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George Davey Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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patterns distribution and determinants of under and overnutrition a population based study of women in india
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006Co-Authors: S V Subramanian, George Davey SmithAbstract:Background: Little systematic evidence exists for the relation between socioeconomic position and nutritional status in countries experiencing the simultaneous presence of under- and overnutrition. Objective: We investigated the socioeconomic distribution of nutritional status in India and whether state-level macroeconomic factors modify the relation between socioeconomic position and nutritional status. Design: Our analysis was based on a nationally representative sample of 77 220 women from India, with multiple categories of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) as the outcome, namely, <18.5 (underweight), 23-24.9 (pre-overweight), 25-29.9 (overweight), or ≥30 (obese), with 18.5-22.9 as the reference category. Results: In adjusted models, being underweight was inversely related to socioeconomic position, whereas socioeconomic position was positively related to being pre-overweight, overweight, and obese, and the socioeconomic gradient was most marked for obesity. State-level measures of affluence did not modify the positive association between socioeconomic position and categories of overweight. The risk of underweight was lower in affluent states, but this was seen mainly in women of high socioeconomic position. Conclusions: Undernutrition and overnutrition are epidemics of the impoverished and the affluent, respectively, in India, and this association is consistent at the individual and ecologic levels. Policies should focus on the complex patterns of social distribution of both under- and overnutrition in the Indian context.
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adverse socioeconomic position across the lifecourse increases coronary heart disease risk cumulatively findings from the british women s heart and health study
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2005Co-Authors: Debbie A Lawlor, Shah Ebrahim, George Davey SmithAbstract:Objective: To examine the associations of childhood and adult measurements of socioeconomic position with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Methods: Cross sectional and prospective analysis of a cohort of 4286 British women who were aged 60–79 years at baseline. Among these women there were 694 prevalent cases of CHD and 182 new incident cases among 13 217 person years of follow up of women who were free of CHD at baseline. Results: All measurements of socioeconomic position were associated with increased prevalent and incident CHD in simple age adjusted models. There was a cumulative effect, on prevalent and incident CHD, of socioeconomic position across the lifecourse. This effect was not fully explained by adult CHD risk factors. The adjusted odds ratio of prevalent CHD for each additional adverse (out of 10) lifecourse socioeconomic indicator was 1.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.16). The magnitude of the effect of lifecourse socioeconomic position was the same in women who were lifelong non-smokers as in those who had been or were smokers. Conclusion: Adverse socioeconomic position across the lifecourse increases CHD risk cumulatively and this effect is not fully explained by adult risk factors. Specifically in this cohort of women cigarette smoking does not seem to explain the association between adverse lifecourse socioeconomic position and CHD risk.
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The socioeconomic position of employed women, risk factors and mortality
Social Science & Medicine, 2001Co-Authors: Pauline Heslop, John Macleod, George Davey Smith, Carole L. HartAbstract:Many studies have demonstrated the graded association between socioeconomic position and health. Few of these studies have examined the cumulative effect of socioeconomic position throughout the lifecourse, and even fewer have included women. Those that have explored gender differences affirm the importance of studying the factors that predict women and men's health separately. This study addresses the associations between cross-sectional and longitudinal socioeconomic position, risk factors for cardiovascular disease and mortality from various causes. Analyses are based on data from a cohort of working Scottish women recruited between 1970 and 1973. Five socioeconomic measures were explored in relation to diastolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol concentration, body mass index, forced expiratory volume in 1Â s (FEV1), amount of recreational exercise taken, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. In general, for each of the five measures of socioeconomic position, there were significant differences in at least one of the age-adjusted physiological risk factors for cardiovascular disease (diastolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol concentration, body mass index, FEV1). There were also significant differences in the percentage of current cigarette smokers according to different measures of socioeconomic position, although this was not the case for the other behavioural risk factors for cardiovascular disease (amount of recreational exercise taken, and alcohol consumption). Measures of socioeconomic position were also examined in relation to cause of death for the women who died before 1 January 1999. After adjusting for age and risk factors, a composite measure of lifetime socioeconomic experience was a more potent predictor of all cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease than other measures of socioeconomic position. It therefore seems that conventional measures of socioeconomic position, estimated at one point in time, do not adequately capture the effects of socioeconomic circumstances on the risk of mortality among employed women. Thus, a broader range of explanatory factors for mortality differentials than currently exists must be considered, and must include consideration of factors operating throughout the lifecourse.
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learning to live with complexity ethnicity socioeconomic position and health in britain and the united states
American Journal of Public Health, 2000Co-Authors: George Davey SmithAbstract:: The relation between ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and health is complex, has changed over time, and differs between countries. In the United States there is a long tradition of treating ethnic group membership simply as a socioeconomic measure, and differentials in health status between African Americans and groups of European origin have been considered purely socioeconomic. A contrary position sees the differences as either "cultural" or due to inherent "racial" differences. Although conventional socioeconomic indicators statistically explain much of the health difference between African Americans and Americans of European origin, they do not tell the full story. Incommensurate measures of socioeconomic position across ethnic groups clearly contribute to this difference. Additional factors, such as the extent of racism, are also likely to be important. The interaction of ethnicity, social position, and health in Britain is similarly complex. Studies that inadequately account for socioeconomic circumstances when examining ethnic-group differences in health can reify ethnicity (and its supposed correlates); however, the reductionist attribution of all ethnic differences in health to socioeconomic factors is untenable. The only productive way forward is through studies that recognize the contingency of the relations between socioeconomic position, ethnicity, and particular health outcomes.
Fatima Cody Stanford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Socioeconomics of Obesity
Current Obesity Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Chika Vera Anekwe, Amber R. Jarrell, Matthew J. Townsend, Gabriela I. Gaudier, Julia M. Hiserodt, Fatima Cody StanfordAbstract:Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to evaluate and emphasize important findings in the recent literature regarding the Socioeconomics of obesity. It is important to evaluate trends of this global epidemic and elucidate its impact on different demographic groups and across socioeconomic strata. Recent Findings Obesity rates continue to increase domestically and globally which is associated with a concomitant rise in medical and economic costs. There are disparities in obesity rates based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender and sexual identity, and socioeconomic status, yet these disparities are not explained fully by health behaviors, socioeconomic position, or cumulative stress alone—community and societal environmental factors have a significant role in the obesity epidemic. Summary Socioeconomic factors contribute to obesity on an individual and community level, and any viable approach to sustainably addressing the obesity epidemic must take these factors into account.
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Socioeconomics of obesity
Current obesity reports, 2020Co-Authors: Chika Vera Anekwe, Amber R. Jarrell, Gabriela I. Gaudier, Julia M. Hiserodt, Matthew Townsend, Fatima Cody StanfordAbstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to evaluate and emphasize important findings in the recent literature regarding the Socioeconomics of obesity. It is important to evaluate trends of this global epidemic and elucidate its impact on different demographic groups and across socioeconomic strata. RECENT FINDINGS Obesity rates continue to increase domestically and globally which is associated with a concomitant rise in medical and economic costs. There are disparities in obesity rates based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender and sexual identity, and socioeconomic status, yet these disparities are not explained fully by health behaviors, socioeconomic position, or cumulative stress alone-community and societal environmental factors have a significant role in the obesity epidemic. Socioeconomic factors contribute to obesity on an individual and community level, and any viable approach to sustainably addressing the obesity epidemic must take these factors into account.
Chika Vera Anekwe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Socioeconomics of Obesity
Current Obesity Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Chika Vera Anekwe, Amber R. Jarrell, Matthew J. Townsend, Gabriela I. Gaudier, Julia M. Hiserodt, Fatima Cody StanfordAbstract:Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to evaluate and emphasize important findings in the recent literature regarding the Socioeconomics of obesity. It is important to evaluate trends of this global epidemic and elucidate its impact on different demographic groups and across socioeconomic strata. Recent Findings Obesity rates continue to increase domestically and globally which is associated with a concomitant rise in medical and economic costs. There are disparities in obesity rates based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender and sexual identity, and socioeconomic status, yet these disparities are not explained fully by health behaviors, socioeconomic position, or cumulative stress alone—community and societal environmental factors have a significant role in the obesity epidemic. Summary Socioeconomic factors contribute to obesity on an individual and community level, and any viable approach to sustainably addressing the obesity epidemic must take these factors into account.
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Socioeconomics of obesity
Current obesity reports, 2020Co-Authors: Chika Vera Anekwe, Amber R. Jarrell, Gabriela I. Gaudier, Julia M. Hiserodt, Matthew Townsend, Fatima Cody StanfordAbstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to evaluate and emphasize important findings in the recent literature regarding the Socioeconomics of obesity. It is important to evaluate trends of this global epidemic and elucidate its impact on different demographic groups and across socioeconomic strata. RECENT FINDINGS Obesity rates continue to increase domestically and globally which is associated with a concomitant rise in medical and economic costs. There are disparities in obesity rates based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender and sexual identity, and socioeconomic status, yet these disparities are not explained fully by health behaviors, socioeconomic position, or cumulative stress alone-community and societal environmental factors have a significant role in the obesity epidemic. Socioeconomic factors contribute to obesity on an individual and community level, and any viable approach to sustainably addressing the obesity epidemic must take these factors into account.
Gavin Turrell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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socioeconomic position across the lifecourse and cognitive function in late middle age
Journals of Gerontology Series B-psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2002Co-Authors: Gavin Turrell, Susan A Everson, Eeva-liisa Helkala, Jussi Kauhanen, John Lynch, George A. Kaplan, Jukka T SalonenAbstract:OBJECTIVES: To examine the influence of childhood and adult socioeconomic position, socioeconomic mobility, and cumulative disadvantage across the lifecourse on cognitive function in late middle age. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study of 486 men age 58 and 64 from eastern Finland. Respondent's socioeconomic position in childhood was measured using parent's education and occupation, and respondent's position in adulthood was indicated by attained education and personal income. Cognitive function was assessed using five neuropsychological tests: Trail Making, Selective Reminding, Verbal Fluency, Visual Reproduction, and the Mini-Mental State Exam. RESULTS: Each indicator of socioeconomic position made statistically independent contributions to levels of cognitive function: Respondents from poor childhood backgrounds, and those who attained a limited education and earned a low income, performed worst on each test. Men who occupied a disadvantaged socioeconomic position in childhood and then experienced upward mobility over the lifecourse exhibited better cognitive performance than those with similar socioeconomic origins but limited or no upward mobility. Conversely, men from advantaged childhood backgrounds who later in life experienced downward mobility scored poorer on each cognitive test than their counterparts who remained in the most advantaged groups throughout the lifecourse. There was a strong, graded association between cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage and cognitive function: Men who occupied a low socioeconomic position during both childhood and adulthood scored worse on every test than those who occupied a high position at all points in their lives. DISCUSSION: Socioeconomic conditions across all stages of the lifecourse appear to make unique contributions to cognitive function in late middle age. These results also suggest that in terms of cognitive function, origin is not necessarily destiny, as disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances in childhood may be overcome to some extent by upward mobility later in life.
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socioeconomic position across the lifecourse and cognitive function in late middle age
Centre for Health Research; Faculty of Health; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 2002Co-Authors: Gavin Turrell, Susan A Everson, Eeva-liisa Helkala, Jussi Kauhanen, John Lynch, George A. Kaplan, Jukka T SalonenAbstract:Objectives To examine the influence of childhood and adult socioeconomic position, socioeconomic mobility, and cumulative disadvantage across the lifecourse, on cognitive function in late middle age. Methods Cross-sectional population based study of 486 men aged 58 and 64 from eastern Finland. Respondent’s socioeconomic position in childhood was measured using parent’s education and occupation, and respondent’s position in adulthood was indicated by attained education and personal income. Cognitive function was assessed using five neuro-psychological tests: Trail Making, Selective Reminding, Verbal Fluency, Visual Reproduction, and the Mini Mental State Exam. Results Each indicator of socioeconomic position made statistically independent contributions to levels of cognitive function: respondents from poor childhood backgrounds, and those who attained a limited education and earned a low income, performed worst on each test. Men who occupied a disadvantaged socioeconomic position in childhood, and then experienced upward mobility over the lifecourse, exhibited better cognitive performance than those with similar socioeconomic origins but limited or no upward mobility. Conversely, men from advantaged childhood backgrounds who later in life experienced downward mobility scored poorer on each cognitive test than their counterparts who remained in the most advantaged groups throughout the lifecourse. There was a strong, graded association between cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage and cognitive function: men who occupied a low socioeconomic position during both childhood and adulthood scored worse on every test than those who occupied a high position at all points in their lives. Discussion Socioeconomic conditions across all stages of the lifecourse appear to make unique contributions to cognitive function in late middle age. These results also suggest that in terms of cognitive function, origin is not necessarily destiny, as disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances in childhood may be overcome to some extent by upward mobility later in life.
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structural material and economic influences on the food purchasing choices of socioeconomic groups
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 1996Co-Authors: Gavin TurrellAbstract:: Australian and overseas studies have found that respondents in low socioeconomic groups are least likely to purchase food that accords with recommendations in dietary guidelines. British and United States researchers have proposed that this consistently observed association is partly due to structural, material and economic factors that differentially affect socioeconomic groups. This study tested that proposition. Specifically, this study examined the notion that socioeconomic variability in food-purchasing choices are in part a function of the availability, accessibility and affordability of food recommended by dietary guidelines. Data collected from socioeconomic groups in the general community, and information provided by welfare recipients living in low-income areas of Brisbane and Logan city provided little support for this notion. Although significant differences were found between socioeconomic groups in terms of their food-purchasing choices, most respondents from all socioeconomic groups shopped at large supermarkets where recommended food was readily available, few reported difficulties obtaining access to these facilities, and the price difference between recommended and regular foods was, in most cases, small or nonexistent. This evidence leaves largely unanswered the question of why socioeconomic groups differ in their food-purchasing behaviours.
Corina Luchia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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por que los montes de esta villa se conserben e no se disipen como al presente estan la regulacion de los recursos forestales en la corona de castilla siglos xiv xvi por que los montes de esta villa se conserben e no se disipen como al presente estan
Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie III Historia Medieval, 2020Co-Authors: Corina LuchiaAbstract:La enorme riqueza que proveen los montes y bosques peninsulares es objeto de una intensa y sistematica explotacion por parte de los colectivos comunitarios bajomedievales. El deterioro de estos recursos, especialmente a partir del siglo XV, motiva la proliferacion de ordenanzas tendientes a regular los multiples aprovechamientos. El estudio de estos cuerpos normativos nos permitira apreciar el estado de estos espacios; a la vez que advertir los intereses contradictorios que se despliegan sobre ellos. En este sentido, las diversas reglamentaciones procedentes de distintos ambitos jurisdiccionales constituyen fuentes de enorme valor para comprender la dinamica socioeconomica de las villas y aldeas y establecer un dialogo critico con las interpretaciones historiograficas dominantes. Abstract The great wealth of Iberian woodlands was subjected to intense and systematic exploitation in the later Middle Ages. Especially since the fifteenth century, the deterioration of these resources contributed to the proliferation of ordinances that regulated their manifold uses. The study of these regulations will allow us to assess the state of these woodlands, as well as to identify the conflicting interests that affect them. The legislation produced in different jurisdictional areas are valuable sources that allow us to identify the socioeconomic dynamics present in the towns and villages as well as to contrast them with the models that prevail in modern scholarship.
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por que los montes de esta villa se conserben e no se disipen como al presente estan la regulacion de los recursos forestales en la corona de castilla siglos xiv xvi
Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie III Historia Medieval, 2020Co-Authors: Corina LuchiaAbstract:espanolLa enorme riqueza que proveen los montes y bosques peninsulares es objeto de una intensa y sistematica explotacion por parte de los colectivos comunitarios bajomedievales. El deterioro de estos recursos, especialmente a partir del siglo XV, motiva la proliferacion de ordenanzas tendientes a regular los multiples aprovechamientos. El estudio de estos cuerpos normativos nos permitira apreciar el estado de estos espacios; a la vez que advertir los intereses contradictorios que se despliegan sobre ellos. En este sentido, las diversas reglamentaciones procedentes de distintos ambitos jurisdiccionales constituyen fuentes de enorme valor para comprender la dinamica socioeconomica de las villas y aldeas y establecer un dialogo critico con las interpretaciones historiograficas dominantes. EnglishAbstract The great wealth of Iberian woodlands was subjected to intense and systematic exploitation in the later Middle Ages. Especially since the fifteenth century, the deterioration of these resources contributed to the proliferation of ordinances that regulated their manifold uses. The study of these regulations will allow us to assess the state of these woodlands, as well as to identify the conflicting interests that affect them. The legislation produced in different jurisdictional areas are valuable sources that allow us to identify the socioeconomic dynamics present in the towns and villages as well as to contrast them with the models that prevail in modern scholarship.
