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Anne Christophe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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preschoolers use phrasal prosody online to constrain Syntactic analysis
Developmental Science, 2016Co-Authors: Isabelle Dautriche, Anne Christophe, Alex De CarvalhoAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether young children are able to take into account phrasal prosody when computing the Syntactic Structure of a sentence. Pairs of French noun/verb homophones were selected to create locally ambiguous sentences ([la petite ferme] [est tres jolie] 'the small farm is very nice' vs. [la petite] [ferme la fenetre] 'the little girl closes the window'--brackets indicate prosodic boundaries). Although these sentences start with the same three words, ferme is a noun (farm) in the former but a verb (to close) in the latter case. The only difference between these sentence beginnings is the prosodic Structure, that reflects the Syntactic Structure (with a prosodic boundary just before the critical word when it is a verb, and just after it when it is a noun). Crucially, all words following the homophone were masked, such that prosodic cues were the only disambiguating information. Children successfully exploited prosodic information to assign the appropriate Syntactic category to the target word, in both an oral completion task (4.5-year-olds, Experiment 1) and in a preferential looking paradigm with an eye-tracker (3.5-year-olds and 4.5-year-olds, Experiment 2). These results show that both groups of children exploit the position of a word within the prosodic Structure when computing its Syntactic category. In other words, even younger children of 3.5 years old exploit phrasal prosody online to constrain their Syntactic analysis. This ability to exploit phrasal prosody to compute Syntactic Structure may help children parse sentences containing unknown words, and facilitate the acquisition of word meanings.
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listeners exploit Syntactic Structure on line to restrict their lexical search to a subclass of verbs
Frontiers in Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Perrine Brusini, Anne Christophe, Melanie Brun, Isabelle BrunetAbstract:Many experiments have shown that listeners actively build expectations about up-coming words, rather than simply waiting for information to accumulate. The online construction of a Syntactic Structure is one of the cues that listeners may use to construct strong expectations about the possible words they will be exposed to. For example, speakers of verb-final languages use pre-verbal arguments to predict on-line the kind of arguments that are likely to occur next (e.g. Kamide, 2008, for a review). Although in SVO languages information about a verb’s arguments typically follows the verb, some languages use preverbal object pronouns, potentially allowing listeners to build on-line expectations about the nature of the upcoming verb. For instance, if a preverbal direct object pronoun is heard, then the following verb has to be able to enter a transitive Structure, thus excluding intransitive verbs. To test this, we used French, in which object pronouns have to appear pre-verbally, to investigate whether listeners use this cue to predict the occurrence of a transitive verb. In a word detection task, we measured the number of false alarms to sentences that contained a transitive verb whose first syllable was homophonous to the target monosyllabic verb (e.g. target dort /dɔʁ/ to sleep and false alarm verb dorlot /dɔʁlɔt/ to cuddle). The crucial comparison involved two sentence types, one without a pre-verbal object clitic, for which an intransitive verb was temporarily a plausible option (e.g. Il dorlotte / He cuddles ) and the other with a preverbal object clitic, that made the appearance of an intransitive verb impossible (Il le dorlotte / He cuddles it). Results showed a lower rate of false alarms for sentences with a pre-verbal object pronoun (3%) compared to locally ambiguous sentences (about 20%). Participants rapidly incorporate information about a verb’s argument Structure to constrain lexical access to verbs that match the expected subcategorization frame.
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two year olds compute Syntactic Structure on line
Developmental Science, 2010Co-Authors: Savita Bernal, Anne Christophe, Ghislaine Dehaenelambertz, Sa Verine MillotteAbstract:Syntax allows human beings to build an infinite number of new sentences from a finite stock of words. Because toddlers typically utter only one or two words at a time, they have been thought to have no syntax. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we demonstrated that 2-year-olds do compute Syntactic Structure when listening to spoken sentences. We observed an early leftlateralized brain response when an expected verb was incorrectly replaced by a noun (or vice versa). Thus, toddlers build on-line expectations as to the Syntactic category of the next word in a sentence. In addition, the response topography was different for nouns and verbs, suggesting that different neural networks already underlie noun and verb processing in toddlers, as they do in adults.
Martin J. Pickering - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how do phonology and orthography feed back to influence Syntactic encoding in language production evidence from structural priming in mandarin
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Mengxing Wang, Holly P Branigan, Zhenguang G Cai, Ruiming Wang, Martin J. PickeringAbstract:Do speakers make use of a word’s phonological and orthographic forms to determine the Syntactic Structure of a sentence? We reported two Mandarin structural priming experiments involving homophones...
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lexically mediated Syntactic priming effects in comprehension sources of facilitation
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Kristen M. Tooley, Martin J. Pickering, Matthew J. TraxlerAbstract:The nature of the facilitation occurring when sentences share a verb and Syntactic Structure (i.e., lexically-mediated Syntactic priming) has not been adequately addressed in comprehension. In four eye-tracking experiments, we investigated the degree to which lexical, Syntactic, thematic, and verb form repetition contribute to facilitated target sentence processing. Lexically-mediated Syntactic priming was observed when primes and targets shared a verb and abstract Syntactic Structure, regardless of the ambiguity of the prime. In addition, repeated thematic role assignment resulted in Syntactic priming (to a lesser degree), and verb form repetition facilitated lexical rather than structural processing. We conclude that priming in comprehension involves lexically associated abstract Syntactic representations, and facilitation of verb and thematic role processes. The results also indicate that Syntactic computation errors during prime processing are not necessary for lexically-mediated priming to occur during target processing. This result is inconsistent with an error-driven learning account of lexically-mediated Syntactic priming effects.
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the independence of Syntactic processing in mandarin evidence from structural priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2016Co-Authors: Jian Huang, Martin J. Pickering, Juanhua Yang, Suiping Wang, Holly P BraniganAbstract:Abstract Although it is generally accepted that Syntactic information is processed independently of semantic information in languages such as English, there is less agreement about whether the same is true in languages such as Mandarin that have fewer reliable cues to Syntactic Structure. We report five experiments that used a structural priming paradigm to investigate the independence of Syntactic processing in Mandarin. In a recognition memory task, Mandarin native speakers described ditransitive events after repeating prime sentences with a double object (DO) or prepositional object (PO) Structure. Participants tended to repeat Syntactic Structure across prime and target sentences. Critically, this tendency occurred whether or not semantic features (animacy of the recipient) were also repeated across sentences, both when the verb was repeated and when it was not. We conclude that Mandarin speakers compute independent Syntactic representations during language processing.
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contributions of animacy to grammatical function assignment and word order during production
Lingua, 2008Co-Authors: Holly P Branigan, Martin J. Pickering, Mikihiro TanakaAbstract:We examine how the relationship between animacy and Syntactic Structure might be explained in terms of an influence of animacy on the psychological processes that underlie the construction of Syntactic Structure during language production. In this account, animacy exerts its influence through its correlation with conceptual accessibility, or how easily a concept is retrieved from memory. Animate entities are conceptually highly accessible and are therefore retrieved more easily. Because language production is incremental, easily accessed information is processed first; animate entities therefore tend to be privileged during Syntactic processes of production. We consider two possible models of how animacy might influence Syntactic processing: through an effect on grammatical function assignment, or through a direct effect on word order. We argue that experimental cross-linguistic evidence supports a third model, in which animacy can simultaneously influence both grammatical function assignment and the determination of word order. Finally, we consider why animacy might not affect word order in conjunctions.
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The role of local and global Syntactic Structure in language production: evidence from Syntactic priming
Language and Cognitive Processes, 2006Co-Authors: Holly P Branigan, Martin J. Pickering, Janet F. Mclean, Andrew J. StewartAbstract:Experimental research has provided evidence for an autonomous stage of Syntactic processing during language production. We report eight Syntactic priming experiments that investigated whether this stage uses the same procedures to produce phrases with a particular Structure when they appear in different Syntactic contexts. Experiments 1–3 demonstrated Syntactic priming for verb phrase Structure in main clauses, irrespective of whether the global Structure of the prime and target sentences varied. Experiments 4–6 demonstrated Syntactic priming for verb phrase Structure in subordinate clauses, both when prime and target were both subordinate clauses, and when one was a subordinate clause and the other was a main clause. Experiments 7 and 8 directly compared Syntactic priming between main and subordinate clauses with priming between main clauses and priming between subordinate clauses. We interpret these results as evidence that the processor uses the same procedures to build Syntactic Structure in different...
Holly P Branigan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how do phonology and orthography feed back to influence Syntactic encoding in language production evidence from structural priming in mandarin
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Mengxing Wang, Holly P Branigan, Zhenguang G Cai, Ruiming Wang, Martin J. PickeringAbstract:Do speakers make use of a word’s phonological and orthographic forms to determine the Syntactic Structure of a sentence? We reported two Mandarin structural priming experiments involving homophones...
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the independence of Syntactic processing in mandarin evidence from structural priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2016Co-Authors: Jian Huang, Martin J. Pickering, Juanhua Yang, Suiping Wang, Holly P BraniganAbstract:Abstract Although it is generally accepted that Syntactic information is processed independently of semantic information in languages such as English, there is less agreement about whether the same is true in languages such as Mandarin that have fewer reliable cues to Syntactic Structure. We report five experiments that used a structural priming paradigm to investigate the independence of Syntactic processing in Mandarin. In a recognition memory task, Mandarin native speakers described ditransitive events after repeating prime sentences with a double object (DO) or prepositional object (PO) Structure. Participants tended to repeat Syntactic Structure across prime and target sentences. Critically, this tendency occurred whether or not semantic features (animacy of the recipient) were also repeated across sentences, both when the verb was repeated and when it was not. We conclude that Mandarin speakers compute independent Syntactic representations during language processing.
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contributions of animacy to grammatical function assignment and word order during production
Lingua, 2008Co-Authors: Holly P Branigan, Martin J. Pickering, Mikihiro TanakaAbstract:We examine how the relationship between animacy and Syntactic Structure might be explained in terms of an influence of animacy on the psychological processes that underlie the construction of Syntactic Structure during language production. In this account, animacy exerts its influence through its correlation with conceptual accessibility, or how easily a concept is retrieved from memory. Animate entities are conceptually highly accessible and are therefore retrieved more easily. Because language production is incremental, easily accessed information is processed first; animate entities therefore tend to be privileged during Syntactic processes of production. We consider two possible models of how animacy might influence Syntactic processing: through an effect on grammatical function assignment, or through a direct effect on word order. We argue that experimental cross-linguistic evidence supports a third model, in which animacy can simultaneously influence both grammatical function assignment and the determination of word order. Finally, we consider why animacy might not affect word order in conjunctions.
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The role of local and global Syntactic Structure in language production: evidence from Syntactic priming
Language and Cognitive Processes, 2006Co-Authors: Holly P Branigan, Martin J. Pickering, Janet F. Mclean, Andrew J. StewartAbstract:Experimental research has provided evidence for an autonomous stage of Syntactic processing during language production. We report eight Syntactic priming experiments that investigated whether this stage uses the same procedures to produce phrases with a particular Structure when they appear in different Syntactic contexts. Experiments 1–3 demonstrated Syntactic priming for verb phrase Structure in main clauses, irrespective of whether the global Structure of the prime and target sentences varied. Experiments 4–6 demonstrated Syntactic priming for verb phrase Structure in subordinate clauses, both when prime and target were both subordinate clauses, and when one was a subordinate clause and the other was a main clause. Experiments 7 and 8 directly compared Syntactic priming between main and subordinate clauses with priming between main clauses and priming between subordinate clauses. We interpret these results as evidence that the processor uses the same procedures to build Syntactic Structure in different...
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Syntactic co-ordination in dialogue
Cognition, 2000Co-Authors: Holly P Branigan, Martin J. Pickering, Alexandra A. ClelandAbstract:There is substantial evidence that speakers co-ordinate their contributions in dialogue. Until now, experimental studies of co-ordination have concentrated on the development of shared strategies for reference. We present an experiment that employed a novel confederate-scripting technique to investigate whether speakers also co-ordinate Syntactic Structure in dialogue. Pairs of speakers took it in turns to describe pictures to each other. One speaker was a confederate of the experimenter and produced scripted descriptions that systematically varied in Syntactic Structure. The Syntactic Structure of the confederate's description affected the Syntactic Structure of the other speaker's subsequent description. We suggest that these effects are instances of Syntactic priming (Bock, 1986), and provide evidence for a shared level of representation in comprehension and production. We describe how these effects might be realized in a processing model of language production, and relate them to previous findings of linguistic co-ordination in dialogue.
Wei Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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controllable video captioning with pos sequence guidance based on gated fusion network
International Conference on Computer Vision, 2019Co-Authors: Bairui Wang, Wei Zhang, Wenhao Jiang, Jingwen Wang, Wei LiuAbstract:In this paper, we propose to guide the video caption generation with Part-of-Speech (POS) information, based on a gated fusion of multiple representations of input videos. We construct a novel gated fusion network, with one particularly designed cross-gating (CG) block, to effectively encode and fuse different types of representations, e.g., the motion and content features of an input video. One POS sequence generator relies on this fused representation to predict the global Syntactic Structure, which is thereafter leveraged to guide the video captioning generation and control the syntax of the generated sentence. Specifically, a gating strategy is proposed to dynamically and adaptively incorporate the global Syntactic POS information into the decoder for generating each word. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets, namely MSR-VTT and MSVD, demonstrate that the proposed model can well exploit complementary information from multiple representations, resulting in improved performances. Moreover, the generated global POS information can well capture the global Syntactic Structure of the sentence, and thus be exploited to control the Syntactic Structure of the description. Such POS information not only boosts the video captioning performance but also improves the diversity of the generated captions. Our code is at: https://github.com/vsislab/Controllable_XGating.
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controllable video captioning with pos sequence guidance based on gated fusion network
arXiv: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2019Co-Authors: Bairui Wang, Wei Zhang, Wenhao Jiang, Jingwen Wang, Wei LiuAbstract:In this paper, we propose to guide the video caption generation with Part-of-Speech (POS) information, based on a gated fusion of multiple representations of input videos. We construct a novel gated fusion network, with one particularly designed cross-gating (CG) block, to effectively encode and fuse different types of representations, e.g., the motion and content features of an input video. One POS sequence generator relies on this fused representation to predict the global Syntactic Structure, which is thereafter leveraged to guide the video captioning generation and control the syntax of the generated sentence. Specifically, a gating strategy is proposed to dynamically and adaptively incorporate the global Syntactic POS information into the decoder for generating each word. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets, namely MSR-VTT and MSVD, demonstrate that the proposed model can well exploit complementary information from multiple representations, resulting in improved performances. Moreover, the generated global POS information can well capture the global Syntactic Structure of the sentence, and thus be exploited to control the Syntactic Structure of the description. Such POS information not only boosts the video captioning performance but also improves the diversity of the generated captions. Our code is at: this https URL.
Duane G Watson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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can intonational phrase Structure be primed like Syntactic Structure
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2014Co-Authors: Kristen M. Tooley, Agnieszka E Konopka, Duane G WatsonAbstract:In 3 experiments, we investigated whether intonational phrase Structure can be primed. In all experiments, participants listened to sentences in which the presence and location of intonational phrase boundaries were manipulated such that the recording included either no intonational phrase boundaries, a boundary in a structurally dispreferred location, a boundary in a preferred location, or boundaries in both locations. In Experiment 1, participants repeated the sentences to test whether they would reproduce the prosodic Structure they had just heard. Experiments 2 and 3 used a prime-target paradigm to evaluate whether the intonational phrase Structure heard in the prime sentence might influence that of a novel target sentence. Experiment 1 showed that participants did repeat back sentences that they had just heard with the original intonational phrase Structure, yet Experiments 2 and 3 found that exposure to intonational phrase boundaries on prime trials did not influence how a novel target sentence was prosodically phrased. These results suggest that speakers may retain the intonational phrasing of a sentence, but this effect is not long-lived and does not generalize across unrelated sentences. Furthermore, these findings provide no evidence that intonational phrase Structure is formulated during a planning stage that is separate from other sources of linguistic information.
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the relationship between intonational phrasing and Syntactic Structure in language production
Language and Cognitive Processes, 2004Co-Authors: Duane G Watson, Edward GibsonAbstract:In this paper, we evaluate several theories of how Syntactic/semantic Structure influences the placement of intonational boundaries in language production (Cooper & Paccia-Cooper, 1980; Gee & Grosjean, 1983; Ferreira, 1988). Although the theories that we tested are shown to be quite successful, they are complex, and furthermore, they are incompatible with recent evidence for incrementality in sentence production. In light of these problems, we propose a simpler incremental model called the Left hand side/Right hand side Boundary hypothesis (LRB). According to this hypothesis, two factors that underlie the successful performance of the algorithms from the literature contribute to the likelihood of producing intonational boundaries at word boundaries: (1) the size of the recently completed Syntactic constituent at a word boundary; and (2) the size of the upcoming Syntactic constituent. These factors are further constrained by Syntactic argument relationships. We demonstrate that the LRB performs as well as previous models with respect to the data from Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, we present evidence that the LRB outperforms previous
