The Experts below are selected from a list of 282 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Laura D Kubzansky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • abstract p210 the Social Distribution of ideal cardiovascular health a global systematic review
    Circulation, 2021
    Co-Authors: Farah Qureshi, Kelb Bousquetsantos, Sakurako Shiba, Scott W Delaney, Annejosee Guimond, Julia K Boehm, Laura D Kubzansky
    Abstract:

    Introduction: Numerous studies have examined the Social determinants of ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) around the world, but no work has summarized evidence to date. This study aimed to systema...

  • Social Distribution of Social support the mediating role of life events
    American Journal of Community Psychology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Kristin D Mickelson, Laura D Kubzansky
    Abstract:

    Although the relation of socioeconomic status (SES) to Social support has been discussed for some time, researchers have rarely systematically examined the Social patterning of this resource. In addition, potential explanatory mechanisms have not been investigated. This study examined both the Social Distribution of Social support and the role of life events in the association between SES and Social support in a nationally representative probability sample of adults from the National Cormorbidity Survey. Higher education and income were related to more emotional support and fewer negative interactions. Individuals with higher incomes were also less likely to report acute and chronic life events. Finally, acute (but not chronic) life events mediated the relation between SES and Social support (both emotional support and negative interactions). These results suggest the inability of lower SES individuals to mobilize Social support in times of need may be explained by their more frequent experience of acute life events.

Flegeau Morgane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • La Ceinture verte d'Ile-de-France à l'épreuve du Grand Paris : effacement ou renouveau ? : Reconfigurations spatiales, territoriales et paysagères dans les marges de l'aire urbaine métropolitaine
    HAL CCSD, 2018
    Co-Authors: Flegeau Morgane
    Abstract:

    The concept of green belt is a manner of thinking the margins of the surroundings of Paris. This urban planning tool has been used by the Île-de-France regional Council in the early 1980’s. The implementation of a green belt aimed to give a global vision of the woodland, cropland and wasteland in that area. Due to a lack of law support and political changes, the Green belt policy never really came to an existence. However, the area of the Green belt is filled with several expectations in terms of recreation, landscapes, quality of life and environment from the city dwellers and public players. Meanwhile, the Grand Paris project tends, in the same time, to put under pressure these spaces by its urban planning projects, and to consider the idea of a green belt for the Paris region. We have chosen in this thesis to highlight the features of the Green belt by a Social and spatial approach of the dynamics through a multiscalar approach. It reveals the fragmentation and the heterogeneity of this space on several levels : spatial organization, landscapes and Social Distribution. The study of the dynamics concerning the territories shows the discrepancy of the urban planning logics in the Île-de-France region. In the Green belt space, a large number of territory projects occurs around open spaces. It aims, in most of the case, to preserve the qualities of the landscapes (in the vallée de Chevreuse for example) or to attain a certain type of landscape (the forest project in Plaine de Pierrelaye shows that). But this type of territorialities leaves out marginalized population, living in the Green belt space. Finally, this study enlightens the mixed relationship and the tensions between local and metropolitan authorities in a decentralized context.Cette thèse se propose de porter un regard géographique sur les espaces végétalisés – boisés, agricoles ou délaissés – situés aux marges de l’aire urbaine métropolitaine de Paris, au travers de la notion de ceinture verte. Ce dispositif d’aménagement, élaboré au début du XXe siècle, a été utilisé par le Conseil régional d’Île-de-France à partir du début des années 1980. Placée à cheval entre l’urbain et le rural, la Ceinture verte francilienne devait permettre de proposer une vision cohérente de ces marges, en leur donnant une consistance et une identité. Faute notamment de moyens réglementaires au Conseil régional, le projet de Ceinture verte n’a finalement jamais eu de véritable existence. Pourtant, les espaces végétalisés de l’agglomération font aujourd’hui l’objet d’attentes renouvelées de la part des acteurs de l’aménagement et des habitants, en particulier en termes récréatifs, paysagers, de qualité de vie, et désormais environnementaux. En outre, dans le projet du Grand Paris est évoquée l’idée d’une ceinture verte, alors même que ses projets d’aménagement remettent sous pression les espaces végétalisés des franges de la métropole. Nous avons d’abord cherché à qualifier cet espace sous un angle socio-spatial en adoptant une démarche multiscalaire. Il ressort de ce travail la grande hétérogénéité et l’importante fragmentation de la Ceinture verte sur les plans de son organisation spatiale, socio-spatiale ainsi que du paysage. Par ailleurs, l’étude des dynamiques territoriales en Ceinture verte fait ressortir les contradictions de l’aménagement francilien. Cette thèse souligne la multiplicité des initiatives locales de projets de territoire, formulées autour des espaces végétalisés. Leur mise en valeur est surtout centrée sur les critères paysagers, comme en vallée de Chevreuse comme à Marne-et-Gondoire, où l’on souhaite maintenir un cadre de vie préservé, ou comme en plaine de Pierrelaye, où un projet de forêt doit permettre d’accéder à un paysage, inversant ainsi la trajectoire de déclin du site. Dans le même temps, ces projets paysagers excluent les populations marginalisées ayant trouvé refuge dans certaines parties de la Ceinture verte, comme dans le cas de la Butte Pinson. Enfin, cette thèse met en lumière les jeux de résistance et d’opposition locale au projet du Grand Paris, ce dernier pouvant être à l’inverse un levier pour des projets de territoire, dans un contexte décentralisé. Cet espace apparait donc en tension entre une vue métropolitaine d’ensemble des marges parisienne et des visées locales pour un paysage préservé ou en voie de l’être

  • The Green Belt of Île-de-France within the scope of the Grand Paris project : disappearance or renewal ? : Spatial, territorial and landscapes reconfigurations in the margins of the metropolitan urban area
    2018
    Co-Authors: Flegeau Morgane
    Abstract:

    Cette thèse se propose de porter un regard géographique sur les espaces végétalisés – boisés, agricoles ou délaissés – situés aux marges de l’aire urbaine métropolitaine de Paris, au travers de la notion de ceinture verte. Ce dispositif d’aménagement, élaboré au début du XXe siècle, a été utilisé par le Conseil régional d’Île-de-France à partir du début des années 1980. Placée à cheval entre l’urbain et le rural, la Ceinture verte francilienne devait permettre de proposer une vision cohérente de ces marges, en leur donnant une consistance et une identité. Faute notamment de moyens réglementaires au Conseil régional, le projet de Ceinture verte n’a finalement jamais eu de véritable existence. Pourtant, les espaces végétalisés de l’agglomération font aujourd’hui l’objet d’attentes renouvelées de la part des acteurs de l’aménagement et des habitants, en particulier en termes récréatifs, paysagers, de qualité de vie, et désormais environnementaux. En outre, dans le projet du Grand Paris est évoquée l’idée d’une ceinture verte, alors même que ses projets d’aménagement remettent sous pression les espaces végétalisés des franges de la métropole. Nous avons d’abord cherché à qualifier cet espace sous un angle socio-spatial en adoptant une démarche multiscalaire. Il ressort de ce travail la grande hétérogénéité et l’importante fragmentation de la Ceinture verte sur les plans de son organisation spatiale, socio-spatiale ainsi que du paysage. Par ailleurs, l’étude des dynamiques territoriales en Ceinture verte fait ressortir les contradictions de l’aménagement francilien. Cette thèse souligne la multiplicité des initiatives locales de projets de territoire, formulées autour des espaces végétalisés. Leur mise en valeur est surtout centrée sur les critères paysagers, comme en vallée de Chevreuse comme à Marne-et-Gondoire, où l’on souhaite maintenir un cadre de vie préservé, ou comme en plaine de Pierrelaye, où un projet de forêt doit permettre d’accéder à un paysage, inversant ainsi la trajectoire de déclin du site. Dans le même temps, ces projets paysagers excluent les populations marginalisées ayant trouvé refuge dans certaines parties de la Ceinture verte, comme dans le cas de la Butte Pinson. Enfin, cette thèse met en lumière les jeux de résistance et d’opposition locale au projet du Grand Paris, ce dernier pouvant être à l’inverse un levier pour des projets de territoire, dans un contexte décentralisé. Cet espace apparait donc en tension entre une vue métropolitaine d’ensemble des marges parisienne et des visées locales pour un paysage préservé ou en voie de l’être.The concept of green belt is a manner of thinking the margins of the surroundings of Paris. This urban planning tool has been used by the Île-de-France regional Council in the early 1980’s. The implementation of a green belt aimed to give a global vision of the woodland, cropland and wasteland in that area. Due to a lack of law support and political changes, the Green belt policy never really came to an existence. However, the area of the Green belt is filled with several expectations in terms of recreation, landscapes, quality of life and environment from the city dwellers and public players. Meanwhile, the Grand Paris project tends, in the same time, to put under pressure these spaces by its urban planning projects, and to consider the idea of a green belt for the Paris region. We have chosen in this thesis to highlight the features of the Green belt by a Social and spatial approach of the dynamics through a multiscalar approach. It reveals the fragmentation and the heterogeneity of this space on several levels : spatial organization, landscapes and Social Distribution. The study of the dynamics concerning the territories shows the discrepancy of the urban planning logics in the Île-de-France region. In the Green belt space, a large number of territory projects occurs around open spaces. It aims, in most of the case, to preserve the qualities of the landscapes (in the vallée de Chevreuse for example) or to attain a certain type of landscape (the forest project in Plaine de Pierrelaye shows that). But this type of territorialities leaves out marginalized population, living in the Green belt space. Finally, this study enlightens the mixed relationship and the tensions between local and metropolitan authorities in a decentralized context

  • La Ceinture verte d’Île-de-France à l’épreuve du Grand Paris : effacement ou renouveau ? Reconfigurations spatiales, territoriales et paysagères dans les marges de l’aire urbaine métropolitaine
    HAL CCSD, 2018
    Co-Authors: Flegeau Morgane
    Abstract:

    The concept of green belt is a manner of thinking the margins of the surroundings of Paris. This urban planning tool has been used by the Île-de-France regional Council in the early 1980’s. The implementation of a green belt aimed to give a global vision of the woodland, cropland and wasteland in that area. Due to a lack of law support and political changes, the Green belt policy never really came to an existence. However, the area of the Green belt is filled with several expectations in terms of recreation, landscapes, quality of life and environment from the city dwellers and public players. Meanwhile, the Grand Paris project tends, in the same time, to put under pressure these spaces by its urban planning projects, and to consider the idea of a green belt for the Paris region.We have chosen in this thesis to highlight the features of the Green belt by a Social and spatial approach of the dynamics through a multiscalar approach. It reveals the fragmentation and the heterogeneity of this space on several levels: spatial organization, landscapes and Social Distribution. The study of the dynamics concerning the territories shows the discrepancy of the urban planning logics in the Île-de-France region. In the Green belt space, a large number of territory projects occurs around open spaces. It aims, in most of the case, to preserve the qualities of the landscapes (in the vallée de Chevreuse for example) or to attain a certain type of landscape (the forest project in Plaine de Pierrelaye shows that). But this type of territorialities leaves out marginalized population, living in the Green belt space. Finally, this study enlightens the mixed relationship and the tensions between local and metropolitan authorities in a decentralized context.Cette thèse se propose de porter un regard géographique sur les espaces végétalisés – boisés, agricoles ou délaissés – situés aux marges de l’aire urbaine métropolitaine de Paris, au travers de la notion de ceinture verte. Ce dispositif d’aménagement, élaboré au début du XXe siècle, a été utilisé par le Conseil régional d’Île-de-France à partir du début des années 1980. Placée à cheval entre l’urbain et le rural, la Ceinture verte francilienne devait permettre de proposer une vision cohérente de ces marges, en leur donnant une consistance et une identité. Faute notamment de moyens réglementaires au Conseil régional, le projet de Ceinture verte n’a finalement jamais eu de véritable existence. Pourtant, les espaces végétalisés de l’agglomération font aujourd’hui l’objet d’attentes renouvelées de la part des acteurs de l’aménagement et des habitants, en particulier en termes récréatifs, paysagers, de qualité de vie, et désormais environnementaux. En outre, dans le projet du Grand Paris est évoquée l’idée d’une ceinture verte, alors même que ses projets d’aménagement remettent sous pression les espaces végétalisés des franges de la métropole.Nous avons d’abord cherché à qualifier cet espace sous un angle socio-spatial en adoptant une démarche multiscalaire. Il ressort de ce travail la grande hétérogénéité et l’importante fragmentation de la Ceinture verte sur les plans de son organisation spatiale, socio-spatiale ainsi que du paysage. Par ailleurs, l’étude des dynamiques territoriales en Ceinture verte fait ressortir les contradictions de l’aménagement francilien. Cette thèse souligne la multiplicité des initiatives locales de projets de territoire, formulées autour des espaces végétalisés. Leur mise en valeur est surtout centrée sur les critères paysagers, comme en vallée de Chevreuse comme à Marne-et-Gondoire, où l’on souhaite maintenir un cadre de vie préservé, ou comme en plaine de Pierrelaye, où un projet de forêt doit permettre d’accéder à un paysage, inversant ainsi la trajectoire de déclin du site. Dans le même temps, ces projets paysagers excluent les populations marginalisées ayant trouvé refuge dans certaines parties de la Ceinture verte, comme dans le cas de la Butte Pinson. Enfin, cette thèse met en lumière les jeux de résistance et d’opposition locale au projet du Grand Paris, ce dernier pouvant être à l’inverse un levier pour des projets de territoire, dans un contexte décentralisé. Cet espace apparait donc en tension entre une vue métropolitaine d’ensemble des marges parisienne et des visées locales pour un paysage préservé ou en voie de l’être

Valerie E Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • using hierarchical linear modeling to study Social contexts the case of school effects
    Educational Psychologist, 2000
    Co-Authors: Valerie E Lee
    Abstract:

    This article focuses on a particular educational context, the school, and how characteristics of the structure and organization of high schools influence students' academic development. The emphasis is on a type of quantitative inquiry called school effects research. It describes a methodology that is most appropriate for conducting studies of school effects in particular and educational contexts in general: hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). Two previously published studies are used as heuristic examples of school effects studies conducted with HLM methods. Both studies use large and nationally representative longitudinal data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 to explore school effects on learning and its Social Distribution by student socioeconomic status. Study 1 focuses on the effects of high school size on learning. Study 2 focuses on how teachers' attitudes, taken as a collective property of the Social organization of schools, influence both learning and its Social Distribution...

  • collective responsibility for learning and its effects on gains in achievement for early secondary school students
    American Journal of Education, 1996
    Co-Authors: Valerie E Lee, Julia B Smith
    Abstract:

    How the organization of teachers' work affects students in their early years of high school is the focus of this study. A nationally representative sample of 11,692 high school sophomores in 820 U. S. high schools and 9,904 of those students' teachers was used, drawn from the base year and first follow-up of the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88). Organizational effects were evaluated on students' gains in achievement (in mathematics, reading, science, and Social studies) between eighth and tenth grade, as well as the Social Distribution of those gains. The study focused on three constructs measuring the organization of teachers' work: collective responsibility for student learning, staff cooperation, and control over classroom and school work conditions. Results were very consistent: achievement gains are significantly higher in schools where teachers take collective responsibility for students' academic success or failure rather than blaming students for their own failure. Achieve...

Michael Marmot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • global action on the Social determinants of health
    BMJ Global Health, 2018
    Co-Authors: Angela Donkin, Peter Goldblatt, Jessica Allen, Vivienne Nathanson, Michael Marmot
    Abstract:

    Action on the Social determinants of health (SDH) is required to reduce inequities in health. This article summarises global progress, largely in terms of commitments and strategies. It is clear that there is widespread support for a SDH approach across the world, from global political commitment to within country action. Inequities in the conditions in which people are born, live, work and age, are however driven by inequities in power, money and resources. Political, economic and resource Distribution decisions made outside the health sector need to consider health as an outcome across the Social Distribution as opposed to a focus solely on increasing productivity. A health in all policies approach can go some way to ensure this consideration, and we present evidence that some countries are taking this approach, however given entrenched inequalities, there is some way to go. Measuring progress on the SDH globally will be key to future development of successful policies and implementation plans, enabling the identification and sharing of best practice. WHO work to align measures with the sustainable development goals will help to forward progress measurement.

  • Social Distribution of cardiovascular disease risk factors change among men in england 1984 1993
    Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2000
    Co-Authors: Mel Bartley, Ray Fitzpatrick, David Firth, Michael Marmot
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE—To investigate change in the Social Distribution of some of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease in men in England during a period when inequality in cardiovascular disease mortality widened DESIGN—Age standardised comparison of the Social Distribution of seven known risk factors for cardiovascular disease (body mass index, waist to hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, consumption of fresh green vegetables, leisure time exercise, cigarette smoking and levels of Social support) in two large cross sectional representative samples of the English population. SUBJECTS—Men aged 20-64 years in the 1984 Health and Lifestyle Survey (excluding Scotland and Wales) first sweep and the 1993 Health Survey for England. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Mean values of continuous variables; age adjusted proportions of categorical variables; change in the relative index of inequality for each risk factor. RESULTS—The overall prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors improved during the period in which cardiovascular disease mortality was falling. The Social Distribution of cardiovascular disease risk factors, in contrast, did not become more extreme. Increases in the relative index of inequality for angina from 1.75 to 1.86, for eating vegetables less than once a day from 1.76 in 1984 to 1.96 in 1993, and an apparently larger increase in inequality of Social support, from 1.92 to 2.53 were not statistically significant. In most cases the degree of inequality in risk factors tended to narrow non-significantly: for example the relative index of inequality fell from 5.02 in 1984 to 3.07 in 1993 for systolic blood pressure, from 5.60 to 4.29 for current smoking and from 6.24 to 4.19 for eating other than wholemeal bread as the main form of bread in the diet. The two statistically significant changes in inequality were in the direction of narrowing inequality: from a relative index of inequality of 2.12 to 0.90 for diastolic blood pressure (p<0.01) and from 19.3 to 0.87 (p<0.01) for psychological distress as indicated by the General Health Questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS—Healthier lifestyle options have not been adopted at a significantly faster rate by middle class than working class people over this time period. At the population level the change in risk factors is consistent with falling cardiovascular mortality. The change in the Social Distribution of risk factors within the population, however, shows little or no relation to the pattern of widening inequality in cardiovascular mortality. This may be because the effect is lagged, or because the adoption of healthier behaviour confers greater benefits on those in higher socioeconomic status groups. Keywords: cardiovascular disease

  • Social inequality in coronary risk central obesity and the metabolic syndrome evidence from the whitehall ii study
    Diabetologia, 1997
    Co-Authors: Eric J Brunner, Michael Marmot, K Nanchahal, Martin J Shipley, Stephen Stansfeld, Maneesh Juneja, K G M M Alberti
    Abstract:

    This report describes the Social Distribution of central obesity and the metabolic syndrome at the Whitehall II study phase 3 examination, and assesses the contribution of health related behaviours to their Distribution. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted utilising data collected in 1991–1993 from 4978 men and 2035 women aged 39–63 years who completed an oral glucose tolerance test. There was an inverse Social gradient in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. The odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) for having the metabolic syndrome comparing lowest with highest employment grade was: men 2.2 (1.6–2.9), women 2.8 (1.6–4.8). Odds ratios for occupying the top quintile of the following variables, comparing lowest with highest grade, were, for waist-hip ratio: men 2.2 (1.8-2.8), women 1.6 (1.1-2.4); post-load glucose: men 1.4 (1.1-1.8), women 1.8 (1.2-2.6); triglycerides: men 1.6 (1.2-2.0), women 2.2 (1.5-3.3); fibrinogen: men 1.7 (1.4-2.3), women 1.9 (1.2-2.8). Current smoking status, alcohol consumption and exercise level made a small contribution (men 11%, women 9%) to the inverse association between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome prevalence. In conclusion, central obesity, components of the metabolic syndrome and plasma fibrinogen are strongly and inversely associated with socioeconomic status. Our findings suggest the metabolic syndrome may contribute to the biological explanation of Social inequalities in coronary risk. Health related behaviours appear to account for little of the Social patterning of metabolic syndrome prevalence.

Donald A Lloyd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the stress process and the Social Distribution of depression
    Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1999
    Co-Authors: R J Turner, Donald A Lloyd
    Abstract:

    Mental health generally and depression in particular have been repeatedly shown to vary in relation to gender, socioeconomic status, marital status, and age. These status differences may be linked to mental health because they tend to define important differences in stress exposure and in the availability of coping resources. This paper examines the capacity of the stress-process model to account for the Social Distribution of depression. We employ mediation analyses using data from a 1990-1991 survey of Toronto community residents. In general, we found hypothesized risk factors to vary across these statuses with depressive symptoms and disorder and the Distribution of protective factors to vary inversely. Results indicate that the model as expressed in our analyses accounts for a substantial minority of observed depression differences across individuals and for a considerable portion of reliably observed variation across Social statuses. Our findings with respect to major depressive disorder parallel those for depressive symptomatology. Most compelling is the nearly total explanation of the socioeconomic status association with depressive symptoms and the substantial contribution toward explaining the socioeconomic status-disorder relationship when stress process mediators are accounted for.