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David M Wood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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acute toxicity following analytically confirmed use of the novel Psychoactive Substance nps methiopropamine a report from the identification of novel Psychoactive Substances iona study
Clinical Toxicology, 2019Co-Authors: Joanna C White, Paul I Dargan, David M Wood, S L Hill, Michael Eddleston, Jane Officer, Michael Dunn, Simon H L ThomasAbstract:Objective: Use of the New Psychoactive Substance (NPS) methiopropamine was first reported in 2011, but there are limited data on its acute toxicity. We report 11 patients presenting with analytically confirmed methiopropamine use. Methods: Adults presenting to 26 hospitals in the UK with severe acute toxicity after suspected NPS use were recruited from March 2015 to April 2018. Clinical features were recorded and biological samples analysed using tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Methiopropamine was detected in 11 of 414 patients, with the last detection in August 2016. It was the only Substance detected in one patient; other Substances detected included other NPS in nine and conventional drugs of misuse in five. Common features included tachycardia (10/11), agitation (7/11), confusion (7/11), reduced level of consciousness (5/11), hallucinations (5/11) and a raised creatine kinase (7/11). The median length of hospital stay was 17 hours; ten were discharged without sequelae and one was transferred for in-patient psychiatric treatment. Conclusions: Methiopropamine was only detected during 2015 and 2016; most patients had other drugs detected, particularly other NPS. Raised CK was common but it is not possible to determine the degree to which this and other features could be contributed to by co-use of other Substances.
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review of european drug emergencies network euro den training package for non specialist workers to assess acute recreational drug and new Psychoactive Substance toxicity in night time economy environments
Drugs-education Prevention and Policy, 2016Co-Authors: David M Wood, Alison M Dines, Fridtjof Heyerdahl, Christopher Yates, Isabelle Giraudon, Raido Paasma, Knut Erik Hovda, Paul I DarganAbstract:AbstractAims: The initial management of acute recreational drug and new Psychoactive Substance (NPS) toxicity is often by non-specialists working in the night-time economy. The aim was as part of the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN) project to pilot training of these workers in multiple European countries. Methods: Following evaluation of training needs, guidelines and training package were developed. Night-time economy workers in London, UK; Parnu/Tallinn, Estonia; and Oslo, Norway participated in a 1- to 2-h interactive case-based training session. Participants completed a questionnaire pre-/post-training to assess confidence in managing acute recreational drug/NPS toxicity and evaluate the training package/guidelines. Findings: 98 (London: 42; Oslo: 39; Parnu/Tallinn: 17) completed both pre-/post-training questionnaires. Participants felt significantly more confident in managing someone unwell following classical recreational drug use compared to NPS (5.6 ± 2.9 vs. 4.3 ± 2.7, p < 0.001); th...
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Ethylphenidate: availability, patterns of use, and acute effects of this novel Psychoactive Substance
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2015Co-Authors: George P Bailey, John R H Archer, Paul I Dargan, David M WoodAbstract:Purpose Ethylphenidate is a novel Psychoactive Substance that is an analogue of methylphenidate. This paper describes its availability, patterns of use, and acute effects. Methods Searches of the scientific and grey literature (publicly accessible Internet resources) were undertaken, using the keywords “Ethylphenidate”, “Ethyl phenidate”, “Ethyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate”, and “Nopaine”, to identify information on the prevalence and patterns of use, desired effects, and toxicity of ethylphenidate. An Internet snapshot survey was performed on 10 February 2015 to provide information on availability and cost of ethylphenidate. Results The literature search identified 1 case series of acute recreational ethylphenidate toxicity, 1 case report of ethylphenidate dependence, 1 qualitative analysis of user reports on Internet drug forums, 2 conference abstracts for surveillance studies, 1 report of two cases of ethylphenidate detected in post-mortem analyses, and 198 user reports on Internet discussion forums and social media sites. The Internet snapshot survey found 83 websites selling ethylphenidate, with purchase prices ranging from £28.20 ± 0.63 (€37.71 ± 0.85) per gram for a 500-mg amount to £2.64 ± 0.57 (€3.53 ± 0.77) per gram for 1 kg. The published cases and Internet user reports suggest the acute effects of ethylphenidate are similar to other stimulant drugs; the most common route of use was by nasal insufflation. The most common desired effects were euphoria, stimulation, and increased concentration, sociability, and energy levels; the most common unwanted effects included anxiety, palpitations, insomnia, and paranoia. Conclusion This review of the scientific and grey literature has demonstrated that the acute harms associated with its use are stimulant in nature and that ethylphenidate is widely available to users over the Internet, with significant discounts for bulk purchases.
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ethylphenidate availability patterns of use and acute effects of this novel Psychoactive Substance
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2015Co-Authors: George P Bailey, John R H Archer, Paul I Dargan, David M WoodAbstract:Purpose Ethylphenidate is a novel Psychoactive Substance that is an analogue of methylphenidate. This paper describes its availability, patterns of use, and acute effects.
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Using Internet Snapshot Surveys to Enhance Our Understanding of the Availability of the Novel Psychoactive Substance 4-Methylaminorex and 4,4′-Dimethylaminorex
Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2015Co-Authors: Hisham Nizar, Paul I Dargan, David M WoodAbstract:4,4′-Dimethylaminorex is a stimulant novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) first detected in Europe in November 2012. It is a derivative of 4-methylaminorex, a Substance controlled under Schedule 1 of the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. There is currently no information on the availability or cost of these Substances from Internet suppliers. An Internet snapshot study was undertaken in English using established European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) methodology to determine the availability of 4-methylaminorex and 4,4′-dimethylaminorex in April 2014. Twenty Internet sites selling 4-methylaminorex were identified, 18 selling in US dollars and two in GB Pound Sterling. Fourteen (70 %) Internet sites had a minimum purchase amount of ≥10 g (compared to user doses of 10–25 mg). For the 18 suppliers selling in US$, 9 quoted a fixed price per gram irrespective of the amount ordered and 11 had a reducing price per gram with increasing purchase quantity (US$30.8 ± 34.2/g for 1 g purchase to US$15.2 ± 20.3/g for 1 kg purchase). Only one Internet site selling 4,4′-dimethylaminorex was identified, selling in Euros. The minimum purchase quantity was 500 mg. The price per gram reduced from €36.08/g for a 500 mg purchase to €2.20/g for a 100 g purchase. This Internet snapshot demonstrated that there was a greater availability from Internet suppliers of products advertised as 4-methylaminorex than 4,4′-dimethylaminorex, despite the 4-methylaminorex being an internationally controlled Substance. Whilst this may reflect misunderstanding by suppliers, it has the potential to put those purchasing at risk of contravening border control and/or local law enforcement legislation. The use of methodology such as Internet snapshot surveys is of increasing interest to clinical/medical toxicologists in their understanding of the supply, availability and cost of novel Psychoactive Substances.
Justine Nnakate Bukenya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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multiple sexual partnerships and associated factors among young Psychoactive Substance users in informal settlements in kampala uganda
PLOS ONE, 2020Co-Authors: Tonny Ssekamatte, John Bosco Isunju, Moses Tetui, Richard K. Mugambe, Esther Buregyeya, Simon P S Kibira, Elizabeth Nabiwemba, Solomon Tsebeni Wafula, Justine Nnakate BukenyaAbstract:Background: Multiple sexual partnerships increase the risk of transmission of HIV and can be exacerbated by Substance abuse. However, the association between Psychoactive Substance use and multiple ...
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Factors associated with Hepatitis B screening and completion of vaccination schedule among young Psychoactive Substance users in Kampala's informal settlements, Uganda
2020Co-Authors: Tonny Ssekamatte, John Bosco Isunju, Joan Nankya Mutyoba, Moses Tetui, Richard K. Mugambe, Aisha Nalugya, Brenda Wagaba, Patience Oputan, Justine Nnakate Bukenya, Esther BuregyeyaAbstract:Abstract Background Young Psychoactive Substance users exhibit high-risk behaviours which can increase their risk to Hepatitis B infection. However, there is limited information on screening, and completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule among young Psychoactive Substance users in informal settlements. Therefore, this study determined the factors associated with Hepatitis B screening, and completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule among young Psychoactive Substance users in Kampala’s informal settlements, Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used. Respondent driven sampling was used to enroll 768 respondents from 12 informal settlements. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using Stata version 14. A “modified” Poisson regression analysis was done to determine the factors associated with Hepatitis B screening while logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule. Results Out of the 768 respondents, only 13.3% had ever screened for Hepatitis B and 2.7% had completed the Hepatitis B vaccine schedule. Being a female (aPR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.11-2.33), earning a monthly income >USD 136 (aPR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.11-2.86); completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule (aPR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.26-2.70); lack of awareness about the recommended Hepatitis B vaccine dose (aPR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.27-0.68); and the belief that the Hepatitis B vaccine is effective in preventing Hepatitis B infection (aPR 3.67, 95% CI: 2.34-5.73) were associated with “ever screening” for Hepatitis B. Knowledge about the recommended Hepatitis B vaccine dose (aOR 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-0.35); “ever screening” for hepatitis B (aOR 9.68, 95% CI: 2.17-43.16) and the belief that the hepatitis B vaccine is effective in preventing Hepatitis B infection (aOR 11.8, 95% CI: 1.13-110.14) were associated with completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule. Conclusion Our findings indicate a low prevalence of Hepatitis B screening and completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule among young Psychoactive Substance users in informal urban settings. It is evident that lack of awareness about Hepatitis B is associated with the low screening and vaccination rates. We recommend mass sensitisation of young Psychoactive Substance users in urban informal settlements on Hepatitis B.
Moses Tetui - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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multiple sexual partnerships and associated factors among young Psychoactive Substance users in informal settlements in kampala uganda
PLOS ONE, 2020Co-Authors: Tonny Ssekamatte, John Bosco Isunju, Moses Tetui, Richard K. Mugambe, Esther Buregyeya, Simon P S Kibira, Elizabeth Nabiwemba, Solomon Tsebeni Wafula, Justine Nnakate BukenyaAbstract:Background: Multiple sexual partnerships increase the risk of transmission of HIV and can be exacerbated by Substance abuse. However, the association between Psychoactive Substance use and multiple ...
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Factors associated with Hepatitis B screening and completion of vaccination schedule among young Psychoactive Substance users in Kampala's informal settlements, Uganda
2020Co-Authors: Tonny Ssekamatte, John Bosco Isunju, Joan Nankya Mutyoba, Moses Tetui, Richard K. Mugambe, Aisha Nalugya, Brenda Wagaba, Patience Oputan, Justine Nnakate Bukenya, Esther BuregyeyaAbstract:Abstract Background Young Psychoactive Substance users exhibit high-risk behaviours which can increase their risk to Hepatitis B infection. However, there is limited information on screening, and completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule among young Psychoactive Substance users in informal settlements. Therefore, this study determined the factors associated with Hepatitis B screening, and completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule among young Psychoactive Substance users in Kampala’s informal settlements, Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used. Respondent driven sampling was used to enroll 768 respondents from 12 informal settlements. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using Stata version 14. A “modified” Poisson regression analysis was done to determine the factors associated with Hepatitis B screening while logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule. Results Out of the 768 respondents, only 13.3% had ever screened for Hepatitis B and 2.7% had completed the Hepatitis B vaccine schedule. Being a female (aPR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.11-2.33), earning a monthly income >USD 136 (aPR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.11-2.86); completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule (aPR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.26-2.70); lack of awareness about the recommended Hepatitis B vaccine dose (aPR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.27-0.68); and the belief that the Hepatitis B vaccine is effective in preventing Hepatitis B infection (aPR 3.67, 95% CI: 2.34-5.73) were associated with “ever screening” for Hepatitis B. Knowledge about the recommended Hepatitis B vaccine dose (aOR 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-0.35); “ever screening” for hepatitis B (aOR 9.68, 95% CI: 2.17-43.16) and the belief that the hepatitis B vaccine is effective in preventing Hepatitis B infection (aOR 11.8, 95% CI: 1.13-110.14) were associated with completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule. Conclusion Our findings indicate a low prevalence of Hepatitis B screening and completion of the Hepatitis B vaccination schedule among young Psychoactive Substance users in informal urban settings. It is evident that lack of awareness about Hepatitis B is associated with the low screening and vaccination rates. We recommend mass sensitisation of young Psychoactive Substance users in urban informal settlements on Hepatitis B.
Stephen V Faraone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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familial risk analysis of the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Psychoactive Substance use disorder in female adolescents a controlled study
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2009Co-Authors: Joseph Biederman, Eric Mick, Carter R Petty, Michael C Monuteaux, Allison Clarke, Kristina Ten Haagen, Stephen V FaraoneAbstract:Background: A robust and bi-directional comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Psychoactive Substance use disorder (PSUD, alcohol or drug abuse, or dependence) has been consistently reported in the literature. However, this literature has been based almost exclusively on male only samples and, therefore, the findings may not generalize to females. Methods: First-degree relatives from a large sample of pediatrically and psychiatrically referred girls with (123 probands, 403 relatives) and without ADHD (112 probands, 359 relatives) were comprehensively assessed by blind raters with structured diagnostic interviews. Familial risk analysis examined the risks in first-degree relatives for ADHD and PSUD (alcohol or drug abuse or dependence) after stratifying probands by the presence and absence of these disorders. Results: ADHD in the proband significantly increased the risk for ADHD in relatives independently of the comorbidity with PSUD. PSUD in the proband was associated with a significantly increased risk for PSUD in relatives regardless of ADHD status. There was no evidence of co-segregation or non-random mating in the families of probands with ADHD and PSUD. Conclusions: Patterns of familial risk analysis suggest that the association between ADHD and PSUD in adolescent females is most consistent with the hypothesis that these disorders are independently transmitted, although the hypothesis of variable expressivity could not be ruled out. These findings are consistent with previously reported patterns of familial associations between ADHD and PSUD found in adolescent males. Longer follow-up periods are needed to more fully clarify the relationship between ADHD and PSUD, as well as provide adequate power for separate analyses of alcohol and drug use.
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familial risk analysis of the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Psychoactive Substance use disorders
JAMA Pediatrics, 1998Co-Authors: Sharon Milberger, Joseph Biederman, Stephen V Faraone, Monica P Chu, Timothy E. WilensAbstract:Objective To test hypotheses about patterns of familial association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Psychoactive Substance use disorders (PSUDs) by using the family study method. Design The first-degree relatives of clinically referred children and adolescents with ADHD (131 probands, 413 relatives) and healthy control probands (106 probands, 323 relatives) were assessed by blind raters. Results After stratifying the probands with ADHD and the control probands into those with PSUD (group 1 and group 3, respectively) and those without PSUD (group 2 and group 4, respectively), familial risk analyses revealed the following: (1) the risk for ADHD was not significantly different between relatives of group 2 and group 1 probands (19.6% vs 18.0%; P =.88), but these 2 risks were significantly greater than the risk to relatives of group 3 probands (1.0%; P =.01 and P =.02, respectively) and group 4 probands (7.0%; P =.001 and P =.01, respectively); (2) there were no significant differences in the risk for PSUD between relatives of group 1 (47.5%) and group 3 probands (39.7%; P =.40), but these risks were greater than the risk to relatives of group 2 (30.0%; P =.32) and group 4 probands (20.9%; P Conclusions These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ADHD and PSUD are transmitted independently in families. Because the probands were young adolescents, many have not lived through the age at risk for PSUD. Thus, the hypothesis stating that ADHD and PSUD represent variable expressions of a common underlying risk factor cannot be ruled out.
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associations between adhd and Psychoactive Substance use disorders
American Journal on Addictions, 1997Co-Authors: Sharon Milberger, Timothy E. Wilens, Joseph Biederman, Stephen V Faraone, Monica P ChuAbstract:This article investigates the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Psychoactive Substance use disorders (PSUD) in siblings of ADHD and normal-control probands and addresses issues of psychiatric comorbidity and gender. Using DSM-III-R structured diagnostic interviews and blind raters, the authors conducted a 4-year follow-up of siblings. ADHD and male gender predicted higher rates and an earlier onset of PSUD after adjusting for high-risk status, other psychiatric disorders, and age. Risk was particularly high if the siblings had ADHD plus conduct disorder. This study's findings confirms the authors' prior report highlighting the importance of drug and alcohol prevention and cessation programs aimed at ADHD youth and their siblings, particularly those with comorbid conduct disorder.
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associations between adhd and Psychoactive Substance use disorders findings from a longitudinal study of high risk siblings of adhd children
American Journal on Addictions, 1997Co-Authors: Sharon Milberger, Timothy E. Wilens, Joseph Biederman, Stephen V Faraone, Monica P ChuAbstract:This article investigates the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Psychoactive Substance use disorders (PSUD) in siblings of ADHD and normal-control probands and addresses issues of psychiatric comorbidity and gender Using DSM-III-R structured diagnostic interviews and blind raters, the authors conducted a 4–year follow-up of siblings. ADHD and male gender predicted higher rates and an earlier onset of PSUD after adjusting for high-risk status, other psychiatric disorders, and age. Risk was particularly high if the siblings bad ADHD plus conduct disorder This study's findings confirms the authors' prior report highlighting the importance of drug and alcohol prevention and cessation programs aimed at ADHD youth and their siblings, particularly those with comorbid conduct disorder. (Am J Addict 1997; 6:318–329)
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is adhd a risk factor for Psychoactive Substance use disorders findings from a four year prospective follow up study
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997Co-Authors: Joseph Biederman, Timothy E. Wilens, Eric Mick, Stephen V Faraone, Wendy Weber, Shannon Curtis, Ayanna Thornell, Kiffany Pfister, Jennifer Jetton, Jennifer SorianoAbstract:ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate whether attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for Psychoactive Substance use disorders (PSUD), attending to issues of psychiatric comorbidity, family history, and adversity. Method Using assessments from multiple domains, the authors examined 140 ADHD and 120 normal control subjects at baseline and 4 years later. Drug and alcohol abuse and dependence were operationally defined. Results No differences were detected in the rates of alcohol or drug abuse or dependence or in the rates of abuse of individual Substances between the groups; both ADHD and control probands had a 15% rate of PSUD. Conduct and bipolar disorders predicted PSUD, independently of ADHD status. Family history of Substance dependence and antisocial disorders was associated with PSUD in controls but less clearly so in ADHD probands. Family history of ADHD was not associated with risk for PSUD. ADHD probands had a significantly shorter time period between the onsets of abuse and dependence compared with controls (1.2 years versus 3 years, p Conclusions Adolescents with and without ADHD had a similar risk for PSUD that was mediated by conduct and bipolar disorder. Since the risk for PSUD has been shown to be elevated in adults with ADHD when compared with controls, a sharp increase in PSUD is to be expected in grown-up ADHD children during the transition from adolescence to adulthood.
Ornella Corazza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the risk of violence associated with novel Psychoactive Substance misuse in patients presenting to acute mental health services
Human Psychopharmacology-clinical and Experimental, 2017Co-Authors: Abu Shafi, Paul Gallagher, Neil Stewart, Giovanni Martinotti, Ornella CorazzaAbstract:Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) availability is increasing at a phenomenal rate and so is their associated misuse. Currently, the harms associated with NPS misuse are unclear. This report presents the initial findings of a continuing study looking into the impact of NPS misuse on admissions to an acute mental health facility in London. Violence preadmission and violence during admission have been found to be significant in NPS misusers compared to non-NPS Substance misusers. Our findings have important consequences for acute mental health, emergency, and public health services. NPS misusers require specific assessment and risk management to reduce the risk of violence towards others.
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olanzapine as the ideal trip terminator analysis of online reports relating to antipsychotics use and misuse following occurrence of novel Psychoactive Substance related psychotic symptoms
Human Psychopharmacology-clinical and Experimental, 2015Co-Authors: Giuseppe Valeriani, Ornella Corazza, Francesco Saverio Bersani, Claudia Melcore, Antonio Metastasio, Giuseppe Bersani, Fabrizio SchifanoAbstract:Objective The pharmacological self-management of novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS)-induced psychopathological consequences represents a fast growing phenomenon. This is facilitated by the frequent sharing of NPS intake experiences online and by the ease of access to a range of psychotropic medications from both the online and street market. Olanzapine is anecdotally reported by Web users to be the most frequent self-prescribed medication to cope with NPS-induced psychoses. Hence, we aimed here at better assessing olanzapine use/misuse for this purpose. Methods Exploratory qualitative searches of 163 discussion fora/specialized websites have been carried out in four languages (English, German, Spanish, and Italian) in the time frame November 2012–2013. Results Most NPS-users allegedly self administer with olanzapine to manage related psychotic crises/“bad trips”. This may be typically taken only for a few days, at a dosage range of 5–50 mg/day. Conclusions Only a few research studies have formally assessed the effectiveness of olanzapine and indeed of other second-generation antipsychotics to treat NPS-induced psychosis. Olanzapine was suggested here from a range of pro drug websites as being the “ideal” molecule to terminate “bad trips”. Health professionals should be informed about the risks related to olanzapine misuse. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
