Sigmoidal model, with R 2 changing from 0.35 to 0.64. As to k d and fermentable organic matter (FOM) all estimations improved upon inclusion of chemical composition characteristics, such as sugars, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDFom) and crude fat (CFat). The Logistic and Gompertz models continued to better predict k d , with R 2 values of 0.79 and 0.88, respectively, while the Sigmoidal model showed a higher capability to estimate FOM ( R 2 = 0.90). It should also be noticed that the estimation of the washout fraction ( W ) estimation was obtained with only sugar and starch contents ( R 2 = 0.62). There were only moderate relationships between in situ and gas Production indicating that the methods do not describe the degradation of these feedstuffs in a similar way.
Charlotte A Moore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effect of sugar beet pulp based silage additives on effluent Production Fermentation in silo losses silage intake and animal performance
Grass and Forage Science, 1994Co-Authors: Charlotte A Moore, S J KennedyAbstract:First-harvest direct-cut, double-chopped grass (190 and 164g DMkg−1 in Experiments 1 and 2 resptectively) was ensiled without an additive or, in Experiment 1, with 30 kg t−1 grass of an absorbent additive based on sugar beet pulp (Sweet ‘n’ Dry) or with 3·441 t−1 grass of formic acid and, in Experiment 2, with 30, 50 and 70 kg t−1 grass of Sweet ‘n’ Dry or with 50kg t−1 grass of unmolassed sugar beet pulp. The preservation and nutritive value of the silage, in-silo losses (including silage effluent Production), silage intake and animal performance of adult and growing cattle were examined. In Experiment 1 all three silages were well preserved, although the formic acid-treated silage displayed significantly lower pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) [g kg−1 total nitrogen (TN)] and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) than the other two silages. In Experiment 2 absorbent-treated silages displayed significantly lower pH, buffer capacity (Bc), NH3N (gkg−1 TN), CP, modified acid detergent fibre (MADF) and VFAs than untreated silage. Treatment of grass with the absorbent additives at ensiling resulted in reduced effluent Production. In Experiment 1 each kilogram of Sweet ‘n’ Dry retained approximately 11 effluent, and in Experiment 2 silages made with Sweet ‘n’ Dry applied at 70kgt−1 and sugar beet pulp applied at 50 kg t−1 produced similar volumes of effluent and each kilogram of absorbent retained 1·0 and 1·31 of effluent respectively. In Experiment 1 sixty beef cattle [mean initial live weight (LW) 460 kg] were grouped according to LW and allocated to treatment at random. For untreated silage (unsupplemented or with 1 or 2 kg supplement head−1 day−1), absorbent-treated silage (unsupplemented or with 1 or 2 kg supplement head−1 day−1) and formic acid-treated silage (1 kg supplement head−1 day−1) the daily silage DM intakes were 6·12, 6·21, 6·40, 7·65, 7·45, 7·11 and 7·85 (s.e. 0·280) kg respectively, the daily liveweight gains were 0·22, 0·56, 0·81, 0·59, 0·74, 0·81 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·071) kg respectively and daily carcass gains were 0·31, 0·47, 0·67, 0·47, 0·61, 0·70 and 0·57 (s.e. 0·043) kg respectively throughout a 75-day feeding period. In Experiment 2, fifty-six growing cattle (mean initial weight 312 kg) were grouped according to LW and allocated to treatment at random. For untreated silage (unsupplemented or with 1·5 kg Sweet ‘n’ Dry or 1·5 kg commercial concentrates head−1 day−1), silage treated with Sweet ‘n’ Dry at 30, 50 and 70 kg t−1 grass and silage treated with 50kg sugar beet pulp t−1 grass the daily silage DM intakes were 5·46, 5·28, 5·33, 6·21, 6·27, 6·60 and 6·62 (s.e. 0·154) kg respectively and daily liveweight gains were 0·39, 0·75, 0·81, 0·63, 0·76, 0·94 and 1·75 (s.e. 0·052) kg respectively throughout a 122-day feeding period. In this experiment 360g kg−1 more absorbent was required when it was included at ensiling rather than offered as a supplement to untreated silage to achieve the same individual animal performance.
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The effect of sugar beet pulp‐based silage additives on effluent Production, Fermentation, in‐silo losses, silage intake and animal performance
Grass and Forage Science, 1994Co-Authors: Charlotte A Moore, S J KennedyAbstract:First-harvest direct-cut, double-chopped grass (190 and 164g DMkg−1 in Experiments 1 and 2 resptectively) was ensiled without an additive or, in Experiment 1, with 30 kg t−1 grass of an absorbent additive based on sugar beet pulp (Sweet ‘n’ Dry) or with 3·441 t−1 grass of formic acid and, in Experiment 2, with 30, 50 and 70 kg t−1 grass of Sweet ‘n’ Dry or with 50kg t−1 grass of unmolassed sugar beet pulp. The preservation and nutritive value of the silage, in-silo losses (including silage effluent Production), silage intake and animal performance of adult and growing cattle were examined. In Experiment 1 all three silages were well preserved, although the formic acid-treated silage displayed significantly lower pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) [g kg−1 total nitrogen (TN)] and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) than the other two silages. In Experiment 2 absorbent-treated silages displayed significantly lower pH, buffer capacity (Bc), NH3N (gkg−1 TN), CP, modified acid detergent fibre (MADF) and VFAs than untreated silage. Treatment of grass with the absorbent additives at ensiling resulted in reduced effluent Production. In Experiment 1 each kilogram of Sweet ‘n’ Dry retained approximately 11 effluent, and in Experiment 2 silages made with Sweet ‘n’ Dry applied at 70kgt−1 and sugar beet pulp applied at 50 kg t−1 produced similar volumes of effluent and each kilogram of absorbent retained 1·0 and 1·31 of effluent respectively. In Experiment 1 sixty beef cattle [mean initial live weight (LW) 460 kg] were grouped according to LW and allocated to treatment at random. For untreated silage (unsupplemented or with 1 or 2 kg supplement head−1 day−1), absorbent-treated silage (unsupplemented or with 1 or 2 kg supplement head−1 day−1) and formic acid-treated silage (1 kg supplement head−1 day−1) the daily silage DM intakes were 6·12, 6·21, 6·40, 7·65, 7·45, 7·11 and 7·85 (s.e. 0·280) kg respectively, the daily liveweight gains were 0·22, 0·56, 0·81, 0·59, 0·74, 0·81 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·071) kg respectively and daily carcass gains were 0·31, 0·47, 0·67, 0·47, 0·61, 0·70 and 0·57 (s.e. 0·043) kg respectively throughout a 75-day feeding period. In Experiment 2, fifty-six growing cattle (mean initial weight 312 kg) were grouped according to LW and allocated to treatment at random. For untreated silage (unsupplemented or with 1·5 kg Sweet ‘n’ Dry or 1·5 kg commercial concentrates head−1 day−1), silage treated with Sweet ‘n’ Dry at 30, 50 and 70 kg t−1 grass and silage treated with 50kg sugar beet pulp t−1 grass the daily silage DM intakes were 5·46, 5·28, 5·33, 6·21, 6·27, 6·60 and 6·62 (s.e. 0·154) kg respectively and daily liveweight gains were 0·39, 0·75, 0·81, 0·63, 0·76, 0·94 and 1·75 (s.e. 0·052) kg respectively throughout a 122-day feeding period. In this experiment 360g kg−1 more absorbent was required when it was included at ensiling rather than offered as a supplement to untreated silage to achieve the same individual animal performance.
Jiakun Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Methane Production, Fermentation characteristics, and microbial profiles in the rumen of tropical cattle fed tea seed saponin supplementation
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2016Co-Authors: C.a. Ramírez-restrepo, Jiakun Wang, Cui Tan, Christopher J. O'neill, Nicolas Lopez-villalobos, Jagadish Padmanabha, Christopher S. McsweeneyAbstract:Belmont Red Composite rumen-cannulated steers (n = 8, 364 ± 8.4 kg liveweight, LW; least squares means ± s.e.m.) were used to assess effects of feeding tea seed (Camellia sinensis L.) saponin (TSS) supplementation on performance, methanogenesis, Fermentation pattern and rumen microbial communities. The expectation was to use TSS to potentially modulate the rumen microbial population and decrease enteric methane (CH4) Production. The steers were fed twice a day with a basal diet (BD) that contained a mixture of 0.15 Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay plus 0.85 of a commercial concentrate before CH4 emissions were measured in open-circuit respiratory chambers for 48 h. Steers were then adapted progressively to doses of 20 and 30 g/day of TSS for 10 and 6 days, respectively before new CH4 measurements were recorded. Final placement in chambers was conducted after 13 days of TSS removal (BDP). Rumen fluid samples from each steer were collected for the treatments BD, BD + 20 g TSS, BD + 30 g TSS and BDP. Growth performance and CH4 emissions were not affected by the addition of TSS, but compared to the BD and TSS diets, daily CH4 emissions (g) and yield (g CH4/kg DMI) were lower (P
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effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane Production Fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs
Livestock Science, 2010Co-Authors: Jiakun Wang, Yi-yi ZhouAbstract:The study was carried out to investigate the effects of tea saponins (TS), soybean oil (SO), and tea saponins plus soybean oil (TS–SO) on methane Production, Fermentation and microbial populations in the rumen of growing lambs. Thirty-two Huzhou lambs weaned at the age of 50 days, with an initial body weight of 14.2 ± 1.38 kg, were assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with TS (0 or 3 g/d) and SO (0 or 3% of DM). The diet without additives was considered as NTNS (no TS or SO). After a feeding trial for 60 days, four lambs from each treatment were moved to simple open-circuit respiratory chambers (two animals per chamber) to measure methane Production for 3 days each measurement period. Animals were then slaughtered to obtain rumen samples for analysis of microbial ecology by real-time PCR. Populations of rumen methanogens, protozoa, fungi, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes were expressed as a proportion of total rumen bacterial 16 S rDNA. Daily methane Production was decreased (P 0.05), but protozoa populations relative to total bacterial 16 S rDNA were decreased (P < 0.05) for lambs fed diets with TS, SO, and TS–SO, with the lowest value in lambs fed the diet containing SO only. Population of methanogens was inhibited by SO (P < 0.05), but not by TS. Addition of SO and TS–SO had an inhibitory effect on the population of fibrolytic microbes including R. flavefaciens and F. succinogenes. From the present study, it is inferred that tea saponins and soybean oil have an inhibitory effect on methane Production in growing lambs when they are added to the diets, but they show different action against the protozoa, methanogens and other rumen microbes involved in methane formation.
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Effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane Production, Fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs
Livestock Science, 2010Co-Authors: Mao Huiling, Jiakun Wang, Yi-yi Zhou, Jianxin LiuAbstract:The study was carried out to investigate the effects of tea saponins (TS), soybean oil (SO), and tea saponins plus soybean oil (TS–SO) on methane Production, Fermentation and microbial populations in the rumen of growing lambs. Thirty-two Huzhou lambs weaned at the age of 50 days, with an initial body weight of 14.2 ± 1.38 kg, were assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with TS (0 or 3 g/d) and SO (0 or 3% of DM). The diet without additives was considered as NTNS (no TS or SO). After a feeding trial for 60 days, four lambs from each treatment were moved to simple open-circuit respiratory chambers (two animals per chamber) to measure methane Production for 3 days each measurement period. Animals were then slaughtered to obtain rumen samples for analysis of microbial ecology by real-time PCR. Populations of rumen methanogens, protozoa, fungi, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes were expressed as a proportion of total rumen bacterial 16 S rDNA. Daily methane Production was decreased (P 0.05), but protozoa populations relative to total bacterial 16 S rDNA were decreased (P
