The Experts below are selected from a list of 240 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Anthony John Griffiths - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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activated carbon from solid wastes using a pilot scale batch flaming Pyrolyser
Fuel, 2000Co-Authors: C I Sainzdiaz, Anthony John GriffithsAbstract:Abstract Activated carbon has been prepared from solid wastes carbonised in a pilot-scale batch flaming Pyrolyser. Wood furniture waste (chipboard and plywood), scrap tyres, urban sewage, and straw were selected as pollutant solid wastes for this study. Burn-off levels, porosity, and BET surface were determined. From furniture waste derived char, a highly microporous solid was obtained at 850°C with a BET surface area of 855 m 2 /g. A medium surface area (431 m 2 /g) activated solid was obtained from tyre derived char at 1000°C. An FT-IR spectroscopic study of activated tyre and furniture derived chars showed different chemical structures and a higher water adsorption capacity for furniture derived solids than for those derived from tyres. The low cost flaming Pyrolyser can produce, at pilot scale, chars suitable for activation from furniture wastes and tyres.
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solid waste pyrolysis in a pilot scale batch Pyrolyser
Fuel, 1996Co-Authors: Christopher S Avenell, Ignacio C Sainzdiaz, Anthony John GriffithsAbstract:The pyrolysis of different solid wastes was studied with a pilot-scale batch Pyrolyser at different temperatures, fuel/air ratios and reaction times. The temperature distributions of the Pyrolyser under control conditions and in the pyrolysis runs were determined. The gas and char yields were determined and the evolved gases analysed. The SO2 and NOx emissions were low, 8–70 and 0–20 ppmv respectively, even in the pyrolysis of high-sulfur materials. The main combustible component of the pyrogas was acetylene (5–15 vol.%). Significant levels of methane and carbon monoxide, typically 3–10 and 2–5 vol.% respectively, were also found. The concentrations of higher hydrocarbons in the gas phase were very low (< 0.5 vol.%). The heating value of the pyrogas was 8–11 and 5.3–5.6 MJ m−3 for furniture waste and scrap tyre pyrolysis respectively.
D. Coscia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Huygens Probe Aerosol Collector Pyrolyser Experiment
Space Science Reviews, 2002Co-Authors: G. Israel, M. Cabane, J-f. Brun, H. Niemann, W. Riedler, M. Steller, F. Raulin, D. CosciaAbstract:ACP's main objective is the chemical analysis of the aerosols in Titan's atmosphere. For this purpose, it will sample the aerosols during descent and prepare the collected matter (by evaporation, pyrolysis and gas products transfer) for analysis by the Huygens Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS). A sampling system is required for sampling the aerosols in the 135'32 km and 22'17 km altitude regions of Titan's atmosphere. A pump unit is used to force the gas flow through a filter. In its sampling position, the filter front face extends a few mm beyond the inlet tube. The oven is a pyrolysis furnace where a heating element can heat the filter and hence the sampled aerosols to 250 °C or 600 °C. The oven contains the filter, which has a thimble-like shape (height 28 mm). For transferring effluent gas and pyrolysis products to GCMS, the carrier gas is a labeled nitrogen ^15N_2, to avoid unwanted secondary reactions with Titan's atmospheric nitrogen. Aeraulic tests under cold temperature conditions were conducted by using a cold gas test system developed by ONERA. The objective of the test was to demonstrate the functional ability of the instrument during the descent of the probe and to understand its thermal behavior, that is to test the performance of all its components, pump unit and mechanisms. In order to validate ACP's scientific performance, pyrolysis tests were conducted at LISA on solid phase material synthesized from experimental simulation. The chromatogram obtained by GCMS analysis shows many organic compounds. Some GC peaks appear clearly from the total mass spectra, with specific ions well identified thanks to the very high sensitivity of the mass spectrometer. The program selected for calibrating the flight model is directly linked to the GCMS calibration plan. In order not to pollute the two flight models with products of solid samples such as tholins, we excluded any direct pyrolysis tests through the ACP oven during the first phase of the calibration. Post probe descent simulation of flight results are planned, using the much representative GCMS and ACP spare models.
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huygens probe aerosol collector Pyrolyser experiment
Space Science Reviews, 2002Co-Authors: G. Israel, M. Cabane, J-f. Brun, W. Riedler, M. Steller, F. Raulin, H B Niemann, D. CosciaAbstract:ACP's main objective is the chemical analysis of the aerosols in Titan's atmosphere. For this purpose, it will sample the aerosols during descent and prepare the collected matter (by evaporation, pyrolysis and gas products transfer) for analysis by the Huygens Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS). A sampling system is required for sampling the aerosols in the 135'32 km and 22'17 km altitude regions of Titan's atmosphere. A pump unit is used to force the gas flow through a filter. In its sampling position, the filter front face extends a few mm beyond the inlet tube. The oven is a pyrolysis furnace where a heating element can heat the filter and hence the sampled aerosols to 250 °C or 600 °C. The oven contains the filter, which has a thimble-like shape (height 28 mm). For transferring effluent gas and pyrolysis products to GCMS, the carrier gas is a labeled nitrogen 15N2, to avoid unwanted secondary reactions with Titan's atmospheric nitrogen.
Paul T. Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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analysis of products from the pyrolysis and liquefaction of single plastics and waste plastic mixtures
Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2007Co-Authors: Paul T. Williams, Edward SlaneyAbstract:Waste plastics in the form of two examples of real world municipal solid waste plastics and a simulated mixture of municipal waste plastics were pyrolysed and liquefied under moderate temperature and pressure in a batch autoclave reactor. In addition, the five main polymers which constitute the majority of plastics occurring in European municipal solid waste comprising, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride were also reacted. The plastics were reacted under both a nitrogen (pyrolysis) and hydrogen pressure (liquefaction) and the yield and composition of products are reported. The hydrocarbon gases produced were mainly methane, ethane, propane and lower concentrations of alkene gases. A mainly oil product was produced with the mixed plastic waste with significant concentrations of aromatic compounds, including single ring aromatic compounds. The composition of the oils and gases suggested that there was significant interaction of the plastics when they were pyrolysed and liquefied as a mixture compared to the results expected from reactions of the single plastics.
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Recycling of fibre-reinforced polymeric waste by pyrolysis: Thermo-gravimetric and bench-scale investigations
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2003Co-Authors: Andrew M. Cunliffe, Nicola Jones, Paul T. WilliamsAbstract:A variety of composite wastes were pyrolysed in a bench-scale, static-bed reactor at 350-800 ??C. The samples under investigation included composites of polyesters, phenolic and epoxy resins, and polypropylene, reinforced with glass and/or carbon fibre. Both the product mass balance and gas composition were dependent on the polymer matrix, pyrolysis temperature and, at the higher temperatures studied, the decomposition of thermally unstable fillers present in several samples, most notably calcium carbonate. The waste samples were also pyrolysed in a thermo-gravimetric analyser and the Arrhenius kinetic parameters of the main decomposition reactions were calculated using a non-isothermal method. The thermograms are discussed in relation to the results of the bench-scale work and related to the decomposition behaviour of individual sample components. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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Pyrolysis-thermogravimetric analysis of tyres and tyre components
Fuel, 1995Co-Authors: Paul T. Williams, Serpil BeslerAbstract:Three samples of tyre of known rubber composition were pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser under nitrogen at heating rates from 5 to 80 K min−1. In addition, the major rubber components of the tyres—styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR) and polybutadiene rubber (BR)—were pyrolysed separately under the same conditions. The kinetic parameters were calculated. An increase in heating rate shifted thermal degradation to higher temperatures. The tyre samples showed two distinct areas of weight loss, representing a lower and a higher temperature of decomposition. The char yield from the tyres, 32–42 wt%, depended on tyre composition. The char yields from the pure rubber components were all
G. Israel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Huygens Probe Aerosol Collector Pyrolyser Experiment
Space Science Reviews, 2002Co-Authors: G. Israel, M. Cabane, J-f. Brun, H. Niemann, W. Riedler, M. Steller, F. Raulin, D. CosciaAbstract:ACP's main objective is the chemical analysis of the aerosols in Titan's atmosphere. For this purpose, it will sample the aerosols during descent and prepare the collected matter (by evaporation, pyrolysis and gas products transfer) for analysis by the Huygens Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS). A sampling system is required for sampling the aerosols in the 135'32 km and 22'17 km altitude regions of Titan's atmosphere. A pump unit is used to force the gas flow through a filter. In its sampling position, the filter front face extends a few mm beyond the inlet tube. The oven is a pyrolysis furnace where a heating element can heat the filter and hence the sampled aerosols to 250 °C or 600 °C. The oven contains the filter, which has a thimble-like shape (height 28 mm). For transferring effluent gas and pyrolysis products to GCMS, the carrier gas is a labeled nitrogen ^15N_2, to avoid unwanted secondary reactions with Titan's atmospheric nitrogen. Aeraulic tests under cold temperature conditions were conducted by using a cold gas test system developed by ONERA. The objective of the test was to demonstrate the functional ability of the instrument during the descent of the probe and to understand its thermal behavior, that is to test the performance of all its components, pump unit and mechanisms. In order to validate ACP's scientific performance, pyrolysis tests were conducted at LISA on solid phase material synthesized from experimental simulation. The chromatogram obtained by GCMS analysis shows many organic compounds. Some GC peaks appear clearly from the total mass spectra, with specific ions well identified thanks to the very high sensitivity of the mass spectrometer. The program selected for calibrating the flight model is directly linked to the GCMS calibration plan. In order not to pollute the two flight models with products of solid samples such as tholins, we excluded any direct pyrolysis tests through the ACP oven during the first phase of the calibration. Post probe descent simulation of flight results are planned, using the much representative GCMS and ACP spare models.
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huygens probe aerosol collector Pyrolyser experiment
Space Science Reviews, 2002Co-Authors: G. Israel, M. Cabane, J-f. Brun, W. Riedler, M. Steller, F. Raulin, H B Niemann, D. CosciaAbstract:ACP's main objective is the chemical analysis of the aerosols in Titan's atmosphere. For this purpose, it will sample the aerosols during descent and prepare the collected matter (by evaporation, pyrolysis and gas products transfer) for analysis by the Huygens Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS). A sampling system is required for sampling the aerosols in the 135'32 km and 22'17 km altitude regions of Titan's atmosphere. A pump unit is used to force the gas flow through a filter. In its sampling position, the filter front face extends a few mm beyond the inlet tube. The oven is a pyrolysis furnace where a heating element can heat the filter and hence the sampled aerosols to 250 °C or 600 °C. The oven contains the filter, which has a thimble-like shape (height 28 mm). For transferring effluent gas and pyrolysis products to GCMS, the carrier gas is a labeled nitrogen 15N2, to avoid unwanted secondary reactions with Titan's atmospheric nitrogen.
Kartic C. Khilar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass components
Fuel, 1996Co-Authors: K. Raveendran, Anuradda Ganesh, Kartic C. KhilarAbstract:Biomass pyrolysis studies were conducted using both a thermogravimetric analyser and a packed-bed Pyrolyser. Each kind of biomass has a characteristic pyrolysis behaviour which is explained based on its individual component characteristics. Studies on isolated biomass components as well as synthetic biomass show that the interactions among the components are not of as much significance as the composition of the biomass. Direct summative correlations based on biomass component pyrolysis adequately explain both the pyrolysis characteristics and product distribution of biomass. It is inferred that there is no detectable interaction among the components during pyrolysis in either the thermogravimetric analyser or the packed-bed Pyrolyser. However, ash present in biomass seems to have a strong influence on both the pyrolysis characteristics and the product distribution.
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Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass components
Fuel, 1996Co-Authors: K. Raveendran, Anuradda Ganesh, Kartic C. KhilarAbstract:Biomass pyrolysis studies were conducted using both a thermogravimetric analyser and a packed-bed Pyrolyser. Each kind of biomass has a characteristic pyrolysis behaviour which is explained based on its individual component characteristics. Studies on isolated biomass components as well as synthetic biomass show that the interactions among the components are not of as much significance as the composition of the biomass. Direct summative correlations based on biomass component pyrolysis adequately explain both the pyrolysis characteristics and product distribution of biomass. It is inferred that there is no detectable interaction among the components during pyrolysis in either the thermogravimetric analyser or the packed-bed Pyrolyser. However, ash present in biomass seems to have a strong influence on both the pyrolysis characteristics and the product distribution. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
