The Experts below are selected from a list of 72798 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Roy F. Baumeister - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Surrounding Self-Control - The Long Reach of Self-Control
Surrounding Self-Control, 2020Co-Authors: Roy F. Baumeister, Andrew J. Vonasch, Hallgeir SjåstadAbstract:Abundant evidence suggests that people exert Self-Control as if the exertions consumed a limited energy resource, akin to the folk notion of willpower. After exerting Self-Control, subsequent efforts at Self-Control are often relatively feeble and unsuccessful. The state of low willpower is called ego depletion. Studies on ego depletion have shown effects on intelligent thought (which is impaired during ego depletion), decision-making (depleted persons shift to more superficial ways of choosing, or prefer to avoid making choices), and passivity (depleted people become more passive). The psychological processes of Self-regulation and ego depletion are linked to physical energy, as indicated by evidence that hunger makes people more short-sighted, and that food intake tends to counteract ego depletion. Depletion increases in response to interpersonal conflict, poor sleep, and confronting uncertainty. In daily life, good Self-Control is linked to avoiding problems and temptations, low stress, and higher happiness.
-
Taking stock of Self-Control : A meta-analysis of how trait Self-Control relates to a wide range of behaviors
2018Co-Authors: Denise T. D. De Ridder, Catrin Finkenauer, Gerty J. L. M. Lensvelt-mulders, F. Marijn Stok, Roy F. BaumeisterAbstract:Given assertions of the theoretical, empirical, and practical importance of Self-Control, this meta-analytic study sought to review evidence concerning the relationship between dispositional Self-Control and behavior. The authors provide a brief overview over prominent theories of Self-Control, identifying implicit assumptions surrounding the effects of Self-Control that warrant empirical testing. They report the results of a meta-analysis of 102 studies (total N = 32,648) investigating the behavioral effects of Self-Control using the Self-Control Scale, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and the Low Self-Control Scale. A small to medium positive effect of Self-Control on behavior was found for the three scales. Only the Self-Control Scale allowed for a fine-grained analysis of conceptual moderators of the Self-Control behavior relation. Specifically, Self-Control (measured by the Self-Control Scale) related similarly to the performance of desired behaviors and the inhibition of undesired behaviors, but its effects varied dramatically across life domains (e.g., achievement, adjustment). In addition, the associations between Self-Control and behavior were significantly stronger for automatic (as compared to Controlled) behavior and for imagined (as compared to actual) behavior.
-
The Self-Control Irony: Desire for Self-Control Limits Exertion of Self-Control in Demanding Settings.
Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2017Co-Authors: Liad Uziel, Roy F. BaumeisterAbstract:Self-Control is a highly adaptive human capacity. Accordingly, development of Self-Control is widely encouraged. Whereas the benefits of having Self-Control are well documented, little is known abo...
-
Taking Stock of Self-Control
Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Inc, 2011Co-Authors: Denise T. D. De Ridder, Catrin Finkenauer, Gerty J. L. M. Lensvelt-mulders, F. Marijn Stok, Roy F. BaumeisterAbstract:Given assertions of the theoretical, empirical, and practical importance of Self-Control, this meta-analytic study sought to review evidence concerning the relationship between dispositional Self-Control and behavior. The authors provide a brief overview over prominent theories of Self-Control, identifying implicit assumptions surrounding the effects of Self-Control that warrant empirical testing. They report the results of a meta-analysis of 102 studies (total N = 32,648) investigating the behavioral effects of Self-Control using the Self-Control Scale, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and the Low Self-Control Scale. A small to medium positive effect of Self-Control on behavior was found for the three scales. Only the Self-Control Scale allowed for a fine-grained analysis of conceptual moderators of the Self-Control behavior relation. Specifically, Self-Control (measured by the Self-Control Scale) related similarly to the performance of desired behaviors and the inhibition of undesired behaviors, but its...
-
The strength model of Self-Control
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2007Co-Authors: Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D Vohs, Dianne M TiceAbstract:Self-Control is a central function of the Self and an important key to success in life. The exertion of Self-Control appears to depend on a limited resource. Just as a muscle gets tired from exertion, acts of Self-Control cause short-termimpairments (ego depletion) in subsequent Self-Control, even on unrelated tasks. Research has supported the strength model in the domains of eating, drinking, spending, sexuality, intelligent thought, making choices, and interpersonal behavior. Motivational or framing factors can temporarily block the deleterious effects of being in a state of ego depletion. Blood glucose is an important component of the energy.
Mark Muraven - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Lay theories of Self‐Control influence judgments of individuals who have failed at Self‐Control
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Nicholas Freeman, Dikla Shmueli, Mark MuravenAbstract:Individuals who have failed at Self-Control are often the targets of negative social judgments. We suggest that in some circumstances, individual differences in lay theories regarding Self-Control may help account for these reactions. Specifically, people may believe that the ability to exert Self-Control is either a fixed quantity (entity theory) or a malleable quantity (incremental theory), and these beliefs may influence their social judgments. In the current investigation, we found that whether lay theories of Self-Control were measured or manipulated, entity views of Self-Control predicted more negative judgments about a target whose Self-Control failure was made salient.
-
Building Self-Control strength: Practicing Self-Control leads to improved Self-Control performance
Journal of experimental social psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Mark MuravenAbstract:Self-Control performance may be improved by the regular practice of small acts of Self-Control. Ninety-two adults' Self-Control capacity was assessed using the stop signal paradigm before they started practicing Self-Control and again at the end of two weeks. Participants who practiced Self-Control by cutting back on sweets or squeezing a handgrip exhibited significant improvement in stop signal performance relative to those who practiced tasks that did not require Self-Control. Participants who did not practice Self-Control believed that the tasks should improved Self-Control, engaged in tasks that were effortful and made Self-Control salient, but did not actually require Self-Control. Supplemental analyses suggested that only practicing Self-Control built Self-Control capacity; the improved outcomes cannot be explained by Self-fulfilling prophecies, increased Self-efficacy or awareness of Self-Control. The results may have implications for understanding the development of Self-Control in both children and adults, as well as clinical implications for treating disorders that involve low Self-Control.
-
Conserving Self-Control strength.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Mark Muraven, Dikla Shmueli, Edward BurkleyAbstract:Individuals may be motivated to limit their use of Self-Control resources, especially when they have depleted some of that resource. Expecting to need Self-Control strength in the future should heighten the motivation to conserve strength. In 4 experiments, it was found that depleted participants who anticipated exerting Self-Control in the future performed more poorly in an intervening test of Self-Control than participants who were not depleted, and more poorly than those who did not expect to exert Self-Control in the future. Conversely, those who conserved strength performed better on tasks that they conserved the strength for as compared with those who did not conserve. The underlying economic or conservation of resource model sheds some light on the operation of Self-Control strength.
-
Self-Control and alcohol restraint: an initial application of the Self-Control strength model
Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 2002Co-Authors: Mark Muraven, R. Lorraine Collins, Kristen NienhausAbstract:Individuals whose Self-Control strength is depleted through the prior exertion of Self-Control may consume more alcohol in situations that demand restraint. Male social drinkers either exerted Self-Control by suppressing their thoughts or did not exert Self-Control while doing arithmetic. They then sampled beer. Participants expected a driving test after drinking and therefore were motivated to limit their intake. Individuals who suppressed their thoughts consumed more and achieved a higher blood alcohol content than those who did arithmetic. The groups did not differ in mood, arousal, or frustration. Individuals higher in trait temptation to drink consumed more after suppressing their thoughts relative to those lower in trait temptation. Alcohol intake may be a function of temptation to drink and Self-Control strength.
Denise T. D. De Ridder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Taking stock of Self-Control : A meta-analysis of how trait Self-Control relates to a wide range of behaviors
2018Co-Authors: Denise T. D. De Ridder, Catrin Finkenauer, Gerty J. L. M. Lensvelt-mulders, F. Marijn Stok, Roy F. BaumeisterAbstract:Given assertions of the theoretical, empirical, and practical importance of Self-Control, this meta-analytic study sought to review evidence concerning the relationship between dispositional Self-Control and behavior. The authors provide a brief overview over prominent theories of Self-Control, identifying implicit assumptions surrounding the effects of Self-Control that warrant empirical testing. They report the results of a meta-analysis of 102 studies (total N = 32,648) investigating the behavioral effects of Self-Control using the Self-Control Scale, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and the Low Self-Control Scale. A small to medium positive effect of Self-Control on behavior was found for the three scales. Only the Self-Control Scale allowed for a fine-grained analysis of conceptual moderators of the Self-Control behavior relation. Specifically, Self-Control (measured by the Self-Control Scale) related similarly to the performance of desired behaviors and the inhibition of undesired behaviors, but its effects varied dramatically across life domains (e.g., achievement, adjustment). In addition, the associations between Self-Control and behavior were significantly stronger for automatic (as compared to Controlled) behavior and for imagined (as compared to actual) behavior.
-
Whatever happened to Self-Control? : A proposal for integrating notions from trait Self-Control studies into state Self-Control research
Motivation Science, 2018Co-Authors: Denise T. D. De Ridder, Floor M. Kroese, Marleen GillebaartAbstract:In this article we discuss recent findings in trait Self-Control research suggesting that successful Self-Control may rely on either handling the Self-Control dilemma in a smart and effortless way or on the effortfully inhibiting an immediate urge or an unwanted response. We then contrast these results with findings from ego-depletion research on state Self-Control that up to now has focused on merely (consequences of) effortful inhibition. In doing so, we aim to shift the focus of recent debate about the underlying mechanisms of the ego-depletion phenomenon to the broader and more important question of how successful Self-Control operates. Specifically, we emphasize that dealing with personally relevant dilemmas or conflicts is often absent from the ego-depletion paradigm, which is crucial for understanding why and how people are able and willing to prioritize a higher ultimate goal. We first discuss the key role for handling Self-Control dilemmas in trait Self-Control research. Subsequently, we discuss how Self-Control dilemmas are seemingly absent from ego-depletion paradigms and then suggest future directions for Self-Control research.
-
Effortless Self‐Control: A Novel Perspective on Response Conflict Strategies in Trait Self‐Control
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2015Co-Authors: Marleen Gillebaart, Denise T. D. De RidderAbstract:Self-Control is of invaluable importance for well-being. While previous research has focused on Self-Control failure, we introduce a new perspective on Self-Control, including the notion of effortless Self-Control, and a focus on Self-Control success rather than failure. We propose that effortless strategies of dealing with response conflict (i.e., competing behavioral tendencies) are what distinguishes successful Self-Controllers from less successful ones. While people with high trait Self-Control may recognize the potential for response conflict in Self-Control dilemmas, they do not seem to subjectively experience this conflict as much as people with low Self-Control. Two strategies may underlie this difference: avoidance of response conflict through adaptive, habitual behaviors, and the efficient downregulating of response conflict. These strategies as well as the role of response conflict are elaborated upon and discussed in the light of existing literature on Self-Control.
-
Taking Stock of Self-Control
Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Inc, 2011Co-Authors: Denise T. D. De Ridder, Catrin Finkenauer, Gerty J. L. M. Lensvelt-mulders, F. Marijn Stok, Roy F. BaumeisterAbstract:Given assertions of the theoretical, empirical, and practical importance of Self-Control, this meta-analytic study sought to review evidence concerning the relationship between dispositional Self-Control and behavior. The authors provide a brief overview over prominent theories of Self-Control, identifying implicit assumptions surrounding the effects of Self-Control that warrant empirical testing. They report the results of a meta-analysis of 102 studies (total N = 32,648) investigating the behavioral effects of Self-Control using the Self-Control Scale, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and the Low Self-Control Scale. A small to medium positive effect of Self-Control on behavior was found for the three scales. Only the Self-Control Scale allowed for a fine-grained analysis of conceptual moderators of the Self-Control behavior relation. Specifically, Self-Control (measured by the Self-Control Scale) related similarly to the performance of desired behaviors and the inhibition of undesired behaviors, but its...
Dianne M Tice - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The strength model of Self-Control
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2007Co-Authors: Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D Vohs, Dianne M TiceAbstract:Self-Control is a central function of the Self and an important key to success in life. The exertion of Self-Control appears to depend on a limited resource. Just as a muscle gets tired from exertion, acts of Self-Control cause short-termimpairments (ego depletion) in subsequent Self-Control, even on unrelated tasks. Research has supported the strength model in the domains of eating, drinking, spending, sexuality, intelligent thought, making choices, and interpersonal behavior. Motivational or framing factors can temporarily block the deleterious effects of being in a state of ego depletion. Blood glucose is an important component of the energy.
Marleen Gillebaart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The 'Operational' Definition of Self-Control.
Frontiers in psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Marleen GillebaartAbstract:Self-Control is a hot topic across disciplines. As such, consensus on defining Self-Control is critical for advancing both scientific progress as well as societal impact of research findings. Specifically, the emergence of initiation as a Self-Control component, and the notion of effortless and strategic Self-Control, give rise to the question whether and how to distinguish Self-Control from Self-regulation. In this paper, I propose an operational definition of Self-Control, based on converging definitions from the literature as well as on the emergence of new perspectives on Self-Control. The TOTE-model (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) of Self-regulation will serve as a basis for this definition as it gives clear guidance for the inclusion of Self-Control as a component of, but not synonymous to Self-regulation. Ultimately, an ‘operational’ definition is proposed in which Self-regulation entails scaffolding for goal pursuit, including setting standards, and monitoring discrepancies, whereas Self-Control entails everything that one does in the ‘operate’ phase. This perspective allows for inclusion of traditional as well as contemporary research on Self-Control, and can provide direction for future studies.
-
Whatever happened to Self-Control? : A proposal for integrating notions from trait Self-Control studies into state Self-Control research
Motivation Science, 2018Co-Authors: Denise T. D. De Ridder, Floor M. Kroese, Marleen GillebaartAbstract:In this article we discuss recent findings in trait Self-Control research suggesting that successful Self-Control may rely on either handling the Self-Control dilemma in a smart and effortless way or on the effortfully inhibiting an immediate urge or an unwanted response. We then contrast these results with findings from ego-depletion research on state Self-Control that up to now has focused on merely (consequences of) effortful inhibition. In doing so, we aim to shift the focus of recent debate about the underlying mechanisms of the ego-depletion phenomenon to the broader and more important question of how successful Self-Control operates. Specifically, we emphasize that dealing with personally relevant dilemmas or conflicts is often absent from the ego-depletion paradigm, which is crucial for understanding why and how people are able and willing to prioritize a higher ultimate goal. We first discuss the key role for handling Self-Control dilemmas in trait Self-Control research. Subsequently, we discuss how Self-Control dilemmas are seemingly absent from ego-depletion paradigms and then suggest future directions for Self-Control research.
-
Effortless Self‐Control: A Novel Perspective on Response Conflict Strategies in Trait Self‐Control
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2015Co-Authors: Marleen Gillebaart, Denise T. D. De RidderAbstract:Self-Control is of invaluable importance for well-being. While previous research has focused on Self-Control failure, we introduce a new perspective on Self-Control, including the notion of effortless Self-Control, and a focus on Self-Control success rather than failure. We propose that effortless strategies of dealing with response conflict (i.e., competing behavioral tendencies) are what distinguishes successful Self-Controllers from less successful ones. While people with high trait Self-Control may recognize the potential for response conflict in Self-Control dilemmas, they do not seem to subjectively experience this conflict as much as people with low Self-Control. Two strategies may underlie this difference: avoidance of response conflict through adaptive, habitual behaviors, and the efficient downregulating of response conflict. These strategies as well as the role of response conflict are elaborated upon and discussed in the light of existing literature on Self-Control.