Saguinus oedipus

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Charles T. Snowdon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • factors influencing the survival of wild cotton top tamarin Saguinus oedipus infants
    American Journal of Primatology, 2021
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, Charles T. Snowdon, Luis H. Soto, Felix S Medina, German Emeris, Rosamira R Guillen
    Abstract:

    Studies of cooperative breeding species have suggested that helpers are needed for infant survival and that helpers gain skills to successfully raise their own offspring. Studies of callitrichids in managed care and early field studies suggested that group size correlated with infant survival and that helpers needed to learn parental skills to be successful breeders. We present infant survival data from a 20-year field study of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia involving 126 litters born to 41 females. There was no difference in the survival of male and female offspring to 6 months of age. However, litter size impacted survival, with triplet litters having lower survival and male triplets having lower survival than females. Loss of infants was highest in the first week of life and, of the animals remaining in the group at 6 months of age, 90% of them survived to 1 year. The mean length of time in the natal group was 2.3 years but some young migrated to other groups after 4 months of age. Group size and number of male helpers (>1 year) was not related to infant survival. However, groups with only one male had fewer surviving infants. Primiparous females had lower infant survival, but previous infant care experience by mothers as helpers had no effect on survival. A major cause of infant loss was group disruption due to deaths/evictions/loss of the reproductively active animals, or immigration of pregnant females. Thus, factors that cause a change in the stability of the reproductively active animals can disrupt group cohesion. Capture of individuals for the illegal pet trade, as well as habitat fragmentation, may increase competition between groups for access to territories and breeding opportunities. This may have long-term impacts to infant survival in this critically endangered species.

  • stick weaving innovative behavior in tamarins Saguinus oedipus
    Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Charles T. Snowdon, Thomas R Roskos
    Abstract:

    Some captive cotton-top tamarins spontaneously weave sticks in the mesh of their enclosures so that the stick is lodged between two mesh openings. Sticks are broken from natural branches placed in the enclosures and often modified by biting them in the center before weaving through the mesh. To investigate this further, we systematically surveyed all animals in our colony and found that all successful stick-weaving tamarins were descendants from only 2 of the 16 breeding groups contributing to the colony membership at the time of surveying or were the mates of these descendants, suggesting stick-weaving is a socially learned behavior. Successful stick-weavers were presented with pipe cleaners, soda straws, and wooden dowels to see if they would generalize stick-weaving to novel objects. Seven of 10 animals successfully wove with straws or pipe cleaners, showing that they could generalize the behavior to objects that were physically different but had the same affordances as the sticks. Data from a father-daughter pair suggest a form of coaching. Innovative behavior is needed for the emergence of culture with subsequent social transmission. Although innovative behavior in primates is mainly associated with foraging and is more likely to occur among males, stick-weaving has no obvious reward and appeared equally in both sexes. Stick-weaving behavior and its probable social transmission across generations suggest the possibility of cultural traditions emerging in this species. (PsycINFO Database Record

  • normal hematologic and serum biochemical values of cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus
    Journal of The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 2012
    Co-Authors: Evan T Shukan, Carla Y Boe, Aimee V Hasenfus, Bridget A Pieper, Charles T. Snowdon
    Abstract:

    Cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus (Linnaeus, 1758), are a callitrichid species found in seasonal deciduous rain forest and secondary growth forest in only a small area of northwest Columbia.25 Listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN 2010 Red List of Threatened Species, there are estimated to be fewer than 7500 cotton-top tamarins living in the wild49 and approximately 2700 in captivity worldwide.13 One recent study documented a 31% decrease between 1990 and 2000 in forested habitat within the historic distribution range of the cotton-top tamarin,39 with a further decrease since 2000.49 An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 cotton-top tamarins were imported to the United States for use in biomedical research between the late 1960s and 1973, when the species was declared endangered and legal importation ceased.25,49 All of these data taken together provide some indication of the precipitous decline of the wild population.49 Cotton-top tamarins have many diverse uses in research, and their dwindling numbers belie their continued importance in research. Long used as an animal model of spontaneous ulcerative colitis and colonic adenocarcinoma,10,12,31,54,58 given naturally high incidences of both diseases in captive and wild populations; numerous models of these diseases now exist in mice and rats.32,33,57 Cotton-top tamarins continue to be used in cognitive behavioral research in the areas of cooperative rearing,1,46,60 complex learning,15,17,36 prosocial behavior and altruism,14,23,51 reproduction and reproductive hormone analysis,45,48,53,61,62 and other areas.16,18,19,50,52 Cotton-top tamarins regularly give birth to twins and are natural bone marrow chimeras, due to placental vascular anastamoses,42,43,56 making them useful in studies on the major histocompatibility complex and functions of the immune system.2,9,41-43,56 Cotton-top tamarins have also been used as a model for the study of Epstein–Barr Virus30 and have recently been suggested as a possible model for early Alzheimer disease.35 Hematologic and serum biochemical reference ranges for many other species of nonhuman primates have been published, including common marmosets,59 rhesus macaques,7,11 chimpanzees27 and vervets,47 as well as several species of tamarins, including, red-bellied tamarins55 and white-footed tamarins.20 In addition, limited whole-blood hematologic and serum biochemical reference ranges for cotton-top tamarins have been published. Studies done more than 40 y ago provide hematology and serum biochemistry data on cotton-top tamarins but lack information on whether sex plays a role in those values.3,8 A later study examined the effects of sex on whole-blood hematologic but not serum biochemical values.24 However, all 3 studies had limitations in scope, and 2 of the 3 studies identified the subjects as wild-caught, laboratory-housed animals, whereas the third did not specify the origin of the tamarins. The purpose of the present study was to establish comprehensive clinically relevant reference ranges for both hematologic and serum biochemical values for each sex of captive-bred and laboratory-housed cotton-top tamarins and to determine what effects sex may have on these values in this critically endangered species. Sex has been found to have an effect on the hematologic and serum biochemical values of other nonhuman primate species.7,26,44,47

  • long term memory for calls of relatives in cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus
    Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Stephanie Matthews, Charles T. Snowdon
    Abstract:

    Recognition of relatives is important for dispersing animals to avoid inbreeding and possibly for developing cooperative, reciprocal relationships between individuals after dispersal. We demonstrate under controlled captive conditions that cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) have a long-term memory for long calls of relatives from which they had been separated for periods ranging from 4 to 55 months. Tamarins responded with lower levels of arousal behavior to playbacks of long calls from current mates and from separated relatives compared to calls of unfamiliar, unrelated tamarins. Four tamarins had been out of contact with relatives for more than 4 years and still showed recognition as evidenced by low levels of arousal. Results could not be explained in terms of proximity to former relatives. Long-term memory for vocal signatures of relatives is adaptive and may be much more common than has been demonstrated.

  • the complex vocal repertoire of the adult cotton top tamarin Saguinus oedipus oedipus 1
    Ethology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Jayne Cleveland, Charles T. Snowdon
    Abstract:

    Abstract The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) has an extensive vocal repertoire which is derived from the variation of two basic elements and the sequential combination of those elements. A distinctive features analysis demonstrated at least 8 phonetic variants of a short, frequency modulated call (chirp) and five longer constant frequency calls (whistles). The call variants do not describe points on a single motivational continuum, but rather each variant represents a different message. A simple grammar is presented to describe all sequences of calls. While most of the call sequences fit the definition of phonetic syntax, at least two sequences appear to be exemplars of lexical syntax. Call structures are modified to provide increasing cues for auditory localization as animals are farther apart from each other. Comparisons of calls of S. o. oedipus with those of other callitrichids show a gradual divergence of call type with increasing geographic and phylogenic separation. Zusammenfassung Das Lautrepertoire des Lisztaffchens (Saguinus oedipus) wird beschrieben, einschlieslich der Situationen, in denen die Laute auftreten, und ihres vermuteten Bedeutungsinhalts. Das Repertoire beruht weitgehend auf zwei Grund-Elementen: kurzen frequenzmodulierten “Zirplauten” und langeren unmodulierten “Pfiffen”. Diese Elemente werden zu verschiedenen Varianten mit unterschiedlichen Funktionen umgewandelt. Sie konnen auch zu langeren Folgen (Phrasen) zusammengefugt werden. Dem liegt eine einfache Grammatik zugrunde. Meist haben die Elementfolgen einen anderen Bedeutungsgehalt als die Elemente, aus denen sie bestehen. Es gibt aber auch Folgen, die der Definition einer lexikalischen Syntax genugen, d. h. ihre Bedeutung ist zusammengesetzt aus der Bedeutung der Einzelelemente. Die akustische Struktur der Laute entspricht den von Morton (1977) fur Tierlaute aufgestellten Merkmalen akustischer Kommunikation. Das Lisztaffchen past die Lautstruktur der Entfernung vom Empfanger an. Je groser der Abstand zwischen den Tieren, desto mehr Orientierungshilfen enthalten die Laute. Die Laute sind weitgehend denen gleich, die fur verschiedene Unterarten von S. oedipus beschrieben wurden. Zu Nachbararten und Nachbargattungen wachsen die Unterschiede mit groserer geographischer und taxonomischer Entfernung.

Anne Savage - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • factors influencing the survival of wild cotton top tamarin Saguinus oedipus infants
    American Journal of Primatology, 2021
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, Charles T. Snowdon, Luis H. Soto, Felix S Medina, German Emeris, Rosamira R Guillen
    Abstract:

    Studies of cooperative breeding species have suggested that helpers are needed for infant survival and that helpers gain skills to successfully raise their own offspring. Studies of callitrichids in managed care and early field studies suggested that group size correlated with infant survival and that helpers needed to learn parental skills to be successful breeders. We present infant survival data from a 20-year field study of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia involving 126 litters born to 41 females. There was no difference in the survival of male and female offspring to 6 months of age. However, litter size impacted survival, with triplet litters having lower survival and male triplets having lower survival than females. Loss of infants was highest in the first week of life and, of the animals remaining in the group at 6 months of age, 90% of them survived to 1 year. The mean length of time in the natal group was 2.3 years but some young migrated to other groups after 4 months of age. Group size and number of male helpers (>1 year) was not related to infant survival. However, groups with only one male had fewer surviving infants. Primiparous females had lower infant survival, but previous infant care experience by mothers as helpers had no effect on survival. A major cause of infant loss was group disruption due to deaths/evictions/loss of the reproductively active animals, or immigration of pregnant females. Thus, factors that cause a change in the stability of the reproductively active animals can disrupt group cohesion. Capture of individuals for the illegal pet trade, as well as habitat fragmentation, may increase competition between groups for access to territories and breeding opportunities. This may have long-term impacts to infant survival in this critically endangered species.

  • an assessment of the population of cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus and their habitat in colombia
    PLOS ONE, 2016
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, Luis H. Soto, Felix S Medina, German Emeris, Len Thomas, Katie L Feilen, Darren Kidney, Mackenzie Pearson, Rosamira R Guillen
    Abstract:

    Numerous animals have declining populations due to habitat loss, illegal wildlife trade, and climate change. The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) is a Critically Endangered primate species, endemic to northwest Colombia, threatened by deforestation and illegal trade. In order to assess the current state of this species, we analyzed changes in the population of cotton-top tamarins and its habitat from 2005 to 2012. We used a tailor-made “lure strip transect” method to survey 43 accessible forest parcels that represent 30% of the species’ range. Estimated population size in the surveyed region was approximately 2,050 in 2005 and 1,900 in 2012, with a coefficient of variation of approximately 10%. The estimated population change between surveys was -7% (a decline of approximately 1.3% per year) suggesting a relatively stable population. If densities of inaccessible forest parcels are similar to those of surveyed samples, the estimated population of cotton-top tamarins in the wild in 2012 was 6,946 individuals. We also recorded little change in the amount of suitable habitat for cotton-top tamarins between sample periods: in 2005, 18% of surveyed forest was preferred habitat for cotton-top tamarins, while in 2012, 17% percent was preferred. We attribute the relatively stable population of this Critically Endangered species to increased conservation efforts of Proyecto Titi, conservation NGOs, and the Colombian government. Due to continued threats to cotton-top tamarins and their habitat such as agriculture and urban expansion, ongoing conservation efforts are needed to ensure the long-term survival of cotton-top tamarins in Colombia.

  • conserving cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus through effective captive management public engagement and in situ conservation efforts
    International Zoo Yearbook, 2012
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, R Guillen
    Abstract:

    The Cotton-top tamarin Saguinus oedipus is a Critically Endangered primate found only in Colombia. While a popular exhibit animal in zoos and an important research subject in the study of colon cancer and reproductive biology and behaviour, efforts to create a self-sustaining captive-breeding population for this species have been very successful. With the wealth of information on biology, captive management and status in the wild, efforts are now focused on ensuring that Cotton-top tamarins continue to remain in the wild. With large-scale development threatening some of the last remaining forested areas for the species and its popularity in the illegal pet trade, compounded by the constant extraction of forest resources by impoverished communities, strategies are needed to protect this species effectively for the future. Here, an overview is presented of the successful, multidisciplinary conservation programme developed by Proyecto Titi to involve local communities, national and international agencies, and the conservation community in the long-term protection of Colombia's most threatened species.

  • the use of long acting subcutaneous levonorgestrel lng gel depot as an effective contraceptive option for cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus
    Zoo Biology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Catharine J Wheaton, Anne Savage, Atul J Shukla, Donald L Neiffer, Yichun Sun, Bill L Lasley
    Abstract:

    Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) are a critically endangered species that have been bred successfully in captivity for many years. For two decades, the Cotton-top Tamarin SSP(©) has been challenged with a high rate of reproduction combined with a history of contraceptive failures and nonrecommended births using the current Depo Provera(®) (medroxyprogesterone acetate) injection followed by MGA (melengestrol acetate) implant contraception combination. To address these issues we have developed and tested the use of levonorgestrel (LNG) as an effective contraception option for cotton-top tamarins. LNG was delivered in an injectable, gel matrix consisting of polylactic-co-glycolic acid, triethyl citrate and N-methylpyrrolidone. This gel matrix forms a biodegradable depot at the subcutaneous injection site providing slow release of the active ingredient. Gel matrix composition and LNG concentration were adjusted in four gel formulations to maximize the duration of contraceptive efficacy while minimizing immediate post-injection increases in fecal LNG concentration. LNG treatment (68.44 ± 8.61 mg/kg) successfully eliminated ovarian cycles (fecal pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) and estrone conjugates (E(1) C)) for 198.8 ± 70.3 days (formulation four; range 19-50 weeks). It was demonstrated that subcutaneous LNG depot injection was an effective, reversible contraceptive option for the management of cotton-top tamarins in captivity.

  • developing an effective community conservation program for cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus in colombia
    American Journal of Primatology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, R Guillen, I Lamilla, Luis H. Soto
    Abstract:

    Developing effective conservation programs that positively impact the survival of a species while considering the needs of local communities is challenging. Here we present an overview of the conservation program developed by Proyecto Titi to integrate local communities in the conservation of Colombia's critically endangered primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Our comprehensive assessment of the threats effecting the long-term survival of the cotton-top tamarin allowed us to establish the primary components of our program. Proyecto Titi has three areas of emphasis: (1) scientific studies detailing the biology and long-term survival of the cotton-top tamarin, (2) conservation education programs to increase public awareness and conservation knowledge, and (3) community empowerment programs that demonstrate a valuable economic incentive to protecting wildlife and forested areas in Colombia. This integrated approach to conservation that involves local communities in activities that benefit individuals, as well as wildlife, has proven to be remarkably effective in protecting cotton-top tamarins and their forested habitat. Our bindes program, which uses small cook stoves made from clay, has demonstrated a marked reduction in the number of trees that have been harvested for firewood. Developing environmental entrepreneurs, who create products made from recycled plastic for sale in national and international markets, has had a significant impact in reducing the amount of plastic that has been littering the environment and threatening the health of wildlife, while creating a stable economic income for rural communities. Proyecto Titi has provided economic alternatives to local communities that have dramatically reduced the illegal capture of cotton-top tamarins and forest destruction in the region that has positively impacted the long-term survival of this critically endangered primate.

Toni E Ziegler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • neonatal and pubertal development in males of a cooperatively breeding primate the cotton top tamarin Saguinus oedipus oedipus
    Biology of Reproduction, 2002
    Co-Authors: Anita J Ginther, Toni E Ziegler, Anne A Carlson, Charles T. Snowdon
    Abstract:

    In cooperatively breeding groups of mammals, reproduction is usually restricted to a small number of individuals within the social group. Sexual development of mammals can be affected by social environment, but we know little regarding effects of the cooperative-breeding system on males. Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) offspring typically do not reproduce in their natal group, even though they may be physically mature. We examined neonatal and pubertal development in captive male cotton-top tamarins as an example of reproductive development within a cooperative-breeding system and to compare cotton-top tamarins with the general primate model. Puberty was characterized using both hormonal and physical measures. Data were collected on urinary levels of LH, testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), cortisol, and the ratio of DHT to T; testicular development; body weight; and breeding age. We determined that 1) pubertal LH secretion began at Week 37, 2) a surge of T secretion followed at Weeks 41–44, and 3) an increase in the metabolism of T to DHT may have occurred at an average age of 48.6 wk. Most of the rapid weight gain was completed by Week 24, before hormonal increases and rapid scrotal growth. We concluded that rapid pubertal testicular growth in captive cotton-top males was completed by an average 76 wk, but that completion of the individual pubertal spurt can occur between 56 and 122 wk. In a cooperative-breeding system, the opportunity for successful reproduction is dictated by the social environment, but we found no evidence that male offspring were developmentally suppressed in their natal social groups. Our findings suggest that puberty in male New World callitrichid primates occurs more quickly than puberty in Old World primates, even though both have similar patterns of development.

  • preparental hormone levels and parenting experience in male cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus
    Hormones and Behavior, 2000
    Co-Authors: Toni E Ziegler, Charles T. Snowdon
    Abstract:

    Male cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus, display hormonal changes associated with parenting prior to the birth of their infants. Here we examined the hormonal changes that occurred in experienced and inexperienced fathers during the postconception period, prior to the birth of infants. Noninvasive techniques were used to collect urine from 10 male cotton-top tamarins (5 experienced and 5 inexperienced breeders) three times weekly during the 6-month gestation period. Samples were analyzed for prolactin, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and cortisol, averaged by gestational month. Experienced males showed elevated prolactin during the mate's 3rd gestational month, and the elevation correlated with the number of infants surviving from the previous birth (0, 1, and 2) but not with outcome of the current pregnancy. However, an experienced male with no infants present still showed elevated prolactin and some inexperienced males showed elevated prolactin just before parturition, suggesting noninfant cues are also important. While prolactin levels were influenced by the male's prior infant experience, testosterone levels did not differ between experienced and inexperienced males. Testosterone levels were significantly elevated for all males during the 3rd, 4th and 5th months but had no relationship with number of infants present or with outcome of current pregnancy. DHT decreased during the second half of pregnancy compared with testosterone but this finding was not consistent for every male. No significant changes occurred in cortisol levels. These results suggest that infant-rearing experience affected the hormonal responsitivty of the male to his mate's current pregnancy.

  • prolactin levels during the periparturitional period in the biparental cotton top tamarin Saguinus oedipus interactions with gender androgen levels and parenting
    Hormones and Behavior, 2000
    Co-Authors: Toni E Ziegler, Anne A Carlson, Frederick H Wegner, Cristina Lazaroperea, Charles T. Snowdon
    Abstract:

    Unlike biparental bird and rodent species, mating and parenting occur simultaneously in cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus, providing a unique model for examining endocrine interactions. This study was designed to determine the relationship of prolactin to testicular androgens during parenting and mating. Specifically we examined (1) the patterns of postpartum prolactin excretion in male and female tamarins with and without infant survival; (2) the relationship between androgen and prolactin levels during the periparturitional period in male tamarins; and (3) male hormonal response to the postpartum mating that occurs simultaneously with paternal care. All females showed an elevation in prolactin during the first week postpartum and when infants died, female prolactin levels decreased significantly. Infant survival during the first 15 days did not influence male levels of prolactin, cortisol, or the testicular androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Prolactin did not show an inverse relationship with any of the androgens (testosterone, DHT) studied during the postpartum period. No significant differences in hormones were found between prepartum levels and the first, second, and third 5-day blocks postpartum for all 10 males. Males who had infant-care experience showed an increase in testosterone during the first 5 days postpartum and prolactin levels correlated with the number of previous births a male had experienced. However, the most significant changes in testosterone occurred in males whose mates ovulated during the first 15 days following birth in contrast to males whose mates ovulated later than 15 days. These results indicate that unlike females, male tamarins are not showing hormonal changes in response to infants. Urinary androgens did not show an inverse relationship to prolactin in male tamarins, but were elevated concurrent with the female's fertile period.

  • gonadal source of testosterone metabolites in urine of male cotton top tamarin monkeys Saguinus oedipus
    General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Toni E Ziegler, A A Carlson, A J Ginther, Charles T. Snowdon
    Abstract:

    Examining gonadal function in the small excitable cotton-top tamarin monkey (Saguinus oedipus) requires noninvasive sampling techniques. Two studies were performed to identify the quantifiable urinary metabolites of testosterone in cotton-top tamarins and which of the measurable metabolites would best reflect a gonadal source of testosterone secretion. In the first study, we injected unlabeled testosterone i.m. in males at either 500-ng or 1-microg levels. Urine samples were analyzed for androgens and estrogens. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased significantly following the injections in test males but not in control males. No significant increases in androstenedione occurred. Mean levels of estradiol and estrone did not consistently increase during the 5 days following injection. In the second study, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, Antide, was used to block LH stimulation of gonadal steroidogenesis. Males given Antide at either a 6 mg/kg dose or an 18 mg/kg dose showed significantly lower levels of urinary LH than controls. At the higher Antide dose, testosterone levels were significantly reduced during weeks 1 and 2 posttreatment, whereas DHT levels significantly declined during the 2nd week posttreatment. Estradiol levels were highly variable prior to treatment but decreased significantly following treatment, whereas estrone levels remained variable throughout. These results indicate that measurement of urinary testosterone and possibly DHT reflect gonadal function in male cotton-top tamarins. Other sources of urinary estrogens may occur for the male cotton-top tamarin, but these data suggest that a substantial part of urinary estradiol is from gonadal sources, whereas urinary estrone appears to be mainly from extragonadal sources.

  • hormonal responses to parental and nonparental conditions in male cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus a new world primate
    Hormones and Behavior, 1996
    Co-Authors: Toni E Ziegler, Frederick H Wegner, Charles T. Snowdon
    Abstract:

    The socially monogamous cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) monkey is a cooperative breeder with the breeding male providing extensive parental care shortly after birth. We examined the relationship of urinary prolactin and cortisol excretion both to male parental care and as a stress response in the cotton-top tamarin monkey. First-morning urine samples were collected to determine hormonal concentrations. Hormonal and behavioral data were collected on 8 male cotton-top tamarins during the 2 weeks before and the 2 weeks following birth of infants to their mate, 11 nonparental males with exposure to females, and three eldest sons from large family groups. Prolactin levels were significantly higher in experienced fathers during the postpartum period than in the other males, while cortisol levels were significantly lower in experienced fathers and eldest sons. Prolactin levels in experienced fathers were consistently elevated before birth, following birth, and after infants were weaned; prolactin levels during times of infant independence were still significantly higher than those in nonfather males. First-time fathers exhibited prolactin levels that were significantly higher after the births of infants than these same males did when they were paired with nonpregnant females. Elevated prolactin concentrations also occurred prior to the first birth, suggesting that males may be receiving cues from their pregnant females. The elevated prolactin levels in parental males may be associated with the experience of the fathers. Correlation between prolactin levels and number of successful births, number of previous births, and age were high. The care of newborn infants did not appear to be a stressful event since cortisol levels were not elevated postpartum. Both cortisol and prolactin were elevated following capture and injection of saline or a dopaminergic receptor antagonist, indicating that prolactin does respond to acute stress. Cortisol levels did not coincide with prolactin levels except under acute stress conditions, suggesting that different neural pathways are probably involved in prolactin release during parental care versus acute stress. These studies provide evidence that male urinary prolactin levels may be elevated due to cues from pregnant females and the constant exposure of males to the family environment.

Luis H. Soto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • factors influencing the survival of wild cotton top tamarin Saguinus oedipus infants
    American Journal of Primatology, 2021
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, Charles T. Snowdon, Luis H. Soto, Felix S Medina, German Emeris, Rosamira R Guillen
    Abstract:

    Studies of cooperative breeding species have suggested that helpers are needed for infant survival and that helpers gain skills to successfully raise their own offspring. Studies of callitrichids in managed care and early field studies suggested that group size correlated with infant survival and that helpers needed to learn parental skills to be successful breeders. We present infant survival data from a 20-year field study of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia involving 126 litters born to 41 females. There was no difference in the survival of male and female offspring to 6 months of age. However, litter size impacted survival, with triplet litters having lower survival and male triplets having lower survival than females. Loss of infants was highest in the first week of life and, of the animals remaining in the group at 6 months of age, 90% of them survived to 1 year. The mean length of time in the natal group was 2.3 years but some young migrated to other groups after 4 months of age. Group size and number of male helpers (>1 year) was not related to infant survival. However, groups with only one male had fewer surviving infants. Primiparous females had lower infant survival, but previous infant care experience by mothers as helpers had no effect on survival. A major cause of infant loss was group disruption due to deaths/evictions/loss of the reproductively active animals, or immigration of pregnant females. Thus, factors that cause a change in the stability of the reproductively active animals can disrupt group cohesion. Capture of individuals for the illegal pet trade, as well as habitat fragmentation, may increase competition between groups for access to territories and breeding opportunities. This may have long-term impacts to infant survival in this critically endangered species.

  • an assessment of the population of cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus and their habitat in colombia
    PLOS ONE, 2016
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, Luis H. Soto, Felix S Medina, German Emeris, Len Thomas, Katie L Feilen, Darren Kidney, Mackenzie Pearson, Rosamira R Guillen
    Abstract:

    Numerous animals have declining populations due to habitat loss, illegal wildlife trade, and climate change. The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) is a Critically Endangered primate species, endemic to northwest Colombia, threatened by deforestation and illegal trade. In order to assess the current state of this species, we analyzed changes in the population of cotton-top tamarins and its habitat from 2005 to 2012. We used a tailor-made “lure strip transect” method to survey 43 accessible forest parcels that represent 30% of the species’ range. Estimated population size in the surveyed region was approximately 2,050 in 2005 and 1,900 in 2012, with a coefficient of variation of approximately 10%. The estimated population change between surveys was -7% (a decline of approximately 1.3% per year) suggesting a relatively stable population. If densities of inaccessible forest parcels are similar to those of surveyed samples, the estimated population of cotton-top tamarins in the wild in 2012 was 6,946 individuals. We also recorded little change in the amount of suitable habitat for cotton-top tamarins between sample periods: in 2005, 18% of surveyed forest was preferred habitat for cotton-top tamarins, while in 2012, 17% percent was preferred. We attribute the relatively stable population of this Critically Endangered species to increased conservation efforts of Proyecto Titi, conservation NGOs, and the Colombian government. Due to continued threats to cotton-top tamarins and their habitat such as agriculture and urban expansion, ongoing conservation efforts are needed to ensure the long-term survival of cotton-top tamarins in Colombia.

  • developing an effective community conservation program for cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus in colombia
    American Journal of Primatology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, R Guillen, I Lamilla, Luis H. Soto
    Abstract:

    Developing effective conservation programs that positively impact the survival of a species while considering the needs of local communities is challenging. Here we present an overview of the conservation program developed by Proyecto Titi to integrate local communities in the conservation of Colombia's critically endangered primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Our comprehensive assessment of the threats effecting the long-term survival of the cotton-top tamarin allowed us to establish the primary components of our program. Proyecto Titi has three areas of emphasis: (1) scientific studies detailing the biology and long-term survival of the cotton-top tamarin, (2) conservation education programs to increase public awareness and conservation knowledge, and (3) community empowerment programs that demonstrate a valuable economic incentive to protecting wildlife and forested areas in Colombia. This integrated approach to conservation that involves local communities in activities that benefit individuals, as well as wildlife, has proven to be remarkably effective in protecting cotton-top tamarins and their forested habitat. Our bindes program, which uses small cook stoves made from clay, has demonstrated a marked reduction in the number of trees that have been harvested for firewood. Developing environmental entrepreneurs, who create products made from recycled plastic for sale in national and international markets, has had a significant impact in reducing the amount of plastic that has been littering the environment and threatening the health of wildlife, while creating a stable economic income for rural communities. Proyecto Titi has provided economic alternatives to local communities that have dramatically reduced the illegal capture of cotton-top tamarins and forest destruction in the region that has positively impacted the long-term survival of this critically endangered primate.

  • litter size and infant survivorship in wild groups of cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus in colombia
    American Journal of Primatology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, Luis H. Soto, Felix S Medina, German Emeris, Joseph Soltis
    Abstract:

    Cotton-top tamains (Saguinus oedipus) are a critically endangered primate found only in Colombia. Efforts to conserve this species are centered on developing effective management plans that integrate biological information regarding population dynamics and factors that influence their survival. This study documented infants born to wild cotton-top tamarin females from 1994–2008 at two distinct field sites in northern Colombia. Our studies have shown that wild cotton-top tamarins typically give birth to one litter each year and infant survival to 6 months of age was greater in the wild than has been reported in captive colonies. However, similar to reports from captive colonies, litter size of wild cotton-top tamarins ranges from 1–3 infants, with twin litters most common. Here we report the first occurrence of triplet litters in nearly 20 years of observing wild cotton-top tamarin groups. Over the first 3 months of life, wild-born infants exhibited highest mortality during the first week of life, similar to reports from captive colonies. Infant survival in the wild also increases with successive litters as it does in captivity. However, inter-birth interval, group size, and the number of adult males in the group did not appear to influence infant survival in the wild. The value of such long-term data from field studies aids in the information that can be used to model future population trends and develop effective conservation plans for this critically endangered primate. Am. J. Primatol. 71:707–711, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  • reproductive events of wild cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus in colombia
    American Journal of Primatology, 1997
    Co-Authors: Anne Savage, Luis H. Soto, S E Shideler, J Causado, L H Giraldo, Bill L Lasley, Charles T. Snowdon
    Abstract:

    Reproductive patterns of wild cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) females located in La Reserva Forestal Protectora Serrania de Coraza-Montes de Maria in Coloso, Colombia, were examined using long-term behavioral observations and fecal steroid analysis. Using an enzyme immunoassay, we analyzed fecal samples for E1C and PdG. Comparisons of reproductive cycles of a reproductively active female and her daughters were made. An inhibition of ovarian cycles has been observed in daughters living in their families. However, daughters also exhibited normal ovarian cycling that subsequently resulted in pregnancy. Factors influencing the fertility are discussed as they relate to the reproductive strategies of wild cotton-top tamarin females. Am. J. Primatol. 43:329–337, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Marc D. Hauser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • general intelligence in another primate individual differences across cognitive task performance in a new world monkey Saguinus oedipus
    PLOS ONE, 2009
    Co-Authors: Konika Banerjee, Christopher F Chabris, Valen E Johnson, James J Lee, Fritz Tsao, Marc D. Hauser
    Abstract:

    Background: Individual differences in human cognitive abilities show consistently positive correlations across diverse domains, providing the basis for the trait of ‘‘general intelligence’’ (g). At present, little is known about the evolution of g, in part because most comparative studies focus on rodents or on differences across higher-level taxa. What is needed, therefore, are experiments targeting nonhuman primates, focusing on individual differences within a single species, using a broad battery of tasks. To this end, we administered a large battery of tasks, representing a broad range of cognitive domains, to a population of captive cotton-top tamarin monkeys (Saguinus oedipus). Methodology and Results: Using a Bayesian latent variable model, we show that the pattern of correlations among tasks is consistent with the existence of a general factor accounting for a small but significant proportion of the variance in each task (the lower bounds of 95% Bayesian credibility intervals for correlations between g and task performance all exceed 0.12). Conclusion: Individual differences in cognitive abilities within at least one other primate species can be characterized by a general intelligence factor, supporting the hypothesis that important aspects of human cognitive function most likely evolved from ancient neural substrates.

  • noise induced vocal modulation in cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus
    American Journal of Primatology, 2006
    Co-Authors: S Roian E Egnor, Marc D. Hauser
    Abstract:

    The Lombard effect-an increase in vocalization amplitude in response to an increase in background noise-is observed in a wide variety of animals. We investigated this basic form of vocal control in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) by measuring the amplitude of a contact call, the combination long call (CLC), while simultaneously varying the background noise level. All subjects showed a significant increase in call amplitude and syllable duration in response to an increase in background noise amplitude. Together with prior results, this study shows that tamarins have greater vocal control in the context of auditory feedback perturbation than previously suspected.

  • Probing the limits of tool competence: Experiments with two non-tool-using species (Cercopithecus aethiops and Saguinus oedipus)
    Animal Cognition, 2006
    Co-Authors: Laurie R Santos, Fritz Tsao, Heather M. Pearson, Geertrui M. Spaepen, Marc D. Hauser
    Abstract:

    Non-human animals vary in their ability to make and use tools. The goal of the present study was to further explore what, if anything, differs between tool-users and non-tool-users, and whether these differences lie in the conceptual or motor domain. We tested two species that typically do not use tools—cotton top tamarins ( Saguinus oedipus ) and vervet monkeys ( Cercopithecus aethiops )—on problems that mirrored those designed for prolific tool users such as chimpanzees. We trained subjects on a task in which they could choose one of two canes to obtain an out-of-reach food reward. After training, subjects received several variations on the original task, each designed to examine a specific conceptual aspect of the pulling problem previously studied in other tool-using species. Both species recognized that effective pulling tools must be made of rigid materials. Subsequent conditions revealed significant species differences, with vervets outperforming tamarins across many conditions. Vervets, but not tamarins, had some recognition of the relationship between a tool's orientation and the position of the food reward, the relationship between a tool's trajectory and the substance that it moves on, and that tools must be connected in order to work properly. These results provide further evidence that tool-use may derive from domain-general, rather than domain-specific cognitive capacities that evolved for tool use per se.

  • cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus expectations about occluded objects a dissociation between looking and reaching tasks
    Infancy, 2006
    Co-Authors: Laurie R Santos, David Seelig, Marc D. Hauser
    Abstract:

    Recent work with human infants and toddlers suggests a dissociation between performance on looking and reaching tasks. Specifically, infants appear to generate accurate representations of occluded objects and their actions when tested in expectancy violation looking tasks but often fail to use this information when reaching for occluded objects. We explore a similar dissociation in cotton-top tamarin monkeys (Saguinus oedipus). We presented adult tamarins with an event in which a piece of food rolled behind an occluder and into a solid barrier. In Experiment 1, subjects were required to retrieve the hidden food using the location of the solid barrier. Like human toddlers, adult tamarins failed to take into account solidity information when reaching for an invisibly displaced object. In Experiments 2 and 3, we presented subjects with expectancy violation looking versions of the same solidity problem using an identical apparatus and setup. We presented subjects with an event in which a piece of food appeared to roll unexpectedly through a solid barrier or stopped at the appropriate spot. Although tamarins failed to locate the food in Experiment 1, the same subjects successfully detected violations of solidity in these 2 looking studies. This performance dissociation is discussed in light of similar dissociations in human toddlers and other primate species.

  • the relationship between problem solving and inhibitory control cotton top tamarin Saguinus oedipus performance on a reversed contingency task
    Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Jerald D Kralik, Marc D. Hauser, Rasa Zimlicki
    Abstract:

    To explore the relationship between problem solving and inhibitory control, the authors present 4 experiments on cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) using a reverse-reward contingency task. In Experiment 1, 1 group of tamarins was given a choice between a small and a large quantity of food. Whichever quantity the tamarins reached for first, they received the alternative. The tamarins consistently picked the larger quantity, thereby receiving the smaller. A 2nd group of tamarins was given the same task, except that if they reached for the larger quantity of food, they received nothing. The tamarins continued to pick the larger quantity, even though this resulted in no food. In addition, most of the tamarins continued to pick the larger quantity even when the food payoff for choosing the smaller quantity was increased (Experiment 2) or when the visual salience of the food was reduced (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 was based on the finding that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) that have been trained on the concept of number can solve the reversed contingency task if the food is replaced by Arabic numerals. With the help of a color association, and a higher cost incurred by picking the color associated with 3 food items, the tamarins learned to pick the color associated with 1 food item. These results are compared with those obtained from studies of other primate species, highlighting the importance of comparative studies of problem solving that use comparable methods.

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