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James C. Hower - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Petrographic characteristics of the brecciated coals from Panxian county, Guizhou, southwestern China
Fuel, 2019Co-Authors: James C. HowerAbstract:Abstract In this paper we report the petrological characteristics of the high volatile A bituminous coal from the Yueliangtian coalfield, Guizhou, southwestern China. The random reflectance and maceral quantities were measured by a Leitz Orthoplan microscope. The maceral assemblages are dominated by collodetrinite, fusinite, and Semifusinite. Occurring to a lesser extent are telinite, collotelinite, micrinite, and sporinite; along with traces of vitrodetrinite, corpogelinite, macrinite, secretinite, inertodetrinite, cutinite, resinite, and liptodetrinite; and, in some cases, exudatinite, barkinite, as well as funginite. Degraded vitrinite, fusinite, and Semifusinite coupled with fecal pellet-derived macrinite revealed that fungi or bacteria participated in the formation of the peat. Funginite, hyphae, and fungus rootlets observed in the coal further confirmed microbial participation. The studied coal seam, especially the lower portion, displays typical attributes of brecciation: vitrinites exhibited crumbled, deformed, and uneven occurrences based on the degree and extent of tectonic movements they suffered; fusinite and/or Semifusinite fragments were dispersed or cemented by gelinite or exudatinite; and carbonate and carbonate-pyrite mineralization occurred in the cell lumens of fusinite/Semifusinite and carbonate veins, respectively. The Panxian fault westwards of the Yueliangtian coalfield plus other tectonic movements are responsible for brecciation in the studied coals. Faded resinite and telinite verified oxidation in the peat deposit.
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mississippian serpukhovian chesterian stage coals from the fluorspar district crittenden and caldwell counties kentucky petrological and palynological compositions and their indications for peat producing ecosystems
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2017Co-Authors: James C. Hower, Jennifer M K Okeefe, Cortland F. EbleAbstract:Abstract Serpukhovian Stage (Chesterian Stage in North American nomenclature) coals in western Kentucky are among the few occurrences of Mississippian coals in eastern North America. Thus, they provide a rare view of early Carboniferous peat-producing ecosystems. Petrographically, the coals are dominated by telovitrinites. Among the inertinite macerals, coprolitic macrinite provides evidence of arthropods fungal-degraded wood. Cutinite has an association with epiphyllous fungus. Owing to the relatively high spore contributions from arborescent Lycopsids, the coals bear a palynologic resemblance to the Pennsylvanian Langsettian through Asturian (Westphalian) coals preserved in the nearby Western Kentucky coalfield. The maceral assemblages, however, show a greater similarity to the Upper Pennsylvanian (Stephanian) coals in western Kentucky. With 66–67% total vitrinite and about 29% total inertinite (dominated by fusinite + Semifusinite) (both as volume percent, mineral-fee basis), the Mississippian coals have significantly lower vitrinite percentages than the Westphalian coals. The petrographic similarity is not paralleled by a floristic similarity as the Stephanian flora was marked by the absence of arborescent Lycopsids. Overall, the amount of inertinites and the degradation suggested by a number of the inertinite forms suggests that, not unexpectedly decay and degradation was an important contributor to the Mississippian coals. As with any coals, the Mississippian coals represent a story of preservation more than that of degradation and destruction, with degraded and poorly-preserved fusinite and Semifusinite, coprolitic macrinite, and remnants of fungi being the ghosts of the destruction of the biomass.
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Notes on the origin of copromacrinite based on nitrogen functionalities and δ13C and δ15N determined on samples from the Peach Orchard coal bed, southern Magoffin County, Kentucky
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2016Co-Authors: Bruno Valentim, Leslie F. Ruppert, Manuel Algarra, Alexandra Guedes, James C. HowerAbstract:Abstract This paper represents the first attempt to show, by means other than just petrographic ones, that one type of macrinite, herein designated copromacrinite, may result from macrofauna feces. For that purpose a combination of coal petrography, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental-analysis continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry methods were used to determine nitrogen functionalities and δ13C and δ15N compositions in 1) vitrinite-rich, 2) fusinite + Semifusinite-rich, and 3) macrinite-rich (with a possible coprolitic origin) samples of the high volatile A bituminous Peach Orchard coal (Bolsovian; Middle Pennsylvanian) from Magoffin County, Kentucky. There were no significant differences between pyridinic-N and quaternary-N abundance in the three samples, however, pyrrolic-N was higher (~ 54%) in the macrinite-rich sample than in the other two samples (~ 38%). The data suggest that pyridinic-N and quaternary-N are independent of maceral group composition and that pyrrolic-N is dependent on maceral composition (fusinite + Semifusinite versus macrinite). δ13C values obtained for bulk and demineralized coal of the vitrinite- and fusinite + Semifusinite-rich samples are similar with δ13C values of − 24.80 ± 0.01‰ VPDB and − 24.61 ± 0.09‰ VPDB for bulk samples and − 24.81 ± 0.07‰ VPDB and − 24.52 ± 0.04‰ VPDB for demineralized samples. These values are within the expected range for vitrinite-rich samples and the slightly higher δ13C value of the fusinite + Semifusinite-rich sample is expected as δ13C values for inertinite are higher than for vitrinite. However, there was a significant shift to a lower δ13C value (− 26.80 ± 0.01‰ VPDB for the bulk sample value) for the macrinite-rich sample. Because the samples are basically isorank, and δ13C (and δ15N) shifts do not occur during maturation until anthracite rank, the difference may be related to the presence or composition of the macrinite within the sample which lacks heat-effect indicators, such as devolatilization vacuoles and distorted pores. δ15N values are also similar for bulk and demineralized coal of the vitrinite- and fusinite + Semifusinite-rich samples, and the bulk values were heavier in this samples (3.07 ± 0.03‰ Air and 2.92 ± 0.10‰ Air, respectively), and much lighter (− 2.83 ± 0.09‰ Air) for the macrinite-rich sample. The study of Peach Orchard coal samples using reflected-light microscopy, isotopic composition, and nitrogen-forms analyses revealed that the macrinite-rich sample contains macrinite with coprolitic features (e.g. oxidation rind, mix of undigested palynomorphs, frequent and randomly located funginite, agglutination pulp of Semifusinite reflectance, internal lack of bedding fabric, and suggestion of structures resulting from intestines and stomach walls), more pyrrolic-N (~ 16%), and lower δ13C (~ 2‰ VPDB) and δ15N (~ 4‰ Air) values than the vitrinite and Semifusinite + fusinite rich samples. These findings suggest that the maceral macrinite has multiple origins based on petrography and measurable chemical differences between the macrinite, vitrinite, and Semifusinite + fusinite fractions within the coal. Assuming that copromacrinite observed is an excretion then the anomalies observed may result from the symbiotic relations between the macrofauna (e.g. cockroaches) and microbiota during the digestive processes, and the nitrogen balance mechanisms inside macrofauna body.
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elements and phosphorus minerals in the middle jurassic inertinite rich coals of the muli coalfield on the tibetan plateau
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2015Co-Authors: Shifeng Dai, Colin R. Ward, James C. Hower, Jennifer M K Okeefe, Wenmu Guo, Hongjian Song, Panpan Xie, Madison M Hood, Xiaoyun YanAbstract:Abstract The content, modes of occurrence, and origin of elements and phosphorus minerals in the Jurassic coals of the Muli Coalfield, on the Tibetan Plateau, were investigated using optical microscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The Muli coals (L1 and L2 Coals) are of high volatile A bituminous to medium volatile bituminous rank, characterized by low-sulfur contents, and are generally dominated by the inertinite-group macerals (predominantly Semifusinite and fusinite). The L1 Coal contains abundant apatite (7.9% on average, on an organic-matter-free basis) and alumino-phosphate minerals of goyazite–gorceixite–crandallite group (4.9% on average), and, accordingly, the concentrations of elements F (253 μg/g on average), P (2349 μg/g), Sr (526 μg/g), and Ba (790 μg/g) are elevated as compared with common world hard coals. The deposition of phosphorous-bearing minerals in the Muli coals was not derived from volcanic input; penetration of Ca- and Al-rich solutions, release of phosphorus from organic matter during plant decay, and an appropriate sedimentary environment (such as low pH, low water table for peat, and oxidizing conditions) were critical factors in deposition of the phosphorus minerals.
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Maceral types in some Permian southern African coals
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2012Co-Authors: James C. Hower, Nicola J. Wagner, Jennifer M.k. O'keefe, Jordan W. Drew, J.d. Stucker, Allison R. RichardsonAbstract:Abstract A suite of Permian Gondwana coals from southern Africa, exclusive of the Republic of South Africa, were examined petrographically. With the exception of a single low volatile bituminous/semi-anthracite coal from Mozambique, the coal rank is high volatile bituminous C. Most coals were dominated by inertinite-group macerals, primarily Semifusinite and detrital inertinite (inertodetrinite), but with significant secretinite in some cases. Vitrinite-group macerals were absent in several Zambian coals. When considering these coals, it becomes apparent that not all Gondwana maceral types determined necessarily fit the ICCP definitions.
Jonathan P. Mathews - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Solvent swelling behavior of Permian-aged South African vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich coals
Fuel, 2010Co-Authors: Daniel Van Niekerk, Phillip M. Halleck, Jonathan P. MathewsAbstract:Abstract Two South African coals similar in rank and age, but different in maceral composition, were studied using solvent swelling. Inertinite-rich Highveld coal (dominated by Semifusinite) and vitrinite-rich Waterberg coal were evaluated for swelling extent and swelling rate using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and CS 2 /NMP. A stop-motion videography method was developed to study individual particle swelling behavior. This method allowed observation of overshoot and climbing-type swelling, as well as swelling kinetics. Single-particle swelling experiments showed that both coals exhibited overshoot-type and climbing-type swelling. The inertinite-rich coal swelled much faster (in both solvents) than the vitrinite-rich coal. The swelling in CS 2 /NMP was faster for both coals. Kinetic parameters showed that solvent swelling was governed by relaxation (super-Case II relaxation) of the coal structure. X-ray computed tomography was conducted over a 50 h swelling period in NMP for single particles of each coal. Anisotropic swelling was observed in all the particles (swelling greater perpendicular to the bedding plane than parallel to it). The subtle changes in molecular structure, fine structural and physical differences resulted in significant differences in solvent swelling behavior.
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Petrographic and reflectance analysis of solvent-swelled and solvent-extracted South African vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich coals
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2010Co-Authors: Daniel Van Niekerk, Gareth D. Mitchell, Jonathan P. MathewsAbstract:Maceral transitions during solvent swelling and extraction of two South African coals similar in rank and age, but different in maceral composition, were evaluated. Inertinite-rich Highveld coal (dominated by Semifusinite) and vitrinite-rich Waterberg coal were used. Maceral-group analysis of solvent-extracted and solvent-swelled residues showed no changes in the maceral composition for both coals. Solvent-extracted residues exhibited significant observable changes of some particles: particle fracturing, decrease in reflectance and rounding of particle edges. Inertinite-rich coal exhibited extensive fracturing during solvent treatment. Random reflectance analyses of both coals showed that solvent treatment reduces reflectance values of both vitrinite and inertinite. Vitrinite reflectograms showed a shift from the dominant reflecting V-types to lower-reflecting V-types. The inertinite reflectograms exhibited an increase in the number of reflecting inertinite-types (I-types) with solvent treatment, resulting in a broadening of the reflectograms. The changes in reflectance between the original and solvent-treated coal may be attributed to a combination of structural, elemental or surface changes. Current data for these South African coals suggests a relationship between solvent extraction and mean random reflectance: the higher the extraction yields the lower the mean random reflectance.
Daniel Van Niekerk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Solvent swelling behavior of Permian-aged South African vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich coals
Fuel, 2010Co-Authors: Daniel Van Niekerk, Phillip M. Halleck, Jonathan P. MathewsAbstract:Abstract Two South African coals similar in rank and age, but different in maceral composition, were studied using solvent swelling. Inertinite-rich Highveld coal (dominated by Semifusinite) and vitrinite-rich Waterberg coal were evaluated for swelling extent and swelling rate using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and CS 2 /NMP. A stop-motion videography method was developed to study individual particle swelling behavior. This method allowed observation of overshoot and climbing-type swelling, as well as swelling kinetics. Single-particle swelling experiments showed that both coals exhibited overshoot-type and climbing-type swelling. The inertinite-rich coal swelled much faster (in both solvents) than the vitrinite-rich coal. The swelling in CS 2 /NMP was faster for both coals. Kinetic parameters showed that solvent swelling was governed by relaxation (super-Case II relaxation) of the coal structure. X-ray computed tomography was conducted over a 50 h swelling period in NMP for single particles of each coal. Anisotropic swelling was observed in all the particles (swelling greater perpendicular to the bedding plane than parallel to it). The subtle changes in molecular structure, fine structural and physical differences resulted in significant differences in solvent swelling behavior.
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Petrographic and reflectance analysis of solvent-swelled and solvent-extracted South African vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich coals
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2010Co-Authors: Daniel Van Niekerk, Gareth D. Mitchell, Jonathan P. MathewsAbstract:Maceral transitions during solvent swelling and extraction of two South African coals similar in rank and age, but different in maceral composition, were evaluated. Inertinite-rich Highveld coal (dominated by Semifusinite) and vitrinite-rich Waterberg coal were used. Maceral-group analysis of solvent-extracted and solvent-swelled residues showed no changes in the maceral composition for both coals. Solvent-extracted residues exhibited significant observable changes of some particles: particle fracturing, decrease in reflectance and rounding of particle edges. Inertinite-rich coal exhibited extensive fracturing during solvent treatment. Random reflectance analyses of both coals showed that solvent treatment reduces reflectance values of both vitrinite and inertinite. Vitrinite reflectograms showed a shift from the dominant reflecting V-types to lower-reflecting V-types. The inertinite reflectograms exhibited an increase in the number of reflecting inertinite-types (I-types) with solvent treatment, resulting in a broadening of the reflectograms. The changes in reflectance between the original and solvent-treated coal may be attributed to a combination of structural, elemental or surface changes. Current data for these South African coals suggests a relationship between solvent extraction and mean random reflectance: the higher the extraction yields the lower the mean random reflectance.
Rafał Morga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Raman microspectroscopy of funginite from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2014Co-Authors: Rafał MorgaAbstract:Abstract Raman spectral characteristics of funginite were compared with that of fusinite and Semifusinite from the same coals. Inertinite concentrates prepared from four samples of coking coals from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin of Poland were examined. The examination reveals that funginite spectral characteristics have common features with that of fusinite or, to smaller extent, to Semifusinite. This suggests that the high reflectance of funginite might result from charring during wildfire activity.
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Changes of Semifusinite and fusinite surface roughness during heat treatment determined by atomic force microscopy
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2011Co-Authors: Rafał MorgaAbstract:Abstract This study describes changes of surface roughness of Semifusinite and fusinite as an indicator of structural alteration resulting from heat treatment at 400–1200 °C. Surface roughness has been investigated by atomic force microscopy of inertinite concentrates from coking coals (vitrinite reflectance Rr = 1.07%–1.41%) from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin of Poland (Namurian C — Westphalian A). Unheated fusinite has a higher surface roughness than Semifusinite from the same coal. The average surface roughness of Semifusinite decreases with the Swelling Index of the parent coal. Heating increases the surface roughness of Semifusinite and fusinite. Increase in the average surface roughness is stronger for Semifusinite than fusinite and correlates to increasing reflectance of these macerals. The surface roughness of Semifusinite correlates to the relative mass loss of the inertinite concentrates during heating. After heating to 1200 °C fusinite has a lower average surface roughness than Semifusinite from the same coal. Consequently, average surface roughness can be used as a measure of structural alteration of inertinite group macerals during heat treatment.
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Micro-Raman spectroscopy of carbonized Semifusinite and fusinite
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2011Co-Authors: Rafał MorgaAbstract:Abstract The purpose of the study was to present application of micro-Raman spectroscopy for examination of coal macerals and to characterize the internal structure of Semifusinite and fusinite heated at 400–1200 °C, in an argon atmosphere. Examination was performed on inertinite concentrates prepared from three samples of steam and coking bituminous coals ( R r = 0.98–1.42%) from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin of Poland. Fusinite and Semifusinite, as well as reactive and non-reactive forms of the latter maceral differ in terms of structural properties, as inferred from the Raman-derived parameters. Behavior of both macerals under heat-treatment is determined by their structural and chemical properties. Carbonization causes rebuilding of macromolecular network of Semifusinite and fusinite resulting in the growth of polyaromatic units and, in case of the former maceral, also increases in structural organization. This is followed by significant reflectance increase. Semifusinite carbonized at 1200 °C has larger coherent domains and they are more ordered than in fusinite, which results in higher reflectance value. The A D3 + D4 /A ALL ratio may be used as a measure of inertinite reactivity. Significant relationships between random reflectance ( R r ) of Semifusinite and fusinite and the I D1 /I G ratio and position of most Raman bands (G, D1, D2 and D3) for the studied temperature range were found.
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Reactivity of Semifusinite and fusinite in the view of micro-Raman spectroscopy examination
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2011Co-Authors: Rafał MorgaAbstract:Abstract The study was performed on inertinite concentrates prepared from 19 samples of bituminous, mostly coking, coal (Rr = 0.87–1.42%) from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin of Poland. In all examined samples, total Semifusinite differs from fusinite, in terms of mean values, by higher frequencies of the D1 and D4 band position and lower frequency of the D3 band position, higher G band FWHM, the AD3/AALL and AD4/AALL ratios (where AALL means the surface of all the Raman bands), and lower D1 band FWHM, the ID1/IG and AD1/AALL ratios. Similar differences exist between reactive and non-reactive Semifusinites. The diameter of coherent domains (La) increases in the following sequence: reactive Semifusinite
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Chemical structure of Semifusinite and fusinite of steam and coking coal from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland) and its changes during heating as inferred from micro-FTIR analysis
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2010Co-Authors: Rafał MorgaAbstract:Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize internal structure of Semifusinite and fusinite in inertinite concentrates (I content — 80–81%) before and after heat-treatment (400–1200 °C), under inert conditions. Maceral concentrates were prepared using gravity separation from two samples of steam coals (R r = 0.98 and 0.99%) and two samples of coking coals (R r = 1.01 and 1.42%) collected from the same seam. Micro-FTIR and reflectance (R r ) measurements were carried out. Mass loss of the concentrates upon heating was also determined. Semifusinite in concentrates before heating is characterized by lower aromaticity and condensation of the structure (lower values of CH ar /CH 2 + CH 3 and CH ar /C═C ar ratios) than fusinite. The difference in aromaticity between Semifusinite and fusinite is similar despite the rank of the parent coal. Semifusinite from the coking coal is characterized by lower C═O/C═C ar ratio as well as higher aromaticity than Semifusinite in the steam coal. Statistical analysis showed occurrence of two types of Semifusinite which differed in aromaticity and condensation of the structure. Fusinite from the higher rank coal has higher aromaticity in comparison to fusinite from the lower rank coal. Under heating, Semifusinite of both types and fusinite experience an increase in aromaticity and condensation of the structure, which results in significant reflectance increase. Strong correlations between the values of both CH ar /CH 2 + CH 3 and CH ar /C═C ar ratio and reflectance of Semifusinite and fusinite in concentrates before and after heating have been found. The most significant alteration of the chemical structure of Semifusinite occurs at 600 °C and 800 °C (coking coal) as well as 800 °C and 1000 °C (steam coal) and for fusinite at 600 °C and 800 °C. After heating at 1200 °C, Semifusinite in the steam coal concentrates has lower C═O/C═C ar ratio and much higher aromaticity than Semifusinite in the coking coal concentrates. Fusinite in the coking coals after heating the concentrates at 1200 °C has lower C═O/C═C ar ratio and condensation of the structure but higher aromaticity than Semifusinite. Rate of aromaticity increase in 400–1200 °C range calculated for Semifusinite is inversely proportional to aromaticity of this maceral in concentrate before heating.
Nicola J. Wagner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characterization of coal using electron spin resonance: implications for the formation of inertinite macerals in the Witbank Coalfield, South Africa
International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Ofentse M. Moroeng, Jonathan M. Keartland, R. James Roberts, Nicola J. WagnerAbstract:Coal contains a significant concentration of free radicals as a result of the coalification process. One of the experimental methods sensitive to the presence of radicals is electron spin resonance (ESR), and differences in ESR spectra for different macerals may provide insight into coal-forming processes. In this study, ESR data along with the H/C atomic ratio (to infer the aromatic fraction) are used to characterize coal samples with the aim of assessing a fire-origin for dominant inertinite macerals. A medium rank C bituminous Witbank No. 4 Seam Upper coal (the parent) was density-fractionated to create vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich samples. The parent sample consists of 42 vol% vitrinite and 49 vol% inertinite. The density-fractionated samples comprise of 81 vol% total vitrinite (dominated by collotelinite and collodetrinite), and 63 vol% total inertinite (dominated by fusinite, Semifusinite, and inertodetrinite). The H/C ratio is 0.74 for the inertinite-rich sample, and 0.85 for the vitrinite-rich counterpart, suggesting the former sample is more aromatic. The ESR spectra obtained for the three samples were found to fit best using a Lorentzian distribution. The fit is noticeably better for the aromatic inertinite-rich sample, for which the spectrum is symmetric. This is attributed to pronounced electron mobility and exchange interactions. The higher radical content of the inertinite-rich and parent samples is attributed to the presence of specific inertinite macerals, namely: fusinite, Semifusinite, and inertodetrinite. And, owing to the greater radical content of the inertinite-rich sample, the dominant inertinite macerals are interpreted to have formed through charring of plant matter.
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Using δ15N and δ13C and nitrogen functionalities to support a fire origin for certain inertinite macerals in a No. 4 Seam Upper Witbank coal, South Africa
Organic Geochemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Ofentse M. Moroeng, Nicola J. Wagner, Grant Hall, R. James RobertsAbstract:Abstract Fires are likely to have been central to the formation of certain inertinite macerals in South African coals. To investigate this hypothesis, a Permian, medium rank C bituminous Witbank coal (No. 4 Seam Upper) was density fractionated to yield an inertinite-rich and a vitrinite-rich sample, and assessed using stable nitrogen and carbon (δ15N and δ13C) isotopes in conjunction with nitrogen functionalities. The parent coal comprises of 41.6 vol% vitrinite and 48.5 vol% inertinite. The vitrinite-rich sample is dominated by collotelinite and collodetrinite (81 vol% vitrinite), and the inertinite-rich sample by fusinite, Semifusinite, and inertodetrinite (63 vol% inertinite). The δ15N and δ13C values and nitrogen functionalities were used to constrain early coal formation pathways for the dominant macerals in the density fractionated samples. The vitrinite-rich sample has a lower δ13C relative to the inertinite-rich counterpart. However, the inertinite-rich sample has the lower δ15N value, along with a lower concentration of N-quaternary and higher N-pyrrolic compounds. Because these samples are of the same coal maturity, and the major macerals were derived from similar precursors, differences in δ15N and δ13C and nitrogen functionalities reflect differences in coal formation pathways. Degradation of 13C-rich cellulose in wood through either charring or bacterial activity leads to lower δ13C values. The lower 14N content for the vitrinite-rich sample along with higher N-quaternary and N-pyridinic suggests cellulose degradation driven by bacterial activity. In contrast, the higher 14N coupled with higher N-pyrrolic and N-oxide complexes for the inertinite-rich sample, suggests fusinite and Semifusinite were formed through charring. Inertodetrinite is attributed to the disintegration of the charred matter.
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Maceral types in some Permian southern African coals
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2012Co-Authors: James C. Hower, Nicola J. Wagner, Jennifer M.k. O'keefe, Jordan W. Drew, J.d. Stucker, Allison R. RichardsonAbstract:Abstract A suite of Permian Gondwana coals from southern Africa, exclusive of the Republic of South Africa, were examined petrographically. With the exception of a single low volatile bituminous/semi-anthracite coal from Mozambique, the coal rank is high volatile bituminous C. Most coals were dominated by inertinite-group macerals, primarily Semifusinite and detrital inertinite (inertodetrinite), but with significant secretinite in some cases. Vitrinite-group macerals were absent in several Zambian coals. When considering these coals, it becomes apparent that not all Gondwana maceral types determined necessarily fit the ICCP definitions.
