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Ben Lugtenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biocontrol strain pseudomonas fluorescens wcs365 inhibits germination of fusarium oxysporum spores in tomato Root Exudate as well as subsequent formation of new spores
Environmental Microbiology, 2008Co-Authors: Faina Kamilova, Gerda E M Lamers, Ben LugtenbergAbstract:Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis-licopersici (Forl) is a soilborne pathogenic fungus which can cause tomato foot and Root rot (TFRR). Tomato Root Exudate is a good source of nutrients for both Forl and the TFRR-suppressing biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS365. Incubation of Forl microconidia in tomato Root Exudate stimulates their germination. This phenomenon is observed, to a lesser extent, upon incubation in plant nutrient solution supplemented with citrate or glucose, the major organic acid and sugar components, respectively, of tomato Root Exudate. Here we show that induction of germination of microconidia is significantly reduced in the presence of P. fluorescens WCS365 in all tested media. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that P. fluorescens WCS365 colonizes developing hyphae. Efficient colonization correlates with low nutrient availability. Eventually, new microconidia are formed. The presence of P. fluorescens WCS365 reduces the number of newly formed microconidia. This reduction does not depend on physical contact between bacteria and hyphae. We discuss that the ability of P. fluorescens WCS365 to slow down the processes of microconidia germination and development of new microconidia of the phytopathogen, and therefore the ability to reduce fungal dissemination, is likely to contribute to the biocontrol efficacy of this strain.
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effects of the tomato pathogen fusarium oxysporum f sp radicis lycopersici and of the biocontrol bacterium pseudomonas fluorescens wcs365 on the composition of organic acids and sugars in tomato Root Exudate
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions, 2006Co-Authors: Faina Kamilova, L V Kravchenko, A I Shaposhnikov, Nataliya Makarova, Ben LugtenbergAbstract:The effects of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and of the bacterial biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365, and of both microbes, on the amounts and composition of Root Exudate components of tomato plants grown in a gnotobiotic stonewool substrate system were studied. Conditions were selected under which introduction of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici caused severe foot and Root rot, whereas inoculation of the seed with P. fluorescens WCS365 decreased the percentage of diseased plants from 96 to 7%. This is a much better disease control level than was observed in potting soil. Analysis of Root exu- date revealed that the presence of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis- lycopersici did not alter the total amount of organic acids, but that the amount of citric acid decreased and that of suc- cinic acid increased compared with the nontreated control. In contrast, in the presence of the P. fluorescens biocontrol strain WCS365, the total amount of organic acid increased, mainly due to a strong increase of the amount of citric acid, whereas the amount of succinic acid decreased dramatically. Under biocontrol conditions, when both microbes are pre- sent, the content of succinic acid decreased and the level of citric acid was similar to that in the nontreated control. The amount of sugar was approximately half that of the control sample when either one of the microbes was present alone or when both were present. Analysis of the interactions be- tween the two microbes grown together in sterile tomato Root Exudate showed that WCS365 inhibited multiplication of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, whereas the fungus did not affect the number of CFU of the bacterium.
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flagella driven chemotaxis towards Exudate components is an important trait for tomato Root colonization by pseudomonas fluorescens
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions, 2002Co-Authors: Sandra De Weert, Irene Kuiper, Guido V Bloemberg, Hans Vermeiren, Ine H M Mulders, Nico Hendrickx, Jos Vanderleyden, Ben LugtenbergAbstract:Motility is a major trait for competitive tomato Root-tip colonization by Pseudomonas fluorescens. To test the hypothesis that this role of motility is based on chemotaxis toward Exudate components, cheA mutants that were defective in flagella-driven chemotaxis but retained motility were constructed in four P. fluorescens strains. After inoculation of seedlings with a 1:1 mixture of wild-type and nonmotile mutants all mutants had a strongly reduced competitive Root colonizing ability after 7 days of plant growth, both in a gnotobiotic sand system as well as in nonsterile potting soil. The differences were significant on all Root parts and increased from Root base to Root tip. Significant differences at the Root tip could already be detected after 2 to 3 days. These experiments show that chemotaxis is an important competitive colonization trait. The best competitive Root-tip colonizer, strain WCS365, was tested for chemotaxis toward tomato Root Exudate and its major identified components. A chemotactic response was detected toward Root Exudate, some organic acids, and some amino acids from this Exudate but not toward its sugars. Comparison of the minimal concentrations required for a chemotactic response with concentrations estimated for Exudates suggested that malic acid and citric acid are among major chemo-attractants for P. fluorescens WCS365 cells in the tomato rhizosphere.
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pseudomonas putida strain pcl1444 selected for efficient Root colonization and naphthalene degradation effectively utilizes Root Exudate components
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions, 2002Co-Authors: Irene Kuiper, L V Kravchenko, Guido V Bloemberg, Ben LugtenbergAbstract:Previously, we have described the selection of a plant-bacterium pair that is efficient in rhizoremediating naphthalene pollution in microcosm studies. After repeated selection for efficient Root tip colonization upon inoculation of seeds of grass cv. Barmultra and for stable and efficient growth on naphthalene, Pseudomonas putida PCL1444 was selected as the most efficient colonizer of Barmultra Roots. Here, we report the analysis of Barmultra Root Exudate composition and our subsequent tests of the growth rate of the bacterium and of the expression of the naphthalene degradation genes on individual Exudate components. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the organic acid and sugar Root-Exudate components revealed that glucose and fructose are the most abundant sugars, whereas succinic acid and citric acid are the most abundant organic acids. Tn5luxAB mutants of PCL1444 impaired in naphthalene degradation appeared to be impaired in genes homologous to genes of the upper naphthalene degradation pathway present in various Pseudomonas strains and to genes of the lower pathway genes for naphthalene degradation in P. stutzeri. Highest expression for both pathways involved in naphthalene degradation during growth in minimal medium with the carbon source to be tested was observed at the start of the logarithmic phase. Naphthalene did not induce the upper pathway, but a different pattern of expression was observed in the lower pathway reporter, probably due to the conversion of naphthalene to salicylic acid. Salicylic acid, which is described as an intermediate of the naphthalene degradation pathway in many Pseudomonas strains, did induce both pathways, resulting in an up to sixfold higher expression level at the start of the logarithmic phase. When expression levels during growth on the different carbon sources present in Root Exudate were compared, highest expression was observed on the two major Root Exudate components, glucose and succinic acid. These results show an excellent correlation between successful naphthalene rhizoremediation by the Barmultra-P. putida PCL1444 pair and both efficient utilization of the major Exudate components for growth and high transcription of the naphthalene catabolic genes on the major Exudate components. Therefore, we hypothesize that efficient Root colonizing and naphthalene degradation is the result of the applied colonization enrichment procedure.
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tomato seed and Root Exudate sugars composition utilization by pseudomonas biocontrol strains and role in rhizosphere colonization
Environmental Microbiology, 1999Co-Authors: Ben Lugtenberg, L V Kravchenko, Marco SimonsAbstract:The role of tomato seed and Root Exudate sugars as nutrients for Pseudomonas biocontrol bacteria was studied. To this end, the major Exudate sugars of tomato seeds, seedlings and Roots were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. Glucose, fructose and maltose were present in all studied growth stages of the plant, but the ratios of these sugars were strongly dependent on the developmental stage. In order to study the putative role of Exudate sugar utilization in rhizosphere colonization, two approaches were adopted. First, after co-inoculation on germinated tomato seeds, the Root-colonizing ability of the efficient Root-colonizing P. fluorescens strain WCS365 in a gnotobiotic quartz sand-plant nutrient solution system was compared with that of other Pseudomonas biocontrol strains. No correlation was observed between the colonizing ability of a strain and its ability to use the major Exudate sugars as the only carbon and energy source. Secondly, a Tn5lacZ mutant of P. fluorescens strain WCS365, strain PCL1083, was isolated, which is impaired in its ability to grow on simple sugars, including those found in Exudate. The mutation appeared to reside in zwf, which encodes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The mutant grows as well as the parental strain on other media, including tomato Root Exudate. After inoculation of germinated sterile tomato seeds, the mutant cells reached the same population levels at the Root tip as the wild-type strain, both alone and in competition, indicating that the ability to use Exudate sugars does not play a major role in tomato Root colonization, despite the fact that sugars have often been reported to represent the major Exudate carbon source. This conclusion is supported by the observation that the growth of mutant PCL1083 in vitro is inhibited by glucose, a major Exudate sugar, at a concentration of 0.001%, which indicates that the glucose concentration in the tomato rhizosphere is very low.
Junya Mizutani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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isothiocyanates as alleopathic compounds from rorippa indica hiern cruciferae Roots
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1992Co-Authors: A. Yamane, J. Fujikura, H. Ogawa, Junya MizutaniAbstract:The ethyl acetate extracts ofRorippa indica Hiern. contained hirsutin, arabin, camelinin, and three novel ω-methylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates (n=8, 9, and 10). These compounds severely inhibited lettuce (Lactucasaliva) hypocotyl and Root growth at 0.1 mM or above. The precursor glucosinolates of hirsutin, arabin, and camelinin were isolated. Presence of the three ω-methylsulfonylalkylglucosinolates, along with other glucosinolates in the Roots were verified by the isolation and identification of their desulfoderivatives. Using the continuous Root Exudate trapping apparatus and GC-MS, hirsutin and the threeω-methlylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates were detected in the Root Exudates ofR. indica, suggesting that these isothiocyanates are the primary candidate of allelopathic compounds contributing to the aggressiveness of this cruciferous weed.
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Isothiocyanates as alleopathic compounds fromRorippa indica Hiern. (Cruciferae) Roots
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1992Co-Authors: A. Yamane, J. Fujikura, H. Ogawa, Junya MizutaniAbstract:The ethyl acetate extracts of Rorippa indica Hiern. contained hirsutin, arabin, camelinin, and three novel ω-methylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates ( n =8, 9, and 10). These compounds severely inhibited lettuce ( Lactucasaliva ) hypocotyl and Root growth at 0.1 mM or above. The precursor glucosinolates of hirsutin, arabin, and camelinin were isolated. Presence of the three ω-methylsulfonylalkylglucosinolates, along with other glucosinolates in the Roots were verified by the isolation and identification of their desulfoderivatives. Using the continuous Root Exudate trapping apparatus and GC-MS, hirsutin and the three ω -methlylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates were detected in the Root Exudates of R. indica , suggesting that these isothiocyanates are the primary candidate of allelopathic compounds contributing to the aggressiveness of this cruciferous weed.
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Allelopathy of yellow fieldcress (Rorippa sylvestris): Identification and characterization of phytotoxic constituents
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1992Co-Authors: A. Yamane, H. Nishimura, Junya MizutaniAbstract:Both the neutral and acidic fractions of the acetone extract of yellow fieldcress (Kireha-inugarashi, Rorippa sylvestris Besser) inhibited lettuce seed germination. Salicylic, p -hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, and syringic acid were identified in the acidic fraction. In the neutral fraction, hirsutin (8-methylsulfinyloctyl isothiocyanate), 4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile, and pyrocatechol were identified. Bioassay using a Root Exudate recirculating system showed R. sylvestris during flowering inhibited the lettuce seedling growth. Hirsutin (13 μ g/plant/day) and pyrocatechol (9.3 μ g/plant/day) were the major compounds released into the rhizosphere. Several combinations of pyrocatechol, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and hirsutin reduced lettuce seedling growth. These compounds seemed to be allelochemicals.
A. Yamane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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isothiocyanates as alleopathic compounds from rorippa indica hiern cruciferae Roots
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1992Co-Authors: A. Yamane, J. Fujikura, H. Ogawa, Junya MizutaniAbstract:The ethyl acetate extracts ofRorippa indica Hiern. contained hirsutin, arabin, camelinin, and three novel ω-methylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates (n=8, 9, and 10). These compounds severely inhibited lettuce (Lactucasaliva) hypocotyl and Root growth at 0.1 mM or above. The precursor glucosinolates of hirsutin, arabin, and camelinin were isolated. Presence of the three ω-methylsulfonylalkylglucosinolates, along with other glucosinolates in the Roots were verified by the isolation and identification of their desulfoderivatives. Using the continuous Root Exudate trapping apparatus and GC-MS, hirsutin and the threeω-methlylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates were detected in the Root Exudates ofR. indica, suggesting that these isothiocyanates are the primary candidate of allelopathic compounds contributing to the aggressiveness of this cruciferous weed.
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Isothiocyanates as alleopathic compounds fromRorippa indica Hiern. (Cruciferae) Roots
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1992Co-Authors: A. Yamane, J. Fujikura, H. Ogawa, Junya MizutaniAbstract:The ethyl acetate extracts of Rorippa indica Hiern. contained hirsutin, arabin, camelinin, and three novel ω-methylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates ( n =8, 9, and 10). These compounds severely inhibited lettuce ( Lactucasaliva ) hypocotyl and Root growth at 0.1 mM or above. The precursor glucosinolates of hirsutin, arabin, and camelinin were isolated. Presence of the three ω-methylsulfonylalkylglucosinolates, along with other glucosinolates in the Roots were verified by the isolation and identification of their desulfoderivatives. Using the continuous Root Exudate trapping apparatus and GC-MS, hirsutin and the three ω -methlylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates were detected in the Root Exudates of R. indica , suggesting that these isothiocyanates are the primary candidate of allelopathic compounds contributing to the aggressiveness of this cruciferous weed.
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Allelopathy of yellow fieldcress (Rorippa sylvestris): Identification and characterization of phytotoxic constituents
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1992Co-Authors: A. Yamane, H. Nishimura, Junya MizutaniAbstract:Both the neutral and acidic fractions of the acetone extract of yellow fieldcress (Kireha-inugarashi, Rorippa sylvestris Besser) inhibited lettuce seed germination. Salicylic, p -hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, and syringic acid were identified in the acidic fraction. In the neutral fraction, hirsutin (8-methylsulfinyloctyl isothiocyanate), 4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile, and pyrocatechol were identified. Bioassay using a Root Exudate recirculating system showed R. sylvestris during flowering inhibited the lettuce seedling growth. Hirsutin (13 μ g/plant/day) and pyrocatechol (9.3 μ g/plant/day) were the major compounds released into the rhizosphere. Several combinations of pyrocatechol, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and hirsutin reduced lettuce seedling growth. These compounds seemed to be allelochemicals.
Baldwyn Torto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ethylene response factor erf genes modulate plant Root Exudate composition and the attraction of plant parasitic nematodes
International Journal for Parasitology, 2019Co-Authors: Steven Dyer, Ryan Weir, Xavier Cheseto, Baldwyn Torto, Johnathan J DalzellAbstract:Abstract Plant Root Exudates are compositionally diverse, plastic and adaptive. Ethylene signalling influences the attraction of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs), presumably through the modulation of Root Exudate composition. Understanding this pathway could lead to new sources of crop parasite resistance. Here we used Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) to knock down the expression of two Ethylene Response Factor (ERF) genes, ERF-E2 and ERF-E3, in tomato. Root Exudates were significantly more attractive to the PPNs Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera pallida following knockdown of ERF-E2, which had no impact on the attraction of Meloidogyne javanica. Knockdown of ERF-E3 had no impact on the attraction of Meloidogyne or Globodera spp. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed major changes in Root Exudate composition relative to controls. However, these changes did not alter the attraction of rhizosphere microbes Bacillus subtilis or Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This study further supports the potential of engineering plant Root Exudate for parasite control, through the modulation of plant genes.
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ethylene response factor erf genes modulate plant Root Exudate composition and the attraction of plant parasitic nematodes
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Steven Dyer, Ryan Weir, Xavier Cheseto, Baldwyn Torto, Johnathan J DalzellAbstract:Plant Root Exudates are compositionally diverse, plastic and adaptive. Ethylene signalling influences the attraction of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs), presumably through the modulation of Root Exudate composition. Understanding this pathway could lead to new sources of crop parasite resistance. Here we have used Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) to knockdown the expression of two ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) genes, ERF-E2 and ERF-E3 in tomato. Root Exudates are significantly more attractive to the PPNs Meloidogyne incognita, and Globodera pallida following knockdown of ERF-E2, which has no impact on the attraction of Meloidogyne javanica. Knockdown of ERF-E3 has no impact on the attraction of Meloidogyne or Globodera spp. GC-MS analysis revealed major changes in Root Exudate composition relative to controls. However, these changes do not alter the attraction of rhizosphere microbes Bacillus subtilis or Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This study further supports the potential of engineering plant Root Exudate for parasite control, through the modulation of plant genes.nnnnO_TBL View this table:norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15fea9dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@241221org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@224609org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@24315corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@24953e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_TBL C_TBL
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elicitation of differential responses in the Root knot nematode meloidogyne incognita to tomato Root Exudate cytokinin flavonoids and alkaloids
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Lucy Kananu Murungi, Hillary Kirwa, John J Beck, Baldwyn TortoAbstract:Root Exudates of plants mediate interactions with a variety of organisms in the rhizosphere, including Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) We investigated the responses of the motile stage second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne incognita to non-volatile components identified in the Root Exudate of tomato. Using stylet thrusting, chemotaxis assays, and chemical analysis, we identified specific metabolites in the Root Exudate that attract and repel J2s. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of bioactive fractions obtained from the Root Exudate revealed a high diversity of compounds, of which five were identified as the phytohormone zeatin (cytokinin), the flavonoids quercetin and luteolin, and alkaloids solasodine and tomatidine. In stylet thrusting and chemotaxis assays, the five compounds elicited concentration-dependent responses in J2s relative to 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (negative control) and methyl salicylate (positive control). These results indicate t...
David D Douds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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functional categories of Root Exudate compounds and their relevance to am fungal growth
2010Co-Authors: Gerald Nagahashi, David D Douds, Yurdagul FerhatogluAbstract:It is well established that plants grown under limited phosphorus (Pi) conditions are more readily colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. It is also known that certain components of host Root Exudates can stimulate hyphal growth and branching of AM fungi and these compounds are elevated when the host is grown under Pi stress. To obtain a more general picture of the types of compounds exuded by host Roots that effect the growth of AM fungi, a global analysis was performed on crude Exudates of Ri TDNA-transformed carrot Roots grown in the presence and absence of Pi. The results show that there is a distinct population of Exudate compounds that are elevated in the absence versus the presence of Pi. Putative identifications were made for some of these compounds from data obtained by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry (FTMS). The results were then compared to components of biologically active fractions purified by two dimensional thin layer chromatography (2D TLC). The data selection was restricted to compounds that were initially identified to be elevated in the crude – Pi Exudate. The categories of compounds, such as plant growth regulators, phenols, flavonoids, and sesquiterpenoids were selected that had the most relevance to AM fungal/host interactions. The previous results with some of these compounds will be discussed in relation to new results obtained from FTMS and their involvement in presymbiotic growth of AM fungi. None of the reported strigolactones which stimulate AM fungi hyphal were found although several sesquiterpene lactones were identified. A number of hydroxy fatty acids were also found, and they were elevated in the – Pi crude Exudate and found to be present in 2D TLC fractions. One hydroxy fatty acid, 2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, stimulated lateral branching of the primary germ tube of Gigaspora gigantea, when applied to Petri dishes in amounts as low as 1–10 ng.
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separated components of Root Exudate and cytosol stimulate different morphologically identifiable types of branching responses by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Fungal Biology, 2007Co-Authors: Gerald Nagahashi, David D DoudsAbstract:Abstract Two morphologically distinct hyphal branching responses by the AM fungus, Glomus intraradices , were stimulated by separated components of carrot Root Exudate. Complex branching up to the sixth order was induced by compounds most soluble in 35 % methanol, whereas the formation of more lateral branches (second order) was stimulated by compounds most soluble in 70 % methanol. This same 70 % alcohol soluble fraction also stimulated a completely different type of branching pattern in another fungus, Gigaspora gigantea. This pattern consisted of a very periodic distribution of dense clusters of hyphal branches that had a very high degree of complexity. In contrast to Exudate components, separated cytosolic components of carrot Roots did not stimulate any of the observed hyphal branching patterns. Alcohol-soluble fractions actually inhibited hyphal tip growth of G. gigantea and induced the formation of “recovery” branches that were identical to those induced by an inhibitor found in the Exudate of Chard ( Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla), a non-host plant.
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synergism between blue light and Root Exudate compounds and evidence for a second messenger in the hyphal branching response of gigaspora gigantea
Mycologia, 2004Co-Authors: Gerald Nagahashi, David D DoudsAbstract:Light and chemical components of the host Root Exudate can induce hyphal growth and branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Com- pounds that induce the same morphogenetic or bio- chemical response as light are referred to as photo- mimetic compounds (PCs). This is the first report of a synergistic response by Gigaspora gigantea, an ar- buscular mycorrhizal fungus, to blue light and natu- rally occurring photomimetic compounds isolated from the Exudate of host Roots. The blue light treat- ment and exposure to photomimetic compounds were effective whether applied sequentially or simul- taneously. The number of hyphal branches induced by blue light and photomimetic compounds together was greater than the sum of the branches generated by each separate treatment, and the synergism was greatest at the higher levels or orders of branches. The fact that blue light and PCs, individually, trig- gered the same hyphal branching response and when given together, they produced a synergistic response, indicated the activation of a second messenger in the induced-branching process. Delaying the application of PCs, after the initial light exposure, showed the second messenger was stable up to 3 h.
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Root Exudate of pmi tomato mutant m161 reduces am fungal proliferation in vitro
Fems Microbiology Letters, 2003Co-Authors: Vijay Gadkar, Rakefet Davidschwartz, Gerald Nagahashi, David D Douds, Smadar Wininger, Yoram KapulnikAbstract:Soluble factors released from Roots of the pre-mycorrhizal infection (pmi) myc− tomato mutant M161 were analyzed and compared with normal wild-type released factors. Aseptic whole Exudates from the M161 mutant retarded the proliferation of Glomus intraradices in vitro. When the whole Exudate was further fractionated on a C18 SEPAK cartridge, the 50/70% methanol fraction showed an activity against hyphal tip growth of Gigaspora gigantea and Gl. intraradices. Preliminary characterization of the Exudate suggests that the inhibitory moieties are heat labile, bind to PVPP (polyvinyl polypyrrolidone), and are not volatile. This is the first reported instance of the inhibition by a myc− plant being ascribed to inhibitory component(s) released in Root Exudate.
