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Zhizhong Cui - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Semen-Derived Exosomes Mediate Immune Escape and Transmission of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus
    'Frontiers Media SA', 2021
    Co-Authors: Zhizhong Cui, Yawen Zhang, Shuang Chang
    Abstract:

    Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) causes immune-suppression disease in poultry, leading to a significant economic burden worldwide. Recent evidence demonstrated that the REV can enter the semen and then induce artificial insemination, but how the Virus gets into semen was little known. Accumulating studies indicated that exosomes serve as vehicles for Virus transmission, but the role of exosomes in viral shedding through the semen remains unclear. In this study, exosomes purified from the REV-positive semen were shown with reverse transcription-PCR and mass spectrometry to contain viral genomic RNA and viral proteins, which could also establish productive infections both in vivo and in vitro and escape from the REV-specific neutralizing antibodies. More importantly, compared with the infection caused by free virions, the exosome is more efficient for the Virus to ensure effective infection and replication, which can also help the REV compromise the efficacy of the host immune response. In summary, this study demonstrated that semen-derived exosomes can medicate the transmission and immune escape of REV, implicating a novel mechanism for REV entering the semen and leading to vertical transmission

  • assessment on Reticuloendotheliosis Virus infection in specific pathogen free chickens based on detection of yolk antibody
    PLOS ONE, 2019
    Co-Authors: Tuanjie Wang, Zhizhong Cui, Shuang Chang, Lin Wang, Mingjun Sun, Xiaodong Zhang, Tao Sun, Peng Zhao
    Abstract:

    Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) is the most frequent exogenous Virus that contaminates attenuated vaccines. Therefore, it is extremely important to select REV-free specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Generally, REV infection is assessed by detecting REV antibodies in SPF chickens. This present study seeks to evaluate REV infection by replacing serum antibody detection with yolk antibody detection. A cohort of 40 nineteen-week-old SPF chickens were artificially inoculated with REV, with 32 SPF chickens raised in another isolation environment served as a blank control. Eggs and serum from 23-week-old chickens were sampled, and yolks were diluted separately to ratios of 1:150, 1:200, 1:300 and 1:400, which were detected together with serum. We found that the yolk antibody detection findings at a dilution of 1:300 had the highest coincidence rate compared with that based on serum antibody measurements. At a dilution ratio of 1:300 for yolk antibody, 72 chickens were continuously observed for 10 weeks from 25- to 34-weeks-old. Our findings were based on serum antibody or yolk antibody detection, and the evaluation results were completely consistent. Therefore, all serum antibody-positive chickens were yolk antibody-positive, and vice versa. Accordingly, vaccine producers can estimate REV cleanliness in a poultry farm by sampling yolk antibody titers.

  • Isolation, identification, and whole genome sequencing of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus from a vaccine against Marek's disease
    Poultry science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Xuan Dong, Chenghuai Yang, Li Qihong, Zhizhong Cui, Shuang Chang, Peng Zhao, Hanchun Yang
    Abstract:

    According to the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, all vaccines must be screened for exogenous Virus contamination before commercialization. A freeze-dried vaccine against Marek's disease was used to inoculate specific pathogen-free chickens, from which serum samples were collected after 42 days. The results were positive for Reticuloendotheliosis Virus antibody, which was indicative of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus contamination. After neutralization with serum positive for Marek's disease Virus, chicken embryo fibroblasts were inoculated with the vaccine. Afterward, viral isolation and identification were performed. One Reticuloendotheliosis Virus strain (MD-2) was isolated and verified using an immunofluorescence assay. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the proVirus MD-2 genome was performed using seven overlapping fragments as primers. The amplified products were sequenced and spliced to obtain the whole MD-2 genome sequence. The full genome length of MD-2 was 8,284 bp, which had an identity greater than 99% with the prairie chicken isolate APC-566 from the US, the goose-derived isolate 3410/06 from Taiwan, and the chicken-derived Reticuloendotheliosis Virus isolate HLJR0901 from Heilongjiang Province, China. The MD-2 was phylogenetically close to these isolates. The identity with REV isolate HA9901 from Jiangsu Province of China was 96.7%. The MD-2 had the lowest identity with duck-derived Sin Nombre Virus from the United States, with the value of only 93.5%. The main difference lay in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat. The present research indicated that some vaccines produced during specific periods in China might be contaminated by Reticuloendotheliosis Virus. The Reticuloendotheliosis Virus strain isolated from the vaccine was phylogenetically close to the prevalent strain, with only minor variations.

  • synergetic effects of subgroup j avian leukosis Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus co infection on growth retardation and immunosuppression in spf chickens
    Veterinary Microbiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Xuan Dong, Peng Zhao, Fanfeng Meng, Peng Sun, Zhizhong Cui
    Abstract:

    To further understand the effect of co-infection of subgroup J avian leukosis Virus (ALV-J) and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens, the experiment was made to study the pathogenicity, the weight of body and immune organs, response to newcastle disease Virus (NDV) and avian influenza Virus subtype H9 (AIV-H9) vaccination. Chickens were randomly divided into four groups, which includes injection groups (REV, ALV-J, REV plus ALV-J), and negative control group. The pathogenesis experiments indicated that chickens co-infected with REV and ALV-J had significantly higher mortality rate than those of the chickens infected with REV or ALV-J alone (P 0.05) on bursa and thymus over body wt ratios, however, chickens co-infected with REV and ALV-J had significantly lower titers than REV-infected chickens and ALV-J-infected chickens on HI antibody titers to ND and AIV-H9 after vaccination (P<0.05). These findings suggested that the co-infection of REV and ALV-J caused more serious growth retardation and immunosuppression in SPF chickens.

  • sequence analysis of the whole genome of a recombinant marek s disease Virus strain gx0101 with a Reticuloendotheliosis Virus ltr insert
    Archives of Virology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ning Cui, Peng Zhao, Aijun Sun, Jiabo Ding, Zimeng Chen, Zhizhong Cui
    Abstract:

    Marek’s disease Virus Chinese strain GX0101, isolated in 2001, is the first reported recombinant gallid herpesVirus type 2 (GaHV-2) field strain with one Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) insert. We constructed an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of GX0101, which showed characteristics very similar to those of the parental Virus in replication and pathogenicity. Using the GX0101 BAC clone, the complete genome of GX0101 was sequenced and analyzed. The length of the GX0101 genome is 178,101 bp, and it contains only one REV-LTR insert at a site 267 bp upstream of the sorf2 gene.

Xiaomei Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • co infection with marek s disease Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus increases illness severity and reduces marek s disease vaccine efficacy
    Viruses, 2017
    Co-Authors: Guorong Sun, Yanping Zhang, Yulong Gao, Hongyu Cui, Li Gao, Yongqiang Wang, Linyi Zhou, Feng Zhang, Qing Pan, Xiaomei Wang
    Abstract:

    Marek’s disease Virus (MDV) and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) cause Marek’s disease (MD) and Reticuloendotheliosis (RE), respectively. Co-infection with MDV and REV is common in chickens, causing serious losses to the poultry industry. However, experimental studies of such co-infection are lacking. In this study, Chinese field strains of MDV (ZW/15) and REV (JLR1501) were used as challenge Viruses to evaluate the pathogenicity of co-infection and the influence of MD vaccination in chickens. Compared to the MDV-challenged group, the mortality and tumor rates increased significantly by 20.0% (76.7 to 96.7%) and 26.7% (53.3 to 80.0%), in the co-challenged group, respectively. The protective index of the MD vaccines CVI988 and 814 decreased by 33.3 (80.0 to 47.7) and 13.3 (90.0 to 76.7), respectively. These results indicated that MDV and REV co-infection significantly increased disease severity and reduced the vaccine efficacy. The MDV genome load showed no difference in the feather pulps and spleen, and pathogenicity-related MDV gene expression (meq, pp38, vIL-8, and ICP4) in the spleen significantly increased at some time points in the co-challenged group. Clearly, synergistic pathogenicity occurred between MDV and REV, and the protective efficacy of existing MD vaccines was attenuated by co-infection with Chinese field MDV and REV strains.

  • characterization of a gallid herpesVirus 2 strain with novel Reticuloendotheliosis Virus long terminal repeat inserts
    Virus Genes, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yanping Zhang, Guorong Sun, Keyan Bao, Yulong Gao, Hongyu Cui, Xiaomei Wang, Changjun Liu
    Abstract:

    A bacterial artificial chromosome clone, designated LCY, was constructed from a Gallid herpesVirus 2 (GaHV-2) isolate from a GaHV-2 and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus co-infected clinical sample. The LCY GaHV-2 insert was sequenced and found to consist of 175,319 nucleotides. LCY GaHV-2 open reading frames (ORFs) had a high sequence identity to those of reference strains. The major difference was that two REV long terminal repeats (LTRs), in the same direction, were inserted at the internal repeat short (IRs)/unique short (Us) and Us/terminal repeat short (TRs) junctions. In addition, the a-like sequence and UL36 were different from other strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LCY was closely related to pandemic strains in China. A pathogenicity study and a vaccination-challenge test were performed on LCY and the reference strain, GA. The results showed that LCY induced gross Marek’s disease (MD) lesions and mortality in 71.4 and 7.1% of chickens, respectively, which are lower rates than those observed for the reference strain GA (85.7 and 35.7%). The commercially available CVI988 vaccine provided complete protection against LCY and GA (100%). These results showed that the isolate exhibited lower pathogenicity in SPF chickens. This study revealed that a novel pattern of LTR inserts was found in the strain LCY and that the strain was of low virulence. The present work expands the available genetic information for GaHV-2 and will be useful for the control of MD in China.

  • activation of gga mir 155 by Reticuloendotheliosis Virus t strain and its contribution to transformation
    Journal of General Virology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yongxiu Yao, Yulong Gao, Xiaomei Wang, Deepali Vasoya, Lydia Kgosana, Lorraine P Smith, M G Watson, Venugopal Nair
    Abstract:

    The v-rel oncoprotein encoded by Reticuloendotheliosis Virus T strain (Rev-T) is a member of the rel/NF-κB family of transcription factors capable of transformation of primary chicken spleen and bone marrow cells. Rapid transformation of avian haematopoietic cells by v-rel occurs through a process of deregulation of multiple protein-encoding genes through its direct effect on their promoters. More recently, upregulation of oncogenic miR-155 and its precursor pre-miR-155 was demonstrated in both Rev-T-infected chicken embryo fibroblast cultures and Rev-T-induced B-cell lymphomas. Through electrophoresis mobility shift assay and reporter analysis on the gga-miR-155 promoter, we showed that the v-rel-induced miR-155 overexpression occurred by the direct binding to one of the putative NF-κB binding sites. Using the v-rel-induced transformation model on chicken embryonic splenocyte cultures, we could demonstrate a dynamic increase in miR-155 levels during the transformation. Transcriptome profiles of lymphoid cells transformed by v-rel showed upregulation of miR-155 accompanied by downregulation of a number of putative miR-155 targets such as Pu.1 and CEBPβ. We also showed that v-rel could rescue the suppression of miR-155 expression observed in Marek’s disease Virus (MDV)-transformed cell lines, where its functional viral homologue MDV-miR-M4 is overexpressed. Demonstration of gene expression changes affecting major molecular pathways, including organismal injury and cancer in avian macrophages transfected with synthetic mature miR-155, underlines its potential direct role in transformation. Our study suggests that v-rel-induced transformation involves a complex set of events mediated by the direct activation of NF-κB targets, together with inhibitory effects on microRNA targets.

  • construction and characterization of a recombinant Reticuloendotheliosis Virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein
    Archives of Virology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Xiaoyun Deng, Yulong Gao, Li Gao, Honglei Gao, Yongqiang Wang, Nan Shen, Yuping Hua, Xiaomei Wang
    Abstract:

    Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) causes an immunosuppressive and oncogenic disease in chickens and other birds. In this study, based on an infectious clone of REV, named HLJR0901, a recombinant Virus containing the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene was constructed by inserting the EGFP expression cassette downstream of the 3′ terminus of the viral env gene. An EGFP-tagged REV that stably expresses EGFP was rescued. This visible recombinant REV could contribute to the further understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in the replication and pathogenicity of REV.

  • enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity in chickens against Reticuloendotheliosis Virus by dna prime protein boost vaccination
    Vaccine, 2013
    Co-Authors: Honglei Gao, Yulong Gao, Li Gao, Yongqiang Wang, Liting Qin, Xiaomei Wang
    Abstract:

    Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in multiple avian hosts worldwide. In this study, an optimal vaccination strategy was developed to enhance the immune responses against REV infection. Chickens were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with plasmid pCAGgp90 encoding gp90 protein of REV, or with recombinant gp90 protein, or vaccinated with plasmid pCAGgp90 and then boosted with recombinant gp90 protein. The humoral immune responses were monitored by ELISA and Virus neutralizing test. In addition, lymphocyte proliferation response, cytokine production and protection effectiveness against REV infection were also evaluated. Although all vaccinated groups developed immune responses, chickens primed with pCAGgp90 plasmid and boosted with rgp90 protein developed higher levels of antibodies compared with those immunized with pCAGgp90 plasmid or rgp90 protein alone. Furthermore, enhanced cellular immune responses were induced following priming with the pCAGgp90 plasmid and boosting with the rgp90 protein. In addition, the DNA prime-protein boost vaccine yielded 100% protection of chickens from REV viremia caused by challenge infection. These findings demonstrated that a DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategy could enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses in chickens, highlighting the potential value of such an approach in the prevention of REV infection.

Yulong Gao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • co infection with marek s disease Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus increases illness severity and reduces marek s disease vaccine efficacy
    Viruses, 2017
    Co-Authors: Guorong Sun, Yanping Zhang, Yulong Gao, Hongyu Cui, Li Gao, Yongqiang Wang, Linyi Zhou, Feng Zhang, Qing Pan, Xiaomei Wang
    Abstract:

    Marek’s disease Virus (MDV) and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) cause Marek’s disease (MD) and Reticuloendotheliosis (RE), respectively. Co-infection with MDV and REV is common in chickens, causing serious losses to the poultry industry. However, experimental studies of such co-infection are lacking. In this study, Chinese field strains of MDV (ZW/15) and REV (JLR1501) were used as challenge Viruses to evaluate the pathogenicity of co-infection and the influence of MD vaccination in chickens. Compared to the MDV-challenged group, the mortality and tumor rates increased significantly by 20.0% (76.7 to 96.7%) and 26.7% (53.3 to 80.0%), in the co-challenged group, respectively. The protective index of the MD vaccines CVI988 and 814 decreased by 33.3 (80.0 to 47.7) and 13.3 (90.0 to 76.7), respectively. These results indicated that MDV and REV co-infection significantly increased disease severity and reduced the vaccine efficacy. The MDV genome load showed no difference in the feather pulps and spleen, and pathogenicity-related MDV gene expression (meq, pp38, vIL-8, and ICP4) in the spleen significantly increased at some time points in the co-challenged group. Clearly, synergistic pathogenicity occurred between MDV and REV, and the protective efficacy of existing MD vaccines was attenuated by co-infection with Chinese field MDV and REV strains.

  • characterization of a gallid herpesVirus 2 strain with novel Reticuloendotheliosis Virus long terminal repeat inserts
    Virus Genes, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yanping Zhang, Guorong Sun, Keyan Bao, Yulong Gao, Hongyu Cui, Xiaomei Wang, Changjun Liu
    Abstract:

    A bacterial artificial chromosome clone, designated LCY, was constructed from a Gallid herpesVirus 2 (GaHV-2) isolate from a GaHV-2 and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus co-infected clinical sample. The LCY GaHV-2 insert was sequenced and found to consist of 175,319 nucleotides. LCY GaHV-2 open reading frames (ORFs) had a high sequence identity to those of reference strains. The major difference was that two REV long terminal repeats (LTRs), in the same direction, were inserted at the internal repeat short (IRs)/unique short (Us) and Us/terminal repeat short (TRs) junctions. In addition, the a-like sequence and UL36 were different from other strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LCY was closely related to pandemic strains in China. A pathogenicity study and a vaccination-challenge test were performed on LCY and the reference strain, GA. The results showed that LCY induced gross Marek’s disease (MD) lesions and mortality in 71.4 and 7.1% of chickens, respectively, which are lower rates than those observed for the reference strain GA (85.7 and 35.7%). The commercially available CVI988 vaccine provided complete protection against LCY and GA (100%). These results showed that the isolate exhibited lower pathogenicity in SPF chickens. This study revealed that a novel pattern of LTR inserts was found in the strain LCY and that the strain was of low virulence. The present work expands the available genetic information for GaHV-2 and will be useful for the control of MD in China.

  • activation of gga mir 155 by Reticuloendotheliosis Virus t strain and its contribution to transformation
    Journal of General Virology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yongxiu Yao, Yulong Gao, Xiaomei Wang, Deepali Vasoya, Lydia Kgosana, Lorraine P Smith, M G Watson, Venugopal Nair
    Abstract:

    The v-rel oncoprotein encoded by Reticuloendotheliosis Virus T strain (Rev-T) is a member of the rel/NF-κB family of transcription factors capable of transformation of primary chicken spleen and bone marrow cells. Rapid transformation of avian haematopoietic cells by v-rel occurs through a process of deregulation of multiple protein-encoding genes through its direct effect on their promoters. More recently, upregulation of oncogenic miR-155 and its precursor pre-miR-155 was demonstrated in both Rev-T-infected chicken embryo fibroblast cultures and Rev-T-induced B-cell lymphomas. Through electrophoresis mobility shift assay and reporter analysis on the gga-miR-155 promoter, we showed that the v-rel-induced miR-155 overexpression occurred by the direct binding to one of the putative NF-κB binding sites. Using the v-rel-induced transformation model on chicken embryonic splenocyte cultures, we could demonstrate a dynamic increase in miR-155 levels during the transformation. Transcriptome profiles of lymphoid cells transformed by v-rel showed upregulation of miR-155 accompanied by downregulation of a number of putative miR-155 targets such as Pu.1 and CEBPβ. We also showed that v-rel could rescue the suppression of miR-155 expression observed in Marek’s disease Virus (MDV)-transformed cell lines, where its functional viral homologue MDV-miR-M4 is overexpressed. Demonstration of gene expression changes affecting major molecular pathways, including organismal injury and cancer in avian macrophages transfected with synthetic mature miR-155, underlines its potential direct role in transformation. Our study suggests that v-rel-induced transformation involves a complex set of events mediated by the direct activation of NF-κB targets, together with inhibitory effects on microRNA targets.

  • construction and characterization of a recombinant Reticuloendotheliosis Virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein
    Archives of Virology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Xiaoyun Deng, Yulong Gao, Li Gao, Honglei Gao, Yongqiang Wang, Nan Shen, Yuping Hua, Xiaomei Wang
    Abstract:

    Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) causes an immunosuppressive and oncogenic disease in chickens and other birds. In this study, based on an infectious clone of REV, named HLJR0901, a recombinant Virus containing the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene was constructed by inserting the EGFP expression cassette downstream of the 3′ terminus of the viral env gene. An EGFP-tagged REV that stably expresses EGFP was rescued. This visible recombinant REV could contribute to the further understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in the replication and pathogenicity of REV.

  • first isolation of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus from mallards in china
    Archives of Virology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Yulong Gao, Xiaoyun Deng, Lili Jiang, Hongliang Chai, Zhaobin Fan, Xiangang Ren, Qi Wang, Lizhou Zhang
    Abstract:

    Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive and runting syndrome in many avian hosts worldwide. REV infection has never been reported in mallard ducks, however. To identify REV infection in mallards, we collected 40 mallard duck samples from Jilin Province of China. In this study, the REV strain, DBYR1102, was first isolated from a mallard in China and identified by PCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy. The gp90 gene and complete LTR of DBYR1102 were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on gp90 genes of REV indicated that the REV strain DBYR1102 is closely related to strain HLJR0901 from northeastern China, the prairie chicken isolate APC-566, and REV subtype III, represented by chick syncytial Virus. This new strain is distantly related to two other subtypes of REV, 170A and SNV. Phylogenetic analysis based on the LTR yielded information similar to that obtained with the gp90 genes. The results of this study not only expand our epidemiological understanding of REV in the wild birds of China but also demonstrate the potential role of wild waterfowl in REV transmission.

Peng Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • assessment on Reticuloendotheliosis Virus infection in specific pathogen free chickens based on detection of yolk antibody
    PLOS ONE, 2019
    Co-Authors: Tuanjie Wang, Zhizhong Cui, Shuang Chang, Lin Wang, Mingjun Sun, Xiaodong Zhang, Tao Sun, Peng Zhao
    Abstract:

    Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) is the most frequent exogenous Virus that contaminates attenuated vaccines. Therefore, it is extremely important to select REV-free specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Generally, REV infection is assessed by detecting REV antibodies in SPF chickens. This present study seeks to evaluate REV infection by replacing serum antibody detection with yolk antibody detection. A cohort of 40 nineteen-week-old SPF chickens were artificially inoculated with REV, with 32 SPF chickens raised in another isolation environment served as a blank control. Eggs and serum from 23-week-old chickens were sampled, and yolks were diluted separately to ratios of 1:150, 1:200, 1:300 and 1:400, which were detected together with serum. We found that the yolk antibody detection findings at a dilution of 1:300 had the highest coincidence rate compared with that based on serum antibody measurements. At a dilution ratio of 1:300 for yolk antibody, 72 chickens were continuously observed for 10 weeks from 25- to 34-weeks-old. Our findings were based on serum antibody or yolk antibody detection, and the evaluation results were completely consistent. Therefore, all serum antibody-positive chickens were yolk antibody-positive, and vice versa. Accordingly, vaccine producers can estimate REV cleanliness in a poultry farm by sampling yolk antibody titers.

  • Isolation, identification, and whole genome sequencing of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus from a vaccine against Marek's disease
    Poultry science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Xuan Dong, Chenghuai Yang, Li Qihong, Zhizhong Cui, Shuang Chang, Peng Zhao, Hanchun Yang
    Abstract:

    According to the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, all vaccines must be screened for exogenous Virus contamination before commercialization. A freeze-dried vaccine against Marek's disease was used to inoculate specific pathogen-free chickens, from which serum samples were collected after 42 days. The results were positive for Reticuloendotheliosis Virus antibody, which was indicative of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus contamination. After neutralization with serum positive for Marek's disease Virus, chicken embryo fibroblasts were inoculated with the vaccine. Afterward, viral isolation and identification were performed. One Reticuloendotheliosis Virus strain (MD-2) was isolated and verified using an immunofluorescence assay. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the proVirus MD-2 genome was performed using seven overlapping fragments as primers. The amplified products were sequenced and spliced to obtain the whole MD-2 genome sequence. The full genome length of MD-2 was 8,284 bp, which had an identity greater than 99% with the prairie chicken isolate APC-566 from the US, the goose-derived isolate 3410/06 from Taiwan, and the chicken-derived Reticuloendotheliosis Virus isolate HLJR0901 from Heilongjiang Province, China. The MD-2 was phylogenetically close to these isolates. The identity with REV isolate HA9901 from Jiangsu Province of China was 96.7%. The MD-2 had the lowest identity with duck-derived Sin Nombre Virus from the United States, with the value of only 93.5%. The main difference lay in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat. The present research indicated that some vaccines produced during specific periods in China might be contaminated by Reticuloendotheliosis Virus. The Reticuloendotheliosis Virus strain isolated from the vaccine was phylogenetically close to the prevalent strain, with only minor variations.

  • synergetic effects of subgroup j avian leukosis Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus co infection on growth retardation and immunosuppression in spf chickens
    Veterinary Microbiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Xuan Dong, Peng Zhao, Fanfeng Meng, Peng Sun, Zhizhong Cui
    Abstract:

    To further understand the effect of co-infection of subgroup J avian leukosis Virus (ALV-J) and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens, the experiment was made to study the pathogenicity, the weight of body and immune organs, response to newcastle disease Virus (NDV) and avian influenza Virus subtype H9 (AIV-H9) vaccination. Chickens were randomly divided into four groups, which includes injection groups (REV, ALV-J, REV plus ALV-J), and negative control group. The pathogenesis experiments indicated that chickens co-infected with REV and ALV-J had significantly higher mortality rate than those of the chickens infected with REV or ALV-J alone (P 0.05) on bursa and thymus over body wt ratios, however, chickens co-infected with REV and ALV-J had significantly lower titers than REV-infected chickens and ALV-J-infected chickens on HI antibody titers to ND and AIV-H9 after vaccination (P<0.05). These findings suggested that the co-infection of REV and ALV-J caused more serious growth retardation and immunosuppression in SPF chickens.

  • sequence analysis of the whole genome of a recombinant marek s disease Virus strain gx0101 with a Reticuloendotheliosis Virus ltr insert
    Archives of Virology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ning Cui, Peng Zhao, Aijun Sun, Jiabo Ding, Zimeng Chen, Zhizhong Cui
    Abstract:

    Marek’s disease Virus Chinese strain GX0101, isolated in 2001, is the first reported recombinant gallid herpesVirus type 2 (GaHV-2) field strain with one Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) insert. We constructed an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of GX0101, which showed characteristics very similar to those of the parental Virus in replication and pathogenicity. Using the GX0101 BAC clone, the complete genome of GX0101 was sequenced and analyzed. The length of the GX0101 genome is 178,101 bp, and it contains only one REV-LTR insert at a site 267 bp upstream of the sorf2 gene.

  • complete genome sequence of a recombinant marek s disease Virus field strain with one Reticuloendotheliosis Virus long terminal repeat insert
    Journal of Virology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Ning Cui, Peng Zhao, Zhizhong Cui, Jiabo Ding, Xuan Dong
    Abstract:

    Marek's disease Virus (MDV) Chinese strain GX0101, isolated in 2001 from a vaccinated flock of layer chickens with severe tumors, was the first reported recombinant MDV field strain with one Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) insert. GX0101 belongs to very virulent MDV (vvMDV) but has higher horizontal transmission ability than the vvMDV strain Md5. The complete genome sequence of GX0101 is 178,101 nucleotides (nt) and contains only one REV-LTR insert at a site 267 nt upstream of the sorf2 gene. Moreover, GX0101 has 5 repeats of a 217-nt fragment in its terminal repeat short (TRS) region and 3 repeats in internal repeat short (IRS) region, compared to the other 10 strains with only 1 or 2 repeats in both TRS and IRS.

Venugopal Nair - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Reticuloendotheliosis Virus and avian leukosis Virus subgroup j synergistically increase the accumulation of exosomal mirnas
    Retrovirology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Defang Zhou, Jingwen Xue, Jing Zhou, Libo Huang, Venugopal Nair, Yongxiu Yao, Ziqiang Cheng
    Abstract:

    Co-infection with avian leukosis Virus subgroup J and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus induces synergistic pathogenic effects and increases mortality. However, the role of exosomal miRNAs in the molecular mechanism of the synergistic infection of the two Viruses remains unknown. In this study, exosomal RNAs from CEF cells infected with ALV-J, REV or both at the optimal synergistic infection time were analysed by Illumina RNA deep sequencing. A total of 54 (23 upregulated and 31 downregulated) and 16 (7 upregulated and 9 downregulated) miRNAs were identified by comparing co-infection with two Viruses, single-infected ALV-J and REV, respectively. Moreover, five key miRNAs, including miR-184-3p, miR-146a-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-3538 and miR-155, were validated in both exosomes and CEF cells by qRT-PCR. GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis of the miRNA target genes showed that the five differentially expressed miRNAs participated in Virus-vector interaction, oxidative phosphorylation, energy metabolism and cell growth. We demonstrated that REV and ALV-J synergistically increased the accumulation of exosomal miRNAs, which sheds light on the synergistic molecular mechanism of ALV-J and REV.

  • Reticuloendotheliosis Virus and avian leukosis Virus subgroup J synergistically increase the accumulation of exosomal miRNAs
    BMC, 2018
    Co-Authors: Defang Zhou, Jingwen Xue, Jing Zhou, Libo Huang, Venugopal Nair, Yongxiu Yao, Ziqiang Cheng
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Co-infection with avian leukosis Virus subgroup J and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus induces synergistic pathogenic effects and increases mortality. However, the role of exosomal miRNAs in the molecular mechanism of the synergistic infection of the two Viruses remains unknown. Results In this study, exosomal RNAs from CEF cells infected with ALV-J, REV or both at the optimal synergistic infection time were analysed by Illumina RNA deep sequencing. A total of 54 (23 upregulated and 31 downregulated) and 16 (7 upregulated and 9 downregulated) miRNAs were identified by comparing co-infection with two Viruses, single-infected ALV-J and REV, respectively. Moreover, five key miRNAs, including miR-184-3p, miR-146a-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-3538 and miR-155, were validated in both exosomes and CEF cells by qRT-PCR. GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis of the miRNA target genes showed that the five differentially expressed miRNAs participated in Virus-vector interaction, oxidative phosphorylation, energy metabolism and cell growth. Conclusions We demonstrated that REV and ALV-J synergistically increased the accumulation of exosomal miRNAs, which sheds light on the synergistic molecular mechanism of ALV-J and REV

  • activation of gga mir 155 by Reticuloendotheliosis Virus t strain and its contribution to transformation
    Journal of General Virology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Yongxiu Yao, Yulong Gao, Xiaomei Wang, Deepali Vasoya, Lydia Kgosana, Lorraine P Smith, M G Watson, Venugopal Nair
    Abstract:

    The v-rel oncoprotein encoded by Reticuloendotheliosis Virus T strain (Rev-T) is a member of the rel/NF-κB family of transcription factors capable of transformation of primary chicken spleen and bone marrow cells. Rapid transformation of avian haematopoietic cells by v-rel occurs through a process of deregulation of multiple protein-encoding genes through its direct effect on their promoters. More recently, upregulation of oncogenic miR-155 and its precursor pre-miR-155 was demonstrated in both Rev-T-infected chicken embryo fibroblast cultures and Rev-T-induced B-cell lymphomas. Through electrophoresis mobility shift assay and reporter analysis on the gga-miR-155 promoter, we showed that the v-rel-induced miR-155 overexpression occurred by the direct binding to one of the putative NF-κB binding sites. Using the v-rel-induced transformation model on chicken embryonic splenocyte cultures, we could demonstrate a dynamic increase in miR-155 levels during the transformation. Transcriptome profiles of lymphoid cells transformed by v-rel showed upregulation of miR-155 accompanied by downregulation of a number of putative miR-155 targets such as Pu.1 and CEBPβ. We also showed that v-rel could rescue the suppression of miR-155 expression observed in Marek’s disease Virus (MDV)-transformed cell lines, where its functional viral homologue MDV-miR-M4 is overexpressed. Demonstration of gene expression changes affecting major molecular pathways, including organismal injury and cancer in avian macrophages transfected with synthetic mature miR-155, underlines its potential direct role in transformation. Our study suggests that v-rel-induced transformation involves a complex set of events mediated by the direct activation of NF-κB targets, together with inhibitory effects on microRNA targets.

  • functional evaluation of the role of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus long terminal repeat ltr integrated into the genome of a field strain of marek s disease Virus
    Virology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Aijun Sun, Venugopal Nair, Lawrence Petherbridge, Yuguang Zhao, Zhizhong Cui
    Abstract:

    MDV-GX0101 is a field strain of Marek's disease Virus with a naturally occurring insertion of the Reticuloendotheliosis Virus (REV) LTR fragment. In order to study the biological properties of REV-LTR insertion in the MDV genome, we constructed a full-length infectious BAC clone of MDV-GX0101 strain and deleted the LTR sequences by BAC mutagenesis. The pathogenic properties of the LTR-deleted Virus were evaluated in infected SPF birds. The study demonstrated that the LTR-deleted Virus had a stronger inhibitory effect on the growth rates of the infected birds and induced stronger immunosuppressive effects. Surprisingly, however, the ability for horizontal transmission of the LTR-deleted Virus appeared to be significantly weaker than its parental LTR-intact Virus. Even though the precise molecular mechanisms are still not clear, the results of our studies demonstrate that the retention of the REV-LTR in the MDV genome decreases its pathogenic effects but increases its potential for horizontal transmission.