The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Carl Gutwin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the emergence of high speed interaction and coordination in a formerly turn based groupware game
International Conference on Supporting Group Work, 2016Co-Authors: Carl Gutwin, Mutasem Barjawi, David PinelleAbstract:Although some forms of distributed groupware now enable fast-paced real-time collaboration (e.g., first-person shooter games), little work has been done to determine how coordination and interaction occur when people attempt to work together at high speed. Understanding the elements of high-speed coordination is important, because Shared-Workspace groupware systems offer opportunities for new kinds of high-speed work that is, they provide freedom from the physical constraints that can slow and restrict coordination in physical Shared spaces. To better understand high-speed coordination, and to examine whether these opportunities can enable new kinds of interaction in groupware, we created and studied a new multi-player game (called RTChess) that is based on traditional chess, but adds multiple players and removes all turns from the gameplay. The result is a free-for-all game where people are limited only by their ability to move quickly and expertly a situation that is more like a team sport than a tabletop game. We carried out an observational study of 448 games of RTChess to look for the emergence of high-speed interaction, team coordination, and interactional expertise. We found that people can interact extremely quickly through distributed groupware, and saw evidence that people build expertise and develop several kinds of coordination in the game. Groupware systems like RTChess indicate that coordination and interaction in Shared-Workspace collaboration can occur at high speed, and suggest ways to free groupware users from the slow and stilted interactions that are common in many current multi-user systems.
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Supporting Informal Collaboration in Shared-Workspace Groupware
Journal of Universal Computer Science, 2008Co-Authors: Carl Gutwin, Saul Greenberg, Roger Blum, Jeff Dyck, Kimberly Tee, Gregor McewanAbstract:Shared-Workspace groupware has not become common in the workplace, despite many positive results from research labs. One reason for this lack of success is that most Shared Workspace systems are designed around the idea of planned, formal collaboration sessions - yet much of the collaboration that occurs in a co-located work group is informal and opportunistic. To support informal collaboration, groupware must be designed and built differently. We introduce the idea of community-based groupware (CBG), in which groupware is organized around groups of people working independently, rather than Shared applications, documents, or virtual places. Community-based groupware provides support for three things that are fundamental to informal collaboration: awareness of others and their individual work, lightweight means for initiating interactions, and the ability to move into closely-coupled collaboration when necessary. We demonstrate three prototypes that illustrate the ideas behind CBG, and argue that this way of organizing groupware supports informal collaboration better than other existing approaches.
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task analysis for groupware usability evaluation modeling Shared Workspace tasks with the mechanics of collaboration
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2003Co-Authors: David Pinelle, Carl Gutwin, Saul GreenbergAbstract:Researchers in Computer Supported Cooperative Work have recently developed discount evaluation methods for Shared-Workspace groupware. Most discount methods rely on some understanding of the context in which the groupware systems will be used, which means that evaluators need to model the tasks that groups will perform. However, existing task analysis schemes are not well suited to the needs of groupware evaluation: they either do not deal with collaboration issues, do not use an appropriate level of analysis for concrete assessment of usability in interfaces, or do not adequately represent the variability inherent in group work. To fill this gap, we have developed a new modeling technique called Collaboration Usability Analysis. CUA focuses on the teamwork that goes on in a group task rather than the taskwork. To enable closer links between the task representation and the groupware interface, CUA grounds each collaborative action in a set of group work primitives called the mechanics of collaboration. To represent the range of ways that a group task can be carried out, CUA allows variable paths through the execution of a task, and allows alternate paths and optional tasks to be modeled. CUA's main contribution is to provide evaluators with a framework in which they can simulate the realistic use of a groupware system and identify usability problems that are caused by the groupware interface.
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empirical development of a heuristic evaluation methodology for Shared Workspace groupware
Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2002Co-Authors: Kevin Baker, Saul Greenberg, Carl GutwinAbstract:Good real time groupware products are hard to develop, in part because evaluating their support for basic teamwork activities is difficult and costly. To address this problem, we are developing discount evaluation methods that look for groupware-specific usability problems. In a previous paper, we detailed a new set of usability heuristics that evaluators can use to inspect Shared Workspace groupware to see how they support teamwork. We wanted to determine whether the new heuristics could be integrated into a low-cost methodology that parallels Nielsen's traditional heuristic evaluation (HE). To this end, we examined 27 evaluations of two Shared Workspace groupware systems and analysed the inspectors' relative performance and variability. Similar to Nielsen's findings for traditional HE, individual inspectors discovered about a fifth of the total known teamwork problems, and that there was only modest overlap in the problems they found. Groups of three to five inspectors would report about 40-60% of the total known teamwork problems. These results suggest that heuristic evaluation using our groupware heuristics can be an effective and efficient method for identifying teamwork problems in Shared Workspace groupware systems.
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a usability study of awareness widgets in a Shared Workspace groupware system
Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1996Co-Authors: Carl Gutwin, Mark Roseman, Saul GreenbergAbstract:Workspace awareness is knowledge about others’ interaction with a Shared Workspace. Groupware systems provide only limited information about other participants, often compromising Workspace awareness. This paper describes a usability study of several widgets designed to help maintain awareness in a groupware Workspace. These widgets include a miniature view, a radar view, a multiuser scrollbar, and a “what you see is what I do” view. The study examined the widgets’ information content, how easily people could interpret them, and whether they were useful or distracting. Experimenter observations, subject questionnaires, and interviews indicate that the miniature and radar displays are useful and valuable for tasks involving spatial manipulation of artifacts.
Saul Greenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Supporting Informal Collaboration in Shared-Workspace Groupware
Journal of Universal Computer Science, 2008Co-Authors: Carl Gutwin, Saul Greenberg, Roger Blum, Jeff Dyck, Kimberly Tee, Gregor McewanAbstract:Shared-Workspace groupware has not become common in the workplace, despite many positive results from research labs. One reason for this lack of success is that most Shared Workspace systems are designed around the idea of planned, formal collaboration sessions - yet much of the collaboration that occurs in a co-located work group is informal and opportunistic. To support informal collaboration, groupware must be designed and built differently. We introduce the idea of community-based groupware (CBG), in which groupware is organized around groups of people working independently, rather than Shared applications, documents, or virtual places. Community-based groupware provides support for three things that are fundamental to informal collaboration: awareness of others and their individual work, lightweight means for initiating interactions, and the ability to move into closely-coupled collaboration when necessary. We demonstrate three prototypes that illustrate the ideas behind CBG, and argue that this way of organizing groupware supports informal collaboration better than other existing approaches.
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task analysis for groupware usability evaluation modeling Shared Workspace tasks with the mechanics of collaboration
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2003Co-Authors: David Pinelle, Carl Gutwin, Saul GreenbergAbstract:Researchers in Computer Supported Cooperative Work have recently developed discount evaluation methods for Shared-Workspace groupware. Most discount methods rely on some understanding of the context in which the groupware systems will be used, which means that evaluators need to model the tasks that groups will perform. However, existing task analysis schemes are not well suited to the needs of groupware evaluation: they either do not deal with collaboration issues, do not use an appropriate level of analysis for concrete assessment of usability in interfaces, or do not adequately represent the variability inherent in group work. To fill this gap, we have developed a new modeling technique called Collaboration Usability Analysis. CUA focuses on the teamwork that goes on in a group task rather than the taskwork. To enable closer links between the task representation and the groupware interface, CUA grounds each collaborative action in a set of group work primitives called the mechanics of collaboration. To represent the range of ways that a group task can be carried out, CUA allows variable paths through the execution of a task, and allows alternate paths and optional tasks to be modeled. CUA's main contribution is to provide evaluators with a framework in which they can simulate the realistic use of a groupware system and identify usability problems that are caused by the groupware interface.
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empirical development of a heuristic evaluation methodology for Shared Workspace groupware
Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2002Co-Authors: Kevin Baker, Saul Greenberg, Carl GutwinAbstract:Good real time groupware products are hard to develop, in part because evaluating their support for basic teamwork activities is difficult and costly. To address this problem, we are developing discount evaluation methods that look for groupware-specific usability problems. In a previous paper, we detailed a new set of usability heuristics that evaluators can use to inspect Shared Workspace groupware to see how they support teamwork. We wanted to determine whether the new heuristics could be integrated into a low-cost methodology that parallels Nielsen's traditional heuristic evaluation (HE). To this end, we examined 27 evaluations of two Shared Workspace groupware systems and analysed the inspectors' relative performance and variability. Similar to Nielsen's findings for traditional HE, individual inspectors discovered about a fifth of the total known teamwork problems, and that there was only modest overlap in the problems they found. Groups of three to five inspectors would report about 40-60% of the total known teamwork problems. These results suggest that heuristic evaluation using our groupware heuristics can be an effective and efficient method for identifying teamwork problems in Shared Workspace groupware systems.
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a usability study of awareness widgets in a Shared Workspace groupware system
Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1996Co-Authors: Carl Gutwin, Mark Roseman, Saul GreenbergAbstract:Workspace awareness is knowledge about others’ interaction with a Shared Workspace. Groupware systems provide only limited information about other participants, often compromising Workspace awareness. This paper describes a usability study of several widgets designed to help maintain awareness in a groupware Workspace. These widgets include a miniature view, a radar view, a multiuser scrollbar, and a “what you see is what I do” view. The study examined the widgets’ information content, how easily people could interpret them, and whether they were useful or distracting. Experimenter observations, subject questionnaires, and interviews indicate that the miniature and radar displays are useful and valuable for tasks involving spatial manipulation of artifacts.
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supporting awareness of others in groupware
Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1996Co-Authors: Carl Gutwin, Saul Greenberg, Mark RosemanAbstract:INTRODUCTION Successful collaboration in a work community requires that members of the group maintain awareness of one another on several levels. The following papers consider kinds of awareness and how these can be supported in groupware systems. In particular, the papers explore two kinds of awareness: first, general awareness of people in a work community, and second, awareness of others’ interactions with a Shared Workspace.
Hiroshi Ishii - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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integration of Shared Workspace and interpersonal space for remote collaboration
1999Co-Authors: Hiroshi IshiiAbstract:Computer-based groupware and video telephony are the major technological components of remote collaboration support. However, integration of these two components has been a big design challenge. This chapter introduces the research effort to integrate the Shared Workspace created by groupware technology and the interpersonal space supported by video communication technology. TeamWorkStation and ClearBoard will be introduced as example systems which were designed to support focused real-time collaboration by distributed group members.
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integration of interpersonal space and Shared Workspace clearboard design and experiments
ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 1993Co-Authors: Hiroshi Ishii, Minoru Kobayashi, Jonathan GrudinAbstract:We describe the evolution of the novel Shared drawing medium ClearBoard which was designed to seamlessly integrate an interpersonal space and a Shared Workspace. ClearBoard permits coworkers in two locations to draw with color markers or with electronic pens and software tools while maintaining direct eye contact and the ability to employ natural gestures. The ClearBoard design is based on the key metaphor of “talking through and drawing on a transparent glass window.” We describe the evolution from ClearBoard-1 (which enables Shared video drawing) to ClearBoard-2 (which incorporates TeamPaint, a multiuser paint editor). Initial observations and findings gained through the experimental use of the prototype, including the feature of “gaze awareness,” are discussed. Further experiments are conducted with ClearBoard-0 (a simple mockup), ClearBoard-1, and an actual desktop as a control. In the settings we examined, the ClearBoard environment led to more eye contact and potential awareness of collaborator's gaze direction over the traditional desktop environment.
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integration of inter personal space and Shared Workspace clearboard design and experiments
Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1992Co-Authors: Hiroshi Ishii, Minoru Kobayashi, Jonathan GrudinAbstract:We describe the evolution of the novel Shared drawing medium ClearBoard which was designed to seamlessly integrate an interpersonal space and a Shared Workspace. ClearBoard permits coworkers in two locations to draw with color markers or with electronic pens and software tools while maintaining direct eye contact and the ability to employ natural gestures. The ClearBoard design is based on the key metaphor of “talking through and drawing on a transparent glass window.” We describe the evolution from ClearBoard- 1 (which enables Shared video drawing) to ClearBoard-2 (which incorporates TeamPaint, a multiuser paint editor). Initial observations and findings gained through the experimental use of the prototype, including the feature of “gaze awareness,” are discussed. Further experiments are conducted with ClearBoard-O (a simple mockup), ClearBoard- 1, and an actual desktop as a control. In the settings we examined, the ClearBoard environment led to more eye contact and potential awareness of collaborator’s gaze direction over the traditional desktop environment.
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toward an open Shared Workspace computer and video fusion approach of teamworkstation
Communications of The ACM, 1991Co-Authors: Hiroshi Ishii, Naomi MiyakeAbstract:Groupware is intended to create a Shared Workspace that supports dynamic collaboration in a work group over space and time constraints. To gain the collective benefits of groupware use, the groupware must be accepted by a majority of workgroup members as a common tool. Groupware must overcome the hurdle of critical mass .
Daniel Carpenter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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intellectual and physical Shared Workspace professional learning communities and the collaborative culture
International Journal of Educational Management, 2018Co-Authors: Daniel CarpenterAbstract:The purpose of this paper is to explore Shared Workspace and professional learning community (PLC) interactions in schools. The collaborative culture and PLCs were parts of the school culture. The collaborative culture of each school was designed to ensure teachers share intellectual and physical contributions in learning to investigate the impact of teaching and learning on students. The Workspace overlap for teachers was part of the culture of each school and a function of the PLC interactions. PLCs provided opportunities for collaboration and therefore opportunities to share intellectual and physical Workspace.,A grounded theory research approach was taken to this investigation, primarily because of the common experiences of educators in schools (Creswell, 2013). Collaborative process between educators in schools was qualitatively investigated as a function of PLC interactions. In all, three communities, five schools, and 70 educators were purposefully selected to participate. Data were collected, including semi-structured interviews, observations, artifacts, and researcher field notes.,The Workspace interactions include Shared leadership, decision making, teaching and learning practice, and accountability measures. Attributes and characteristics of effective collaboration and PLCs greatly affect the outcomes of PLCs. An emergent framework is provided that includes attributes of effective collaboration and the characteristics of effective PLCs that merge into intellectual and physical Shared Workspace.,This paper focuses on the connections between PLCs, school culture, and professional educator collaboration. This paper proposes to provide a unique model called the Shared Workspace. The model combines the intellectual and physical aspects of group members to ensure the effectiveness of collaborative systems that promote quality practice in schools through functional PLCs as part of a positive school culture. This paper further offers extensions to the Shared leadership concept (Carpenter, 2015) in how schools, administrators, and teachers should work together, thus more collaboratively through a continuous improvement process of the school as a workplace and a learning organization.
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collaborative inquiry and the Shared Workspace of professional learning communities
International Journal of Educational Management, 2017Co-Authors: Daniel CarpenterAbstract:Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore educator collaborative inquiry in the Shared Workspace in professional learning communities (PLCs). Specifically, this investigation was part of an ongoing investigation of well-established PLC collaborative interactions and self-directed learning of educators as part of the Shared Workspace as a component of school improvement. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative design was used for this investigation. Participants were purposefully selected to provide qualitative data on existent, well-established PLCs and their practice as educators in the Shared Workspace. Qualitative data were collected about participant perception. Data were collected from each participant by conducting semi-structured interviews, observations, and the collection of document and artifacts. Findings Findings from this ongoing investigation point to positive collaborative physical interactions and intellectual discourse that lead to educator learning through the collaborative inquiry process. Originality/value Theories on PLCs and educator job-embedded professional learning are unique in this paper. The concepts of PLCs and the collaborative inquiry process have been well developed but not in the context of the Shared Workspace. Recent literature on effective collaborative inquiry educators undergo in PLCs as a continuing professional development model provides a foundation for the work done in this ongoing case study. Sustained collaboration and continued professional development of teaching innovations as a product of the collaborative inquiry process in the Shared Workspace are underdeveloped as yet but further developed in this paper.
Jonathan Grudin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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integration of interpersonal space and Shared Workspace clearboard design and experiments
ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 1993Co-Authors: Hiroshi Ishii, Minoru Kobayashi, Jonathan GrudinAbstract:We describe the evolution of the novel Shared drawing medium ClearBoard which was designed to seamlessly integrate an interpersonal space and a Shared Workspace. ClearBoard permits coworkers in two locations to draw with color markers or with electronic pens and software tools while maintaining direct eye contact and the ability to employ natural gestures. The ClearBoard design is based on the key metaphor of “talking through and drawing on a transparent glass window.” We describe the evolution from ClearBoard-1 (which enables Shared video drawing) to ClearBoard-2 (which incorporates TeamPaint, a multiuser paint editor). Initial observations and findings gained through the experimental use of the prototype, including the feature of “gaze awareness,” are discussed. Further experiments are conducted with ClearBoard-0 (a simple mockup), ClearBoard-1, and an actual desktop as a control. In the settings we examined, the ClearBoard environment led to more eye contact and potential awareness of collaborator's gaze direction over the traditional desktop environment.
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integration of inter personal space and Shared Workspace clearboard design and experiments
Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1992Co-Authors: Hiroshi Ishii, Minoru Kobayashi, Jonathan GrudinAbstract:We describe the evolution of the novel Shared drawing medium ClearBoard which was designed to seamlessly integrate an interpersonal space and a Shared Workspace. ClearBoard permits coworkers in two locations to draw with color markers or with electronic pens and software tools while maintaining direct eye contact and the ability to employ natural gestures. The ClearBoard design is based on the key metaphor of “talking through and drawing on a transparent glass window.” We describe the evolution from ClearBoard- 1 (which enables Shared video drawing) to ClearBoard-2 (which incorporates TeamPaint, a multiuser paint editor). Initial observations and findings gained through the experimental use of the prototype, including the feature of “gaze awareness,” are discussed. Further experiments are conducted with ClearBoard-O (a simple mockup), ClearBoard- 1, and an actual desktop as a control. In the settings we examined, the ClearBoard environment led to more eye contact and potential awareness of collaborator’s gaze direction over the traditional desktop environment.
