The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Paramjit Kaur - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efficacy of acaricides, biopesticides and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on okra
Journal of research, 2011Co-Authors: Suman Kumari, Manmeet Brar Bhullar, Paramjit KaurAbstract:Studies on the efficacy of acaricides, biopesticides and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on okra were carried out during 2008–09 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Comparative efficacy of acaricides viz. dicofol, Propargite, abamectin, fenazaquin, oxydemeton methyl, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and horticultural mineral oil (HMO) was studied on eggs and active stages of T. urticae under field conditions. Propargite (Omite 57EC) @ 1000ml/ha showed maximum per cent reduction (83.01%) in eggs of T.urticae followed by dicofol (Kelthane 18.5EC) @ 1000 ml/ha (82.94%). In case of active stages of T. urticae, maximum per cent reduction was recorded with fenazaquin (Magister 10EC) @ 400ml/ha (85.63%) followed by Propargite (Omite 57EC) @1000ml/ha (83.61%) and dicofol (Kelthane 18.5EC) @ 1000 ml/ha (82.67%).
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Screening of rose (Rosa species) varieties against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its control*
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Paramjit Kaur, M S Dhooria, Manmeet Brar BhullarAbstract:An experiment was conducted during 2004 to study susceptibility of 7 rose (Rosa spp.) varieties viz 'Eiffle Tower') 'Gold Tops', 'Kiss ofFire', 'Queen Elizabeth', 'Rakatgandha', 'Sea Pearl' and 'Super Star', to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) through oviposition response, feeding preference and damage caused by mite on them. Variety 'Sea Pearl' was the least preferred by mite and 'Gold Tops' the most. Five pesticides, viz dicofol, ethion, oxydemeton methyl, Propargite, and wettable sulphur, were tested for their effectiveness against eggs of the two-spotted spider mite under laboratory conditions at 27 ± l°e. Dicofol (0.025%) and Propargite (0.05%) were found the most effective pesticides as ovicides.
M S Dhooria - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Screening of rose (Rosa species) varieties against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its control*
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Paramjit Kaur, M S Dhooria, Manmeet Brar BhullarAbstract:An experiment was conducted during 2004 to study susceptibility of 7 rose (Rosa spp.) varieties viz 'Eiffle Tower') 'Gold Tops', 'Kiss ofFire', 'Queen Elizabeth', 'Rakatgandha', 'Sea Pearl' and 'Super Star', to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) through oviposition response, feeding preference and damage caused by mite on them. Variety 'Sea Pearl' was the least preferred by mite and 'Gold Tops' the most. Five pesticides, viz dicofol, ethion, oxydemeton methyl, Propargite, and wettable sulphur, were tested for their effectiveness against eggs of the two-spotted spider mite under laboratory conditions at 27 ± l°e. Dicofol (0.025%) and Propargite (0.05%) were found the most effective pesticides as ovicides.
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Relative efficacy of different pesticides against red spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Journal of research, 2004Co-Authors: Kamal Deep, M S DhooriaAbstract:The relative efficacy of eight pesticides namely diafenthiuron, dicofol, dimethoate, ethion, monocrotophos, oxydemeton methyl, Propargite and sulphur studied against different developmental stages of red spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) through bioassays indicated that diafenthiuron, Propargite, dicofol, monocrotophos, ethion and oxydemeton methyl were found respectively 1402.38, 361.35, 198.32, 20.31, 5.21 and 2.13 times more toxic than dimethoate against eggs. Sulphur did not show any ovicidal action. These pesticides and sulphur were more toxic than dimethoate against both the larval and nymphal stages of the mite. Regarding adulticidal action-diafenthiuron, Propargite, dicofol, monocrotophos, ethion, oxydemeton methyl and sulphur were found respectively 516.43, 162.58, 60.45, 28.75, 6.76, 1.87 and 1.45 times more toxic than dimethoate. Diafenthiuron proved to be the most effective pesticide against different stages of the mite followed by Propargite and dicofol. However, oxydemeton methyl and dimethoate were the least effective. Rest of the pesticides were moderate in their response.
Manmeet Brar Bhullar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efficacy of acaricides, biopesticides and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on okra
Journal of research, 2011Co-Authors: Suman Kumari, Manmeet Brar Bhullar, Paramjit KaurAbstract:Studies on the efficacy of acaricides, biopesticides and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on okra were carried out during 2008–09 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Comparative efficacy of acaricides viz. dicofol, Propargite, abamectin, fenazaquin, oxydemeton methyl, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and horticultural mineral oil (HMO) was studied on eggs and active stages of T. urticae under field conditions. Propargite (Omite 57EC) @ 1000ml/ha showed maximum per cent reduction (83.01%) in eggs of T.urticae followed by dicofol (Kelthane 18.5EC) @ 1000 ml/ha (82.94%). In case of active stages of T. urticae, maximum per cent reduction was recorded with fenazaquin (Magister 10EC) @ 400ml/ha (85.63%) followed by Propargite (Omite 57EC) @1000ml/ha (83.61%) and dicofol (Kelthane 18.5EC) @ 1000 ml/ha (82.67%).
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Screening of rose (Rosa species) varieties against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its control*
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Paramjit Kaur, M S Dhooria, Manmeet Brar BhullarAbstract:An experiment was conducted during 2004 to study susceptibility of 7 rose (Rosa spp.) varieties viz 'Eiffle Tower') 'Gold Tops', 'Kiss ofFire', 'Queen Elizabeth', 'Rakatgandha', 'Sea Pearl' and 'Super Star', to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) through oviposition response, feeding preference and damage caused by mite on them. Variety 'Sea Pearl' was the least preferred by mite and 'Gold Tops' the most. Five pesticides, viz dicofol, ethion, oxydemeton methyl, Propargite, and wettable sulphur, were tested for their effectiveness against eggs of the two-spotted spider mite under laboratory conditions at 27 ± l°e. Dicofol (0.025%) and Propargite (0.05%) were found the most effective pesticides as ovicides.
Jiang Xiujun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cloning and different expression of ATP synthase genes between Propargite resistant and susceptible strains of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 2018Co-Authors: Luo Yanjie, Kuanyu Zheng, Yang Zhenguo, Xie Daoyan, Da Aisi, Chai Jianping, Jiang XiujunAbstract:Abstract The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), is a serious phytophagous mite damaging important crops and can rapidly develop resistance to acaricides. Mitochondrial ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase) is an important target site of acaricides. The role of ATP synthase in acaricide resistance remains unclear at the molecular level. In this study, twelve full-length cDNAs of ATP synthase genes were cloned and characterized from T. cinnabarinus and their expression levels were determined for both progargite-resistant and susceptible strains. The effect of Propargite exposure on gene expression was also evaluated. Analyses of gene expression revealed that TcATPsynU-2, TcATPsynF0-2 and TcATPsynF0-4 were significantly down-regulated in the progargite-resistant strain. TcATPsynF0-2 and TcATPsynF0-4 had a strong response to progargite exposure. The results suggest that lower levels of TcATPsynU-2, TcATPsynF0-2 and TcATPsynF0-4 expression might be related to Propargite-resistance observed in the resistant T. cinnabarinus. This is the first attempt to identify specific ATPase genes involved in Propargite resistance in T. cinnabarinus.
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Molecular cloning and expression of glutathione S-transferases involved in Propargite resistance of the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval)
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 2014Co-Authors: Luo Yanjie, Yang Zhenguo, Xie Daoyan, Da Aisi, Chai Jianping, Wei Ding, Huang Ping, Jiang XiujunAbstract:The carmine spider mite (CSM) Tetranychus cinnabarinus has become a serious pest in China and has developed resistance to acaricide Propargite as it is used to control mites worldwide including T. cinnabarinus. In this study, a resistant colony of T. cinnabarinus, PRR34 (37.78-fold resistant ratio), was established after 34 generations of Propargite selection, and cross-resistance patterns of 7 other acaricides were determined in comparison with a susceptible strain (SS). The contribution of detoxification enzymes to Propargite tolerance were investigated using biological, biochemical and molecular approaches. Enzyme inhibitor synergist tests suggested glutathione S-transferases (GST) involvement in Propargite-resistance of PRR34, and GST activity against 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was correlated with the development of resistance. Eight novel GST genes (TcGSTd1, TcGSTd2, TcGSTm1, TcGSTm2, TcGSTm3, TcGSTm4 and TcGSTm5) were cloned, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the eight GST genes were most closely related to GST family delta and mu from Tetranychusurticae. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the expression level of GSTs in PPR34 strain increased in larvae, nymphs and adults, while decreased in eggs compared with that of SS. Collectively, these results support a role of GSTs in mediating resistance to Propargite in the PRR34 strain. TcGSTd1,TcGSTd2 and TcGSTm2 genes might play significant roles in Propargite resistance of CSM, especially at adult stage. This is the first attempt to define specific genes involved in GST mediated Propargite resistance of T. cinnabarinus at the transcriptional level.
Marcos Zatti Da ,silva - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Toxicidade de agroquímicos ao ácaro-da-leprose dos citros Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) e ao ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae, Phytoseiidae)
Instituto Biológico, 2012Co-Authors: Marcos Zatti Da ,silva, Carlos Amadeu Leite De ,oliveira, Sato M.e, Veronez BAbstract:The objective of this study was to evaluate various pesticides used in citrus crops in regard to their toxicity to Brevipalpus phoenicis and Neoseiulus californicus, a potential predator of phytophagous mites in the crop. Bioassays were conducted using orange-tree leaf discs for N. californicus and fruits for B. phoenicis. A total of 35 adult females of the predator mite were used, along with 50 adult females of the phytophagous mites. Tests were carried out with 13 chemicals at concentrations recommended for the control of leprosis mites. The applications were made using a Potter tower, with 4 replications for each treatment. Assessments of the number of live and dead mites were observed 72 hours after application. Bioassays with spirodiclofen and etoxazole were performed on eggs of mites. Chlorfenapyr and pyridaben proved harmful to N. californicus, causing mortalities of 88 and 99% respectively. Abamectin caused mortality of 62%, considered high when compared to dinocap (2%), Propargite (4.2%), sulfur (5%), fenpropathrin (12.4%) and acrinathrin (22%). Cyflumetofen oxide, fenbutatin and deltamethrin were harmless to N. californicus. Spirodiclofen did not cause egg mortality or larvae mortality in N. californicus, however etoxazole caused 100% mortality in larvae of the predator on contact with the residue of the product. For B. phoenicis, abamectin, chlorfenapyr, dinocap, cyflumetofen, fenbutatin oxide, pyridaben and Propargite caused 100% mortality. Fenpropathrin (95%), acrinathrin (87%) and sulfur (76%) were less effective. Deltamethrin was not effective in controlling leprosis mites. Etoxazole and spirodiclofen caused 100% egg mortality for B. phoenicis.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos principais agroquímicos utilizados em citros em Brevipalpus phoenicis e Neoseiulus californicus, potencial predador de ácaros fitófagos na cultura. Os bioensaios foram realizados utilizando discos de folhas de laranjeira para N. californicus e frutos para B. phoenicis. Foram utilizadas 35 fêmeas adultas do ácaro predador e 50 fêmeas adultas do ácaro fitófago. Utilizaram-se 13 agroquímicos nas concentrações recomendadas para o controle do ácaro da leprose. As aplicações foram feitas por meio de torre de Potter, sendo realizadas quatro repetições para cada tratamento. As avaliações do número de ácaros vivos e mortos foram observadas 72 horas após a aplicação. Os bioensaios com espirodiclofeno e etoxazol foram realizados em ovos dos acarinos. Clorfenapir, e piridabem mostraram-se nocivos a N. californicus, causando mortalidades de 88,6 e 99%, respectivamente. Abamectina causou mortalidade de 62,1%, considerada elevada ao se comparar ao dinocape (2%), propargito (4,2%), enxofre (5%), fempropatrina (12,4%) e acrinatrina (22%). Cyflumetofen, óxido de fembutatina e deltametrina foram inócuos ao N. californicus. Espirodiclofeno não provocou inviabilidade de ovos e mortalidade nas larvas de N. californicus, contudo, etoxazole provocou 100% de mortalidade nas larvas do predador ao entrarem em contato como o resíduo do produto. Para B. phoenicis, abamectina, clorfenapir, dinocape, cyflumetofen, óxido de fembutatina, piridabem e propargito provocaram 100% de mortalidade. Fempropatrina (95%), acrinatrina (87%) e enxofre (76%) mostraram-se menos efetivos. O deltametrina não foi eficiente no controle do ácaro da leprose. Etoxazol e espirodiclofeno causaram inviabilidade em 100% dos ovos de B. phoenicis.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES
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Toxicity of agrochemicals to the citrus leprosis mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) and predator mite Neoseiulus Californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae, Phytoseiidae)
Instituto Biológico, 2012Co-Authors: Marcos Zatti Da ,silva, Oliveira, Carlos Amadeu Leite De [unesp], Sato M.e, Veronez BAbstract:The objective of this study was to evaluate various pesticides used in citrus crops in regard to their toxicity to Brevipalpus phoenicis and Neoseiulus californicus, a potential predator of phytophagous mites in the crop. Bioassays were conducted using orange-tree leaf discs for N. californicus and fruits for B. phoenicis. A total of 35 adult females of the predator mite were used, along with 50 adult females of the phytophagous mites. Tests were carried out with 13 chemicals at concentrations recommended for the control of leprosis mites. The applications were made using a Potter tower, with 4 replications for each treatment. Assessments of the number of live and dead mites were observed 72 hours after application. Bioassays with spirodiclofen and etoxazole were performed on eggs of mites. Chlorfenapyr and pyridaben proved harmful to N. californicus, causing mortalities of 88 and 99% respectively. Abamectin caused mortality of 62%, considered high when compared to dinocap (2%), Propargite (4.2%), sulfur (5%), fenpropathrin (12.4%) and acrinathrin (22%). Cyflumetofen oxide, fenbutatin and deltamethrin were harmless to N. californicus. Spirodiclofen did not cause egg mortality or larvae mortality in N. californicus, however etoxazole caused 100% mortality in larvae of the predator on contact with the residue of the product. For B. phoenicis, abamectin, chlorfenapyr, dinocap, cyflumetofen, fenbutatin oxide, pyridaben and Propargite caused 100% mortality. Fenpropathrin (95%), acrinathrin (87%) and sulfur (76%) were less effective. Deltamethrin was not effective in controlling leprosis mites. Etoxazole and spirodiclofen caused 100% egg mortality for B. phoenicis.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos principais agroquímicos utilizados em citros em Brevipalpus phoenicis e Neoseiulus californicus, potencial predador de ácaros fitófagos na cultura. Os bioensaios foram realizados utilizando discos de folhas de laranjeira para N. californicus e frutos para B. phoenicis. Foram utilizadas 35 fêmeas adultas do ácaro predador e 50 fêmeas adultas do ácaro fitófago. Utilizaram-se 13 agroquímicos nas concentrações recomendadas para o controle do ácaro da leprose. As aplicações foram feitas por meio de torre de Potter, sendo realizadas quatro repetições para cada tratamento. As avaliações do número de ácaros vivos e mortos foram observadas 72 horas após a aplicação. Os bioensaios com espirodiclofeno e etoxazol foram realizados em ovos dos acarinos. Clorfenapir, e piridabem mostraram-se nocivos a N. californicus, causando mortalidades de 88,6 e 99%, respectivamente. Abamectina causou mortalidade de 62,1%, considerada elevada ao se comparar ao dinocape (2%), propargito (4,2%), enxofre (5%), fempropatrina (12,4%) e acrinatrina (22%). Cyflumetofen, óxido de fembutatina e deltametrina foram inócuos ao N. californicus. Espirodiclofeno não provocou inviabilidade de ovos e mortalidade nas larvas de N. californicus, contudo, etoxazole provocou 100% de mortalidade nas larvas do predador ao entrarem em contato como o resíduo do produto. Para B. phoenicis, abamectina, clorfenapir, dinocape, cyflumetofen, óxido de fembutatina, piridabem e propargito provocaram 100% de mortalidade. Fempropatrina (95%), acrinatrina (87%) e enxofre (76%) mostraram-se menos efetivos. O deltametrina não foi eficiente no controle do ácaro da leprose. Etoxazol e espirodiclofeno causaram inviabilidade em 100% dos ovos de B. phoenicis
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Toxicidade diferencial de agrotóxicos utilizados em citros para Neoseiulus californicus, Euseius concordis e Brevipalpus phoenicis
Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, 2011Co-Authors: Marcos Zatti Da ,silva, Sato, Mário Eidi, Carlos Amadeu Leite De ,oliveira, Rais, Débora SollerAbstract:Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) é considerada uma das principais pragas em citros no Brasil, devido à transmissão do vírus da leprose dos citros e à necessidade de frequentes aplicações de acaricidas para seu controle. Assim, objetivou-se comparar a toxicidade dos principais agrotóxicos utilizados em citros no Brasil, sobre populações de B. phoenicis e de ácaros predadores das espécies Neoseiuluscalifornicus (McGregor) e Euseius concordis (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Foram avaliadas duas populações de E. concordis: uma procedente de Jaboticabal (SP) e outra de Descalvado (SP). Arenas de folhas (para fitoseídeos) ou frutos (para B. phoenicis) de Citrus sinensis Osbeck (L.) cv. Pera, contendo 25 fêmeas adultas de cada espécie foram pulverizadas em torre de Potter. As avaliações de mortalidade foram realizadas 72 horas após a aplicação. Foram utilizadas 4 a 6 concentrações de cada produto (abamectina, acefato, azociclotina, bifentrina, clorfenapir, dicofol, dinocape, óxido de fembutatina, propargito e piridabem) para a obtenção das curvas de concentração-resposta. Abamectina, azociclotina, clorfenapir, dicofol, dinocape, óxido de fembutatin, propargito e piridabem foram altamente tóxicos a B. phoenicis, com valores de CL90 iguais ou inferiores aos das concentrações recomendadas desses produtos. N. californicus foi mais tolerante a bifentrina, propargito, óxido de fembutatina e dinocape que B. phoenicis e E. concordis (ambas as populações). Esses acaricidas tiveram baixa toxicidade aos adultos de N. californicus, para o qual as CL50 foram pelo menos seis vezes maiores que suas concentrações recomendadas. Acefato foi extremamente tóxico a E. concordis, mas inócuo a adultos de N. californicus. A população de E. concordis de Jaboticabal foi mais resistente que a de Descalvado a azociclotina, bifentrina, clorfenapir, dicofol e propargito.Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) is considered one of the most important pests on citrus in Brazil, due to the transmission of Citrus leprosis virus and the necessity of frequent acaricide applications for its control. This study was carried out to compare the toxicity of the main pesticides used on citrus in Brazil to the populations of B. phoenicis and the predaceous mites Neoseiuluscalifornicus (McGregor), Euseius concordis (Chant). Two populations of E. concordis were evaluated: one from Jaboticabal County and other from Descalvado County, State of São Paulo. Arenas of leaves (for phytoseiids) and fruits (for B. phoenicis) of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Pera with 25 adult females of each species were sprayed under Potter spray tower. The mortality was assessed 72 hours after treatment. Four to six concentrations of each chemical (abamectin, acephate, azocyclotin, bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, dicofol, dinocap, fenbutatin oxide, Propargite and pyridaben) were used to obtain the concentration-mortality curves. Abamectin, azocyclotin, chlorfenapyr, dicofol, dinocap, fenbutatin oxide, Propargite and pyridaben were highly toxic to B. phoenicis, presenting LC90 values equal or lower than the recommended concentrations of the chemicals. N. californicus was more tolerant to bifenthin, Propargite, fenbutatin oxide and dinocap than B. phoenicis and E. concordis (both populations). These pesticides presented low toxicity to the adults of N. californicus, for which the LC50 of chemicals were at least six times higher than their recommended concentrations. Acephate was extremely toxic to E. concordis from Descalvado and Jaboticabal, but innocuous to adults of N. californicus. The population of E. concordis from Jaboticabal was more resistant to azocyclotin, bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, dicofol and Propargite than that from Descalvado.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES
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Toxicidade diferencial de agrotóxicos utilizados em citros para Neoseiulus californicus, Euseius concordis e Brevipalpus phoenicis
Bragantia, 2011Co-Authors: Marcos Zatti Da ,silva, Carlos Amadeu Leite De ,oliveira, Mário Eidi Sato, Débora Soller RaisAbstract:Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) is considered one of the most important pests on citrus in Brazil, due to the transmission of Citrus leprosis virus and the necessity of frequent acaricide applications for its control. This study was carried out to compare the toxicity of the main pesticides used on citrus in Brazil to the populations of B. phoenicis and the predaceous mites Neoseiuluscalifornicus (McGregor), Euseius concordis (Chant). Two populations of E. concordis were evaluated: one from Jaboticabal County and other from Descalvado County, State of Sao Paulo. Arenas of leaves (for phytoseiids) and fruits (for B. phoenicis) of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Pera with 25 adult females of each species were sprayed under Potter spray tower. The mortality was assessed 72 hours after treatment. Four to six concentrations of each chemical (abamectin, acephate, azocyclotin, bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, dicofol, dinocap, fenbutatin oxide, Propargite and pyridaben) were used to obtain the concentration-mortality curves. Abamectin, azocyclotin, chlorfenapyr, dicofol, dinocap, fenbutatin oxide, Propargite and pyridaben were highly toxic to B. phoenicis, presenting LC90 values equal or lower than the recommended concentrations of the chemicals. N. californicus was more tolerant to bifenthin, Propargite, fenbutatin oxide and dinocap than B. phoenicis and E. concordis (both populations). These pesticides presented low toxicity to the adults of N. californicus, for which the LC50 of chemicals were at least six times higher than their recommended concentrations. Acephate was extremely toxic to E. concordis from Descalvado and Jaboticabal, but innocuous to adults of N. californicus. The population of E. concordis from Jaboticabal was more resistant to azocyclotin, bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, dicofol and Propargite than that from Descalvado.
