The Experts below are selected from a list of 6957 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Lena Palaniyappan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Glutamate and Dysconnection in the Salience Network: Neurochemical, Effective Connectivity, and Computational Evidence in Schizophrenia.
Biological psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Roberto Limongi, Jean Theberge, Peter Jeon, Michael Mackinley, Tushar Das, Kara Dempster, Robert Bartha, Dickson Wong, Lena PalaniyappanAbstract:Abstract Background Functional dysconnection in schizophrenia is underwritten by a pathophysiology of the glutamate neurotransmission that affects the excitation-inhibition balance in key nodes of the Salience Network. Physiologically, this manifests as aberrant effective connectivity in intrinsic connections involving inhibitory interneurons. In computational terms, this produces a pathology of evidence accumulation and ensuing inference in the brain. Finally, the pathophysiology and aberrant inference would partially account for the psychopathology of schizophrenia as measured in terms of symptoms and signs. We refer to this formulation as the 3-level hypothesis. Methods We tested the hypothesis in core nodes of the Salience Network (the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex [dACC] and the anterior insula) of 20 patients with first-episode psychosis and 20 healthy control subjects. We established 3-way correlations between the magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of glutamate, effective connectivity of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, and correlations between measures of this connectivity and estimates of precision (inherent in evidence accumulation in the Stroop task) and psychopathology. Results Glutamate concentration in the dACC was associated with higher and lower inhibitory connectivity in the dACC and in the anterior insula, respectively. Crucially, glutamate concentration correlated negatively with the inhibitory influence on the excitatory neuronal population in the dACC of subjects with first-episode psychosis. Furthermore, aberrant computational parameters of the Stroop task performance were associated with aberrant inhibitory connections. Finally, the strength of connections from the dACC to the anterior insula correlated negatively with severity of social withdrawal. Conclusions These findings support a link between glutamate-mediated cortical disinhibition, effective-connectivity deficits, and computational performance in psychosis.
-
Glutamate and Dysconnection in the Salience Network: Neurochemical, Effective-connectivity, and Computational Evidence in Schizophrenia
2019Co-Authors: Roberto Limongi, Jean Theberge, Peter Jeon, Michael Mackinley, Tushar Das, Kara Dempster, Robert Bartha, Dickson Wong, Lena PalaniyappanAbstract:Abstract In the dysconnection hypothesis, psychosis is caused by NMDA hypofunction resulting in aberrant Network connectivity. Combining a cognitive-control task, functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested this hypothesis in the Salience Network of 20 first-episode psychosis (FEP) and 20 healthy control (HC) subjects. Across groups, glutamate concentration in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) was associated with higher and lower inhibitory connectivity in the dACC and in the anterior insula (AI) respectively. Crucially, glutamate concentration correlated negatively with the inhibitory influence on the excitatory neuronal population in the dACC of FEP subjects. Furthermore, aberrant computational parameters of the cognitive-control task performance were associated with aberrant inhibitory connections. Finally, the strength of connections from the dACC to the AI correlated negatively with severity of social withdrawal. These findings support a link between glutamate-mediated cortical disinhibition, deficits in effective connectivity, and computational performance in psychosis.
-
Psychoticism and Salience Network morphology
Personality and Individual Differences, 2014Co-Authors: Rajeev Krishnadas, Lena Palaniyappan, Jason Lang, John Mclean, Jonathan CavanaghAbstract:Abstract The concept of Salience is increasingly recognised to be fundamental to understand the neural basis of information processing. A large-scale brain Network called the Salience Network, anchored in the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex, performs a key function in information processing by enabling ‘switching’ between brain states. Abnormalities in this function, recently termed as ‘proximal Salience’, has been proposed to be a core feature in the development of psychotic symptoms. At present, it is unknown if abnormalities in the Network are associated with normal variations in personality traits such as psychoticism that could predispose to psychotic experiences in otherwise healthy subjects. The aim of the paper is to examine the relationship between psychoticism and Salience Network morphology in a group of non-clinical male subjects. Greater psychoticism was associated with smaller Salience Network surface area. The findings reinforce a continuum model with psychosis-proneness and psychosis being on the same neurobiological axis. A focussed investigation of factors determining the inter-individual variations in regional surface area in the adult brain could provide further clarity in our understanding of various determinants of enduring patterns of human behaviour.
-
Salience Network in psychosis
2013Co-Authors: Lena PalaniyappanAbstract:This thesis explores the role of a large-scale brain Network comprising of the insula and anterior cingulate cortex in the pathophysiology of psychosis using structural and functional neuroimaging. Primarily, anatomical changes affecting the grey matter structure and patterns of dysconnectivity involving the insula are investigated. Various meta-analytic studies have reported consistent reduction in insular grey matter across various psychotic disorders. Despite these robust observations, the role played by this brain region in the generation of psychotic symptoms remains unexplored. In this thesis, using a meta-analytic approach, the relevance of insula for the clinical expression of psychosis is highlighted. Further, significant reduction in the cortical folding of the insula was noted in patients with schizophrenia. Reduced gyrification is accompanied by reduced functional connectivity between the insula and the rest of the brain. Using an effective connectivity approach (Granger Causal Analysis), the primacy of insula in driving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is demonstrated in healthy controls; this relationship is significantly affected in schizophrenia amounting to aberrant connectivity within a putative Salience-execution loop. Reduced primacy of the Salience-execution loop relates to illness severity. It is argued that the insula, as a key region of the Salience Network, plays a crucial role in the generation of symptoms of psychosis. The evidence in support of this theory is discussed, together with its implications for clinical practice aimed at reducing the burden of psychosis.
-
The concept of Salience Network dysfunction in schizophrenia: from neuroimaging observations to therapeutic opportunities.
Current topics in medicinal chemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Lena Palaniyappan, Thomas White, Peter F. LiddleAbstract:A large body of neuroimaging literature suggests that distributed regions in the brain form coordinated largescale Networks that show reliable patterns of connectivity when observed using either functional or structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. Functional activation within these Networks provides a robust and reliable representation of dynamic brain states observed during information processing. One such Network comprised of anterior frontoinsular cortex (aFI) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is called the Salience Network (SN). SN has been identified as a system that enables the switch between various dynamic brain states. SN dysfunction has been proposed as a mechanistic model for several core symptoms of schizophrenia. In this review, we explore how various risk factors of schizophrenia could operate through the dysfunctional SN to generate symptoms of psychosis. We also consider the putative neurochemical basis for the SN dysfunction in schizophrenia, and suggest that the SN dysfunction is a viable therapeutic target for a combined pharmacological and cognitive training treatment approach. This combination approach, termed as Brain Network Modulation, could exploit neuronal plasticity to reverse a key pathophysiological deficit in schizophrenia.
Vinod Menon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
distinct global brain dynamics and spatiotemporal organization of the Salience Network
PLOS Biology, 2016Co-Authors: Tianwen Chen, Kaustubh Supekar, Srikanth Ryali, Vinod MenonAbstract:One of the most fundamental features of the human brain is its ability to detect and attend to salient goal-relevant events in a flexible manner. The Salience Network (SN), anchored in the anterior insula and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, plays a crucial role in this process through rapid detection of goal-relevant events and facilitation of access to appropriate cognitive resources. Here, we leverage the subsecond resolution of large multisession fMRI datasets from the Human Connectome Project and apply novel graph-theoretical techniques to investigate the dynamic spatiotemporal organization of the SN. We show that the large-scale brain dynamics of the SN are characterized by several distinctive and robust properties. First, the SN demonstrated the highest levels of flexibility in time-varying connectivity with other brain Networks, including the frontoparietal Network (FPN), the cingulate–opercular Network (CON), and the ventral and dorsal attention Networks (VAN and DAN). Second, dynamic functional interactions of the SN were among the most spatially varied in the brain. Third, SN nodes maintained a consistently high level of Network centrality over time, indicating that this Network is a hub for facilitating flexible cross-Network interactions. Fourth, time-varying connectivity profiles of the SN were distinct from all other prefrontal control systems. Fifth, temporal flexibility of the SN uniquely predicted individual differences in cognitive flexibility. Importantly, each of these results was also observed in a second retest dataset, demonstrating the robustness of our findings. Our study provides fundamental new insights into the distinct dynamic functional architecture of the SN and demonstrates how this Network is uniquely positioned to facilitate interactions with multiple functional systems and thereby support a wide range of cognitive processes in the human brain.
-
Salience Network based classification and prediction of symptom severity in children with autism
JAMA Psychiatry, 2013Co-Authors: Lucina Q. Uddin, Kaustubh Supekar, Charles J Lynch, Amirah Khouzam, Jennifer M Phillips, Carl Feinstein, Srikanth Ryali, Vinod MenonAbstract:Importance Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1 in 88 children and is characterized by a complex phenotype, including social, communicative, and sensorimotor deficits. Autism spectrum disorder has been linked with atypical connectivity across multiple brain systems, yet the nature of these differences in young children with the disorder is not well understood. Objectives To examine connectivity of large-scale brain Networks and determine whether specific Networks can distinguish children with ASD from typically developing (TD) children and predict symptom severity in children with ASD. Design, Setting, and Participants Case-control study performed at Stanford University School of Medicine of 20 children 7 to 12 years old with ASD and 20 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched TD children. Main Outcomes and Measures Between-group differences in intrinsic functional connectivity of large-scale brain Networks, performance of a classifier built to discriminate children with ASD from TD children based on specific brain Networks, and correlations between brain Networks and core symptoms of ASD. Results We observed stronger functional connectivity within several large-scale brain Networks in children with ASD compared with TD children. This hyperconnectivity in ASD encompassed Salience, default mode, frontotemporal, motor, and visual Networks. This hyperconnectivity result was replicated in an independent cohort obtained from publicly available databases. Using maps of each individual’s Salience Network, children with ASD could be discriminated from TD children with a classification accuracy of 78%, with 75% sensitivity and 80% specificity. The Salience Network showed the highest classification accuracy among all Networks examined, and the blood oxygen–level dependent signal in this Network predicted restricted and repetitive behavior scores. The classifier discriminated ASD from TD in the independent sample with 83% accuracy, 67% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. Conclusions and Relevance Salience Network hyperconnectivity may be a distinguishing feature in children with ASD. Quantification of brain Network connectivity is a step toward developing biomarkers for objectively identifying children with ASD.
-
Salience Network–Based Classification and Prediction of Symptom Severity in Children With Autism
JAMA psychiatry, 2013Co-Authors: Lucina Q. Uddin, Kaustubh Supekar, Charles J Lynch, Amirah Khouzam, Jennifer M Phillips, Carl Feinstein, Srikanth Ryali, Vinod MenonAbstract:Importance Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1 in 88 children and is characterized by a complex phenotype, including social, communicative, and sensorimotor deficits. Autism spectrum disorder has been linked with atypical connectivity across multiple brain systems, yet the nature of these differences in young children with the disorder is not well understood. Objectives To examine connectivity of large-scale brain Networks and determine whether specific Networks can distinguish children with ASD from typically developing (TD) children and predict symptom severity in children with ASD. Design, Setting, and Participants Case-control study performed at Stanford University School of Medicine of 20 children 7 to 12 years old with ASD and 20 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched TD children. Main Outcomes and Measures Between-group differences in intrinsic functional connectivity of large-scale brain Networks, performance of a classifier built to discriminate children with ASD from TD children based on specific brain Networks, and correlations between brain Networks and core symptoms of ASD. Results We observed stronger functional connectivity within several large-scale brain Networks in children with ASD compared with TD children. This hyperconnectivity in ASD encompassed Salience, default mode, frontotemporal, motor, and visual Networks. This hyperconnectivity result was replicated in an independent cohort obtained from publicly available databases. Using maps of each individual’s Salience Network, children with ASD could be discriminated from TD children with a classification accuracy of 78%, with 75% sensitivity and 80% specificity. The Salience Network showed the highest classification accuracy among all Networks examined, and the blood oxygen–level dependent signal in this Network predicted restricted and repetitive behavior scores. The classifier discriminated ASD from TD in the independent sample with 83% accuracy, 67% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. Conclusions and Relevance Salience Network hyperconnectivity may be a distinguishing feature in children with ASD. Quantification of brain Network connectivity is a step toward developing biomarkers for objectively identifying children with ASD.
Lucina Q. Uddin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Salience Network dynamics underlying successful resistance of temptation.
Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Rosa Steimke, Jason S. Nomi, Vince D. Calhoun, Christine Stelzel, Lena M. Paschke, Robert Gaschler, Thomas Goschke, Henrik Walter, Lucina Q. UddinAbstract:Self-control and the ability to resist temptation are critical for successful completion of long-term goals. Contemporary models in cognitive neuroscience emphasize the primary role of prefrontal cognitive control Networks in aligning behavior with such goals. Here, we use gaze pattern analysis and dynamic functional connectivity fMRI data to explore how individual differences in the ability to resist temptation are related to intrinsic brain dynamics of the cognitive control and Salience Networks. Behaviorally, individuals exhibit greater gaze distance from target location (e.g. higher distractibility) during presentation of tempting erotic images compared with neutral images. Individuals whose intrinsic dynamic functional connectivity patterns gravitate toward configurations in which Salience detection systems are less strongly coupled with visual systems resist tempting distractors more effectively. The ability to resist tempting distractors was not significantly related to intrinsic dynamics of the cognitive control Network. These results suggest that susceptibility to temptation is governed in part by individual differences in Salience Network dynamics and provide novel evidence for involvement of brain systems outside canonical cognitive control Networks in contributing to individual differences in self-control.
-
Salience Network Dysfunction
Salience Network of the Human Brain, 2017Co-Authors: Lucina Q. UddinAbstract:Dysfunction of the Salience Network can result in myriad difficulties, producing a range of symptoms across disorders affecting early life, adolescence, and even late life and aging. Depending on the specific nodes affected and the developmental stage of the individual, disruption to the Salience Network can produce symptoms observed in neurodevelopmental, internalizing, psychotic, and neurodegenerative disorders. As the detection of Salience is fundamental to so many cognitive operations, alterations to Salience Network function can have widespread clinical consequences.
-
Anatomy of the Salience Network
Salience Network of the Human Brain, 2017Co-Authors: Lucina Q. UddinAbstract:A set of brainstem, subcortical, and cortical structures form what has come to be known as the “Salience Network.” Ascending inputs from visceroautonomic sensors communicate information about the body to the frontoinsular cortex (FIC). Interoceptive signals enter through the dorsal posterior insula to reach the FIC. Cortical nodes of the Salience Network include the FIC and anterior cingulate cortex, which together integrate these ascending signals to coordinate other large-scale cortical Networks and trigger visceromotor responses to salient stimuli. Affiliated Networks including the ventral attention and cinguloopercular Networks may anatomically overlap the Salience Network at specific nodes.
-
Future Directions in Salience Network Research
Salience Network of the Human Brain, 2017Co-Authors: Lucina Q. UddinAbstract:Since its introduction into the lexicon in 2007, the term “Salience Network” and the study of its function and dysfunction have garnered increasing momentum among researchers. The previous chapters have described the current status of the field as it attempts to define the anatomy, function, development and decline of the Salience Network. In this final chapter we highlight critical outstanding questions that will need to be addressed in future work. In particular, novel analytical approaches in Network neuroscience, including analysis of dynamic functional connectivity, will provide increasingly nuanced insights into Salience Network composition and malleability. In the domain of clinical neuroscience, mounting evidence suggests unique “biomarker” properties may continue to emerge that link Salience Network integrity to specific neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.
-
Salience Network Across the Life Span
Salience Network of the Human Brain, 2017Co-Authors: Lucina Q. UddinAbstract:The key cortical nodes of the Salience Network, anterior insular and anterior cingulate cortices, undergo dramatic maturational changes from childhood, through adolescence, and into adulthood. Throughout the course of the life span, functional and structural connectivity of this Network continues to change in ways that enable more complex and flexible behaviors. In normal aging, the strength of connections within the Salience Network and between the Salience Network and other Networks changes in ways that determine the extent to which cognitive function is intact later in life.
Susan Shur-fen Gau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Increased Functional Segregation Related to the Salience Network in Unaffected Siblings of Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2019Co-Authors: Hsiang-yuan Lin, Daniel Kessler, Wen-yih Isaac Tseng, Susan Shur-fen GauAbstract:Objective Although there are frequent reports of shared neurofunctional and neurostructural alterations among probands with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their unaffected siblings, there is little knowledge regarding whether abnormalities in the resting-state functional connectivity of ADHD probands is also expressed in unaffected siblings, or whether this unaffected (but at-risk) cohort manifests distinct patterns. Method We used a multivariate connectome-wide association study examining intrinsic functional connectivity with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a sample (aged 8−17 years) of medication-naive ADHD probands (n = 56), their unaffected siblings (n = 55), and typically developing (TD) youths (n = 106). Results ADHD probands showed, relative to TD youths, increased connectivity between the default-mode Network (DMN) and task-positive Networks. Relative to ADHD and TD groups, respectively, unaffected siblings showed increased connectivity within the Salience Network and reduced connectivity between the DMN and Salience Network. No shared alterations in functional connectivity among ADHD probands and their unaffected siblings were identified. These findings were largely confirmed by complementary pairwise connectomic comparisons. However, the main connectivity differences between ADHD and unaffected siblings were not replicated in a tightly age- and sex-matched subsample (20 proband−sibling pairs and 60 TD youths). Conclusion Our findings suggest that increased functional segregation related to the attention Networks, especially the Salience (ventral attention) system, may be a potential feature of at-risk siblings who remain unaffected by ADHD expression. Further replications are needed in other larger and sex-matched samples. Clinical trial registration information: Structural and Functional Connectivity of Frontostriatal and Frontoparietal Networks as Endophenotypes of ADHD; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ; NCT01682915 .
-
increased functional segregation related to the Salience Network in unaffected siblings of youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2019Co-Authors: Hsiang-yuan Lin, Daniel Kessler, Wen-yih Isaac Tseng, Susan Shur-fen GauAbstract:Objective Although there are frequent reports of shared neurofunctional and neurostructural alterations among probands with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their unaffected siblings, there is little knowledge regarding whether abnormalities in the resting-state functional connectivity of ADHD probands is also expressed in unaffected siblings, or whether this unaffected (but at-risk) cohort manifests distinct patterns. Method We used a multivariate connectome-wide association study examining intrinsic functional connectivity with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a sample (aged 8−17 years) of medication-naive ADHD probands (n = 56), their unaffected siblings (n = 55), and typically developing (TD) youths (n = 106). Results ADHD probands showed, relative to TD youths, increased connectivity between the default-mode Network (DMN) and task-positive Networks. Relative to ADHD and TD groups, respectively, unaffected siblings showed increased connectivity within the Salience Network and reduced connectivity between the DMN and Salience Network. No shared alterations in functional connectivity among ADHD probands and their unaffected siblings were identified. These findings were largely confirmed by complementary pairwise connectomic comparisons. However, the main connectivity differences between ADHD and unaffected siblings were not replicated in a tightly age- and sex-matched subsample (20 proband−sibling pairs and 60 TD youths). Conclusion Our findings suggest that increased functional segregation related to the attention Networks, especially the Salience (ventral attention) system, may be a potential feature of at-risk siblings who remain unaffected by ADHD expression. Further replications are needed in other larger and sex-matched samples. Clinical trial registration information: Structural and Functional Connectivity of Frontostriatal and Frontoparietal Networks as Endophenotypes of ADHD; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ; NCT01682915 .
Nic J A Van Der Wee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Resilience to childhood maltreatment is associated with increased resting-state functional connectivity of the Salience Network with the lingual gyrus
Child abuse & neglect, 2013Co-Authors: Steven J A Van Der Werff, Ilya M Veer, Mariejose Van Tol, Andre Aleman, Dick J Veltman, Frans G Zitman, Serge A R B Rombouts, J. Nienke Pannekoek, Bernet M. Elzinga, Nic J A Van Der WeeAbstract:The experience of childhood maltreatment is related to an increased risk of developing a variety of psychiatric disorders, as well as a change in the structure of the brain. However, not much is known about the neurobiological basis of resilience to childhood maltreatment. This study aims to identify resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) patterns specific for resilience to childhood maltreatment, focusing on the default mode and Salience Network and Networks seeded from the amygdala and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Resting-state functional MRI scans were obtained in 33 individuals. Seeds in the bilateral amygdala, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the posterior cingulate cortex and the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex were defined and used to examine whether resilient individuals differed from vulnerable individuals and healthy controls in RSFC with other brain regions. Within the Salience Network, the resilient group was associated with increased RSFC between the left dACC and a region containing the bilateral lingual gyrus and the occipital fusiform gyrus compared to both the vulnerable group and the healthy controls. In this study, we found RSFC patterns specific for resilient individuals. Regions that are implicated are related on a functional level to declarative memory and the processing of emotional stimuli.
-
aberrant limbic and Salience Network resting state functional connectivity in panic disorder without comorbidity
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2013Co-Authors: Justine Nienke Pannekoek, Ilya M Veer, Mariejose Van Tol, Steven J A Van Der Werff, Liliana Ramona Demenescu, Andre Aleman, Dick J Veltman, Frans G Zitman, Serge A R B Rombouts, Nic J A Van Der WeeAbstract:Background: Panic disorder (PD) is a prevalent and debilitating disorder but its neurobiology is still poorly understood. We investigated resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in PD without comorbidity in three Networks that have been linked to PD before. This could provide new insights in how functional integration of brain regions involved in fear and panic might relate to the symptomatology of PD. Methods: Eleven PD patients without comorbidity and eleven pair-wise matched healthy controls underwent resting-state fMRI. We used seed regions-of-interest in the bilateral amygdala (limbic Network), the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (Salience Network), and the bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (default mode Network). RSFC of these areas was assessed using seed-based correlations. All results were cluster corrected for multiple comparisons (Z > 2.3, p <.05). Results: Abnormalities were identified in the limbic Network with increased RSFC between the right amygdala and the bilateral precuneus in PD patients. In the Salience Network the dACC demonstrated altered connectivity with frontal, parietal and occipital areas. Limitations: The small sample size and hypothesis-driven approach could restrict finding additional group differences that may exist. Other caveats are reflected in the use of medication by two participants and the acquisition of the resting-state scan at the end of a fixed imaging protocol. Conclusion: We found altered RSFC in PD between areas involved in emotion regulation and emotional and somatosensory stimulus processing, as well as an area engaged in self-referential processing, not implicated in models for PD before. These findings extend existing functional neuroanatomical models of PD, as the altered RSFC may underlie increased sensitivity for bodily symptoms. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
-
Aberrant limbic and Salience Network resting-state functional connectivity in panic disorder without comorbidity.
Journal of affective disorders, 2012Co-Authors: Justine Nienke Pannekoek, Ilya M Veer, Mariejose Van Tol, Steven J A Van Der Werff, Liliana Ramona Demenescu, Andre Aleman, Dick J Veltman, Frans G Zitman, Serge A R B Rombouts, Nic J A Van Der WeeAbstract:Background: Panic disorder (PD) is a prevalent and debilitating disorder but its neurobiology is still poorly understood. We investigated resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in PD without comorbidity in three Networks that have been linked to PD before. This could provide new insights in how functional integration of brain regions involved in fear and panic might relate to the symptomatology of PD. Methods: Eleven PD patients without comorbidity and eleven pair-wise matched healthy controls underwent resting-state fMRI. We used seed regions-of-interest in the bilateral amygdala (limbic Network), the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (Salience Network), and the bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (default mode Network). RSFC of these areas was assessed using seed-based correlations. All results were cluster corrected for multiple comparisons (Z > 2.3, p
