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Jerry D Murphy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • implications of european union recast Renewable Energy Directive sustainability criteria for Renewable heat and transport case study of willow biomethane in ireland
    Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021
    Co-Authors: Aoife Long, Archishman Bose, Richard Oshea, Rory F D Monaghan, Jerry D Murphy
    Abstract:

    Abstract The 2018 recast European Renewable Energy Directive (RED recast) sets emissions savings criteria for Renewable fuels. This paper assesses the life-cycle emissions from gasification methanation of willow to produce Renewable biomethane in order to compare the heat and transport 2026 sustainability criteria in the RED recast. The criteria are more stringent for use of the fuel as heat, with both a higher specified emissions savings criteria (80% versus 65% for transport) and a lower Fossil Fuel Comparator (80 g CO2 MJ−1 versus 94 CO2 MJ−1 for transport). Scenarios tested were based on both the RED recast and the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Global Warming Potential (GWP) values. Agro-chemical input data from Teagasc (the Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority) was used for both mineral and organic fertilisers. Previous land use was shown to have a significant impact on the results of the analysis. Overall, 24 scenarios were tested. Converting land from grassland for cultivation of willow results in greater emissions when compared to conversion from arable land. The gasification methanation pathway was found to meet emissions savings criteria for transport in most cases, and for heat when converting from arable land only. The highest emission saving of 97% was achieved through conversion from arable land for the transport end use.

  • what is the resource of second generation gaseous transport biofuels based on pig slurries in spain
    Applied Energy, 2014
    Co-Authors: J Fierro, X Gomez, Jerry D Murphy
    Abstract:

    Biomethane produced through anaerobic digestion of residues is classified as a second generation gaseous biofuel. A technique employed in Spain to deal with pig slurry is drying, using the heat from natural gas combined heat and power (CHP) systems. This paper examines production of biomethane from pig slurry. Two scenarios are investigated: co-digestion of pig slurry with glycerine (a by-product of biodiesel production) and co-digestion of pig slurry with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Both scenarios include for ca. 10Mt of pig slurry each year. A combination of the two scenarios is sufficient to provide for 1.4% of Energy in transport by 2020. The EU Renewable Energy Directive allows a double weighting to biofuels produced from residues when assessing Renewable Energy supply in transport (RES-T) targets for 2020. Thus the scenarios allow for 2.8% RES-T. The biomethane is sufficient to run 15,300 city buses or substitute for natural gas in 632,000 houses (8.7% of houses connected to the gas grid). The proposed biomethane industry would generate a fuel of similar sale price as diesel, allow for savings in the range 1046–1272kt CO2eq in transport fuel emissions and create more than 6000 jobs.

  • the resource of biomethane produced via biological thermal and electrical routes as a transport biofuel
    Renewable Energy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Jerry D Murphy, James D Owne, Eoi Alle, Cathal Gallaghe
    Abstract:

    Biomethane is an Energy vector suitable for Renewable transport fuel which may derive Energy through three different methodologies: thermal gasification; biological anaerobic digestion; and conversion of electricity to hydrogen (via electrolysis) and on to methane as described by the Sabatier Equation. Thermal gasification to produce methane (based on “hard” feed stock) tends to require significant scale, of the order of 400 MW. Biological anaerobic digestion (based on “soft” feed stock) is typically of scale less than 1 MW. Systems based on the Sabatier Equation convert hydrogen to methane exothermically and sequester carbon. The resource is assessed at 19% of Energy in transport in Ireland. Adopting the approach of the EU Renewable Energy Directive (for example double credit for biofuels from residues and lignocellulosic feed stock) biomethane can supply 40% Renewable Energy supply in transport (RES-T). The resource is sufficient to supply 30% of the private transport fleet with indigenous sustainable gaseous biofuel.

  • a roadmap for the introduction of gaseous transport fuel a case study for Renewable natural gas in ireland
    Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011
    Co-Authors: T Thamsiriroj, Henry Smyth, Jerry D Murphy
    Abstract:

    Abstract Ireland is heavily dependent on imported transport fuel. The bill in 2008 was €5.9 billion. Because of the significant resources in organic residues and feedstocks there is readily available potential to substitute 8.4% of oil with indigenously produced biomethane, a Renewable gaseous transport fuel. This level of oil replacement with biomethane would directly save €500 m a −1 from imports, provide an injection of €500 m a −1 into the Irish economy and save a further €22 m a −1 in the reduced damage cost of traffic-related pollutant. The EU Renewable Energy Directive allows a double credit for biofuels produced from residues or lignocellulosic material. Thus the biomethane industry will allow compliance with the Renewable Energy supply in transport target of 10% in 2020 and the EU Landfill Directive. Biomethane is predicated on a compressed natural gas (CNG) industry. The grid in Ireland is extensive reaching 40% of all houses. However, development of this industry in Ireland requires strong government commitment. Recommended supports include: policy dictating that all new buses run on gaseous fuel; setting a market penetration target for CNG vehicles; mandation of biomethane as a proportion of gaseous transport fuel, subsidies for biomethane facilities and grid injection.

  • a critical review of the applicability of biodiesel and grass biomethane as biofuels to satisfy both biofuel targets and sustainability criteria
    Applied Energy, 2011
    Co-Authors: T Thamsiriroj, Jerry D Murphy
    Abstract:

    There are numerous ways to assess and compare biofuels. Gross Energy per hectare reflects the quantity of product produced per unit of land. Net Energy per hectare reflects the parasitic demand associated with the product per hectare. Gross and net Energy per hectare are far superior for grass biomethane than rape seed biodiesel. For a biofuel made from residues the descriptor (MJ of biofuel produced per GJ of fossil fuel displaced) is more instructive; this reflects the relative efficiency of the biofuel. Of issue in the assessment is how to deal with co-products, by-products and residues. The allocation methodology allows for a variety of answers to be generated. UCO biodiesel has a good Energy balance for any allocation approach; tallow biodiesel has a poor net Energy unless credit is given for the co-production of meat and bone meal as a substitute fuel. To be deemed sustainable by the EU Renewable Energy Directive a value of 60% GHG savings is required for facilities built post 2017. A further crucial consideration is: how much fuel can be produced? This study shows that indigenous biodiesel produced in Ireland and grass biomethane may be deemed sustainable but only grass biomethane may produce a significant quantity, potentially satisfying the 10% Renewable Energy in transport target for 2020 as opposed to only 1.23% in total from all indigenous biodiesel systems.

Christopher Tran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Horst Fehrenbach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • biofuel greenhouse gas calculations under the european Renewable Energy Directive a comparison of the biograce tool vs the tool of the roundtable on sustainable biofuels
    Applied Energy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Anna M Hennecke, Mireille Faist, Juergen Reinhardt, Victoria Junquera, John Neeft, Horst Fehrenbach
    Abstract:

    The European Renewable Energy Directive (EU RED) requires biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) by 35% compared to fossil fuels in order to count towards mandatory biofuel quota or to be eligible for financial support schemes. This reduction target will rise to 50% in 2017. For biofuel producers this implies that they want or need to calculate their emissions. The purpose of this paper is to compare two calculation tools for economic operators that are on their way to the market: the "BioGrace tool" and the "Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) GHG tool" for GHG calculations under the Renewable Energy Directive (both of which are freely available). Greenhouse gas emissions from four production pathways were calculated: ethanol from wheat, ethanol from sugarcane, biodiesel from rapeseed and biodiesel from palm oil. In addition, three land use change (LUC) scenarios were calculated: for expansion of the biofuel cultivation area to grassland and to forest (10-30% canopy cover) and for improvement of agricultural practices. Both tools follow the methodology of the European Renewable Energy Directive and exactly the same input data along the production chain was used. Despite this, the results were significantly different. GHG emissions of the pathway ethanol from wheat were 21% lower when calculated with the BioGrace tool than with the RSB GHG tool. Differences were most pronounced in the cultivation phase with 20% deviation between the tools for biodiesel from palm oil and 35% deviation for ethanol from wheat and sugarcane. In practice this means that an economic operator can enhance the GHG performance of his biofuel by 20-35% by using a different calculation tool without improving the production process. We identified the use of different standard values in the two tools, in particular for the production of N-fertilisers, for chemicals and electricity and one methodological choice regarding the calculation of field N2O emissions as source of these differences. This methodological point is not specified in the Renewable Energy Directive, giving economic operators and tool developers free choice. GHG emissions from land use changes varied by -14% to 49% due to differences in carbon stock data, methodological differences in allocation and a lack of precise land use type definitions. We conclude from the results that there is a need for a deep harmonisation in the calculation process that goes beyond the methodological framework set up in current legislation. These findings are relevant because they show a policy gap, a regulatory gap that needs to be addressed by policy makers in order to guarantee a level playing field on the market and to create an incentive to improve the GHG performance of biofuel production. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Andrew D Mitchell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • indonesia s wto challenge to the european union s Renewable Energy Directive palm oil indirect land use change
    Trade Law and Development, 2021
    Co-Authors: Andrew D Mitchell, Dean Merriman
    Abstract:

    The way WTO dispute settlement balances WTO Members’ obligation to avoid unnecessary obstacles to international trade with their right to enact measures in pursuit of legitimate public policy objectives has drawn much criticism. The contours of this balance are about to stretched in a forthcoming dispute in which Indonesia will challenge the European Union’s recast Renewable Energy Directive. For Indonesia, this measure discriminates against palm oil used in biofuel production; for the European Union, the measure serves a legitimate objective, as it addresses the greenhouse gas emissions caused by “indirect land use change” (or ILUC), in which carbon-rich land is cultivated for palm oil production (or food production displaced to accommodate palm plantations). This dispute will take WTO dispute settlement into several new directions, as the panel will, in novel ways, need to assess how measures can address such a legitimate objective in the face of a mismatch between future and historical risks, as well as whether WTO Members can address climate-related risks occurring within other WTO Members. In this article, we step through several of the key claims raised by Indonesia in the early stages of this dispute and assess what a WTO panel’s assessment of those claims, and the EU’s likely invocation of exceptions, might look like. In our view, the EU’s measures are inconsistent with its WTO obligations and cannot be justified under any available exceptions. Perhaps more importantly, it is not clear to us how ILUC can be addressed through trade measures.

  • the consistency of the european union Renewable Energy Directive with the world trade organization agreements
    Social Science Research Network, 2009
    Co-Authors: Andrew D Mitchell, Christopher Tran
    Abstract:

    This article examines the consistency of the European Union Renewable Energy Directive with the World Trade Organization Agreements, focusing on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). This article reaches two conclusions: First, the EU Renewable Energy Directive is prima facie inconsistent with the EU’s obligations under the GATT and, secondly, to the extent that the Directive falls within the scope of the TBT Agreement, it is also inconsistent with that Agreement.

Karen Byskov Lindberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • analysis of the eu Renewable Energy Directive by a techno economic optimisation model
    Energy Policy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Arne Lind, Eva Rosenberg, Pernille Seljom, Kari Aamodt Espegren, Audun Fidje, Karen Byskov Lindberg
    Abstract:

    The EU Renewable Energy (RES) Directive sets a target of increasing the share of Renewable Energy used in the EU to 20% by 2020. The Norwegian goal for the share of Renewable Energy in 2020 is 67.5%, an increase from 60.1% in 2005. The Norwegian power production is almost solely based on Renewable resources and the possibility to change from fossil power plants to Renewable power production is almost non-existing. Therefore other measures have to be taken to fulfil the RES Directive. Possible ways for Norway to reach its target for 2020 are analysed with a technology-rich, bottom-up Energy system model (TIMES-Norway). This new model is developed with a high time resolution among others to be able to analyse intermittent power production. Model results indicate that the RES target can be achieved with a diversity of options including investments in hydropower, wind power, high-voltage power lines for export, various heat pump technologies, Energy efficiency measures and increased use of biodiesel in the transportation sector. Hence, it is optimal to invest in a portfolio of technology choices in order to satisfy the RES Directive, and not one single technology in one Energy sector.