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Cornelis A M Van Gestel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Exploring the impacts of plastics in Soil - The effects of polyester textile fibers on Soil Invertebrates.
The Science of the total environment, 2019Co-Authors: Salla Selonen, Andraž Dolar, Anita Jemec Kokalj, Tina Skalar, Lidia Parramon Dolcet, Rachel Hurley, Cornelis A M Van GestelAbstract:Abstract Polyester fiber is one of the most abundant types of microplastics in the environment. A major proportion of the fibers entering wastewater treatment plants end up in sewage sludge, which is used as a Soil fertilizer in many countries. As their impacts in the terrestrial environment are still poorly understood, we studied the effects of polyester fibers on enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus), springtails (Folsomia candida), isopods (Porcellio scaber) and oribatid mites (Oppia nitens), all playing an important role in Soil decomposer food webs. We exposed these Invertebrates in the laboratory to short (12 µm–2.87 mm) and long (4–24 mm) polyester fibers, spiked in Soil or in food at five concentrations ranging from 0.02% to 1.5% (w/w) and using five replicates. Overall the effects of polyester fibers on the Soil Invertebrates were slight. Energy reserves of the isopods were slightly affected by both fiber types, and enchytraeid reproduction decreased up to 30% with increasing fiber concentration, but only for long fibers in Soil. The low ingestion of long fibers by the enchytraeids suggests that this negative impact arose from a physical harm outside the organism, or from indirect effects resulting from changes in environmental conditions. The short fibers were clearly ingested by enchytraeids and isopods, with the rate of ingestion positively related to fiber concentration in the Soil. This study shows that polyester fibers are not very harmful to Soil Invertebrates upon short-term exposure. However, longer lasting, multigeneration studies with functional endpoints are needed to reveal the possible long-term effects on Soil Invertebrates and their role in the decomposition process. This study also shows that polyester fibers can enter terrestrial food web via ingestion of fibers by Soil Invertebrates.
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Comparative ecotoxicity of chlorantraniliprole to non-target Soil Invertebrates.
Chemosphere, 2016Co-Authors: Vesna Lavtižar, Polonca Trebse, Kristina Berggren, Michiel H. S. Kraak, Rudo A. Verweij, Cornelis A M Van GestelAbstract:The insecticide chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is gaining importance in agricultural practice, but data on its possible negative effects on non-target organisms is severely deficient. This study therefore determined CAP toxicity to non-target Soil Invertebrates playing a crucial role in ecosystem functioning, including springtails (Folsomia candida), isopods (Porcellio scaber), enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus) and oribatid mites (Oppia nitens). In sublethal toxicity tests in Lufa 2.2 Soil, chronic exposure to CAP concentrations up to 1000 mg/kgdw did not affect the survival and reproduction of E. crypticus and O. nitens nor the survival, body weight and consumption of P. scaber. In contrast, the survival and reproduction of F. candida was severely affected, with an EC50 for effects on reproduction of 0.14 mg CAP/kgdw. The toxicity of CAP to the reproduction of F. candida was tested in four different Soils following OECD guideline 232, and additionally in an avoidance test according to ISO guideline 17512-2. A significantly lower toxicity in Soils rich in organic matter was observed, compared to low organic Soils. Observations in the avoidance test with F. candida suggest that CAP acted in a prompt way, by affecting collembolan locomotor abilities thus preventing them from escaping contaminated Soil. This study shows that CAP may especially pose a risk to non-target Soil arthropods closely related to insects, while other Soil Invertebrates seem rather insensitive.
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Soil Invertebrates as bioindicators of urban Soil quality
Environmental Pollution, 2012Co-Authors: Lucia Santorufo, Cornelis A M Van Gestel, A Rocco, Giulia MaistoAbstract:This study aimed at relating the abundance and diversity of invertebrate communities of urban Soils to chemical and physical Soil characteristics and to identify the taxa most sensitive or tolerant to Soil stressors. The invertebrate community of five urban Soils in Naples, Italy, was sampled. To assess Soil quality invertebrate community indices (Shannon, Simpson, Menhinick and Pielou indices), Acarina/Collembola ratios, and the Soil biological quality index (QBS) were calculated. The chemical and physical characteristics of the Soils strongly differed. Abundance rather than taxa richness of Invertebrates were more affected by Soil characteristics. The community was more abundant and diverse in the Soils with high organic matter and water content and low metal (Cu, Pb, Zn) concentrations. The taxa more resistant to the urban environment included Acarina, Enchytraeids, Collembola and Nematoda. Collembolans appeared particularly sensitive to changing Soil properties. Among the investigated indices, QBS seems most appropriate for Soil quality assessment.
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toxicity of imidacloprid to the terrestrial isopod porcellio scaber isopoda crustacea
Chemosphere, 2008Co-Authors: Damjana Drobne, Primož Zidar, Cornelis A M Van Gestel, V Leser, Mateja Blazic, Anita Jemec, Polonca TrebseAbstract:Abstract Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide with neurotoxic action that, as a possible alternative for commonly used organophosphorus pesticides, has gained registration in about 120 countries for use in over 140 agricultural crops. Only few data are available on its toxicity for Soil Invertebrates. We therefore assessed the effects of imidacloprid on survival, weight gain, feeding rate, total protein content, glutathione S-transferase activity (GST), and digestive gland epithelial thickness in juveniles and adults of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. After two weeks of feeding on imidacloprid-dosed food, weight gain (NOEC 5 μg/g dry food) and feeding rate (NOEC 10 μg/g) in juveniles, and feeding rate (NOEC
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benzo a pyrene shows low toxicity to three species of terrestrial plants two Soil Invertebrates and Soil nitrifying bacteria
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2007Co-Authors: Line Emilie Sverdrup, Snorre B Hagen, Paul Henning Krogh, Cornelis A M Van GestelAbstract:We examined the toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) to several standard test organisms including the seed emergence and early life-stage growth of three terrestrial plants (Trifolium pratense, Lolium perenne, and Brassica alba), the survival and reproduction of enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus), and the nitrifying ability of Soil bacteria. To also have a look at possible food-chain effects, we included a two-species reproduction test with predatory mites (Hypoaspis aculeifer) and collembolan (Folsomia fimetaria) prey. No effect or only weak effects even at very high BaP concentrations were observed for all tests. None of the Soil Invertebrates were affected within the concentration range tested (up to 947 mgkg(-1)). For Soil-nitrifying bacteria, significant effects were recorded at 977 mgkg(-1), leaving a no observable effect concentration (NOEC) of 293 mgkg(-1). BaP did not affect seed emergence for any of the plants, but the growth of B. alba was significantly reduced at the highest concentration tested (375 mgkg(-1)), leaving a NOEC of 69 mgkg(-1). Compared to a number of other polycyclic aromatic compounds previously tested in the same Soil type, BaP is generally less toxic.
Stefan Scheu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Protura are unique: first evidence of specialized feeding on ectomycorrhizal fungi in Soil Invertebrates.
BMC ecology, 2019Co-Authors: Sarah L. Bluhm, Anton M. Potapov, Julia Shrubovych, Silke Ammerschubert, Andrea Polle, Stefan ScheuAbstract:Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) play a central role in nutrient cycling in boreal and temperate forests, but their role in the Soil food web remains little understood. One of the groups assumed to live as specialised mycorrhizal feeders are Protura, but experimental and field evidence is lacking. We used a combination of three methods to test if Protura are specialized mycorrhizal feeders and compared their trophic niche with other Soil Invertebrates. Using pulse labelling of young beech and ash seedlings we analysed the incorporation of 13C and 15N into Acerentomon gallicum. In addition, individuals of Protura from temperate forests were collected for the analysis of neutral lipid fatty acids and natural variations in stable isotope ratios. Pulse labelling showed rapid incorporation of root-derived 13C, but no incorporation of root-derived 15N into A. gallicum. The transfer of 13C from lateral roots to ectomycorrhizal root tips was high, while it was low for 15N. Neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) analysis showed high amounts of bacterial marker (16:1ω7) and plant marker (16:0 and 18:1ω9) fatty acids but not of the fungal membrane lipid 18:2ω6,9 in A. gallicum. Natural variations in stable isotope ratios in Protura from a number of temperate forests were distinct from those of the great majority of other Soil Invertebrates, but remarkably similar to those of sporocarps of ECM fungi. Using three in situ methods, stable isotope labelling, neutral lipid fatty acid analysis and natural variations of stable isotope ratios, we showed that Protura predominantly feed on mycorrhizal hyphae via sucking up hyphal cytoplasm. Predominant feeding on ectomycorrhizal mycelia by Protura is an exception; the limited consumption of ECM by other Soil Invertebrates may contribute to carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forests.
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Protura are unique: first evidence of specialized feeding on ectomycorrhizal fungi in Soil Invertebrates
BMC, 2019Co-Authors: Sarah L. Bluhm, Anton M. Potapov, Julia Shrubovych, Silke Ammerschubert, Andrea Polle, Stefan ScheuAbstract:Abstract Background Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) play a central role in nutrient cycling in boreal and temperate forests, but their role in the Soil food web remains little understood. One of the groups assumed to live as specialised mycorrhizal feeders are Protura, but experimental and field evidence is lacking. We used a combination of three methods to test if Protura are specialized mycorrhizal feeders and compared their trophic niche with other Soil Invertebrates. Using pulse labelling of young beech and ash seedlings we analysed the incorporation of 13C and 15N into Acerentomon gallicum. In addition, individuals of Protura from temperate forests were collected for the analysis of neutral lipid fatty acids and natural variations in stable isotope ratios. Results Pulse labelling showed rapid incorporation of root-derived 13C, but no incorporation of root-derived 15N into A. gallicum. The transfer of 13C from lateral roots to ectomycorrhizal root tips was high, while it was low for 15N. Neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) analysis showed high amounts of bacterial marker (16:1ω7) and plant marker (16:0 and 18:1ω9) fatty acids but not of the fungal membrane lipid 18:2ω6,9 in A. gallicum. Natural variations in stable isotope ratios in Protura from a number of temperate forests were distinct from those of the great majority of other Soil Invertebrates, but remarkably similar to those of sporocarps of ECM fungi. Conclusions Using three in situ methods, stable isotope labelling, neutral lipid fatty acid analysis and natural variations of stable isotope ratios, we showed that Protura predominantly feed on mycorrhizal hyphae via sucking up hyphal cytoplasm. Predominant feeding on ectomycorrhizal mycelia by Protura is an exception; the limited consumption of ECM by other Soil Invertebrates may contribute to carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forests
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unveiling Soil food web links new pcr assays for detection of prey dna in the gut of Soil arthropod predators
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Bernhard Eitzinger, Aleksandra Micic, Maximilian Korner, Michael Traugott, Stefan ScheuAbstract:Abstract Molecular gut content analysis provides a highly specific and sensitive tool to examine the diet of Soil Invertebrates. Here, we present new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of twelve prey taxa common in Central European forest Soils. The assays target five species of collembolans as well as dipterans, gamasid and oribatid mites, lithobiid centipedes, spiders, staphylinid beetles and woodlice at the group level, amplifying 123–299 bp long DNA fragments. Cross-reactivity tests against 119 Soil invertebrate taxa confirm their specificity. These new PCR assays were found to be highly sensitive, revealing the consumption of five different prey taxa in field-collected centipedes. Thus they provide a ready-to-use approach for unravelling trophic interactions among Soil arthropods.
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incorporation of decade old Soil carbon into the Soil animal food web of an arable system
Applied Soil Ecology, 2010Co-Authors: Nicole Scheunemann, Stefan Scheu, Olaf ButenschoenAbstract:Abstract Soil organic matter (SOM) is the main energy resource of the great diversity of Soil Invertebrates but knowledge on the contribution of SOM pools of different ages to Soil animal nutrition is sparse. In the present study natural stable isotope ratios were used to investigate the incorporation of decade old wheat-borne carbon into Soil Invertebrates of different trophic levels of a maize field 27 years after the replacement of wheat. For comparison a nearby continuous wheat field was investigated. Although the Soil food web of the wheat and the maize field consisted of similar invertebrate taxa, most taxa were significantly more abundant in the wheat than in the maize field confirming that C4 plants are generally of poor food quality to Soil animals due to low nutrient and high fibre contents. However, different cultivation strategies may also have contributed to differences in the abundance of Invertebrates between both study sites. The mean incorporation of C3 carbon in Soil animals in the maize field was 60.6 ± 27.8%, but significantly differed between invertebrate species. Unfortunately, the field size did not entirely exclude incorporation of C3 carbon into the tissue of large and mobile Invertebrates by feeding on C3 resources outside of the maize field. However, less mobile species such as endogeic earthworms incorporated high amounts of C3 carbon presumably due to the mobilisation of old carbon pools enclosed in Soil aggregates and inaccessible to other Soil Invertebrates during gut passage. Furthermore, small and less mobile invertebrate species, such as most hemi- and epiedaphic Collembolans, also incorporated high amounts of C3 carbon likely by feeding on saprophytic fungi and microorganisms. In contrast, euedaphic Collembola incorporated only small amounts of C3 carbon suggesting preferentially feeding on maize resources. Overall, our data suggest that decade old carbon resources form an important component of the Soil animal food web, but that the exploitation of old carbon resources by animal species varies with their distribution within the Soil matrix, trophic position and exploitation of algae, and as an artefact to the small size of the study site, animal mobility.
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the underestimated importance of belowground carbon input for forest Soil animal food webs
Ecology Letters, 2007Co-Authors: Melanie M Pollierer, Mark Maraun, Reinhard Langel, Christian Korner, Stefan ScheuAbstract:: The present study investigated the relative importance of leaf and root carbon input for Soil Invertebrates. Experimental plots were established at the Swiss Canopy Crane (SCC) site where the forest canopy was enriched with (13)C depleted CO(2) at a target CO(2) concentration of c. 540 p.p.m. We exchanged litter between labelled and unlabelled areas resulting in four treatments: (i) leaf litter and roots labelled, (ii) only leaf litter labelled, (iii) only roots labelled and (iv) unlabelled controls. In plots with only (13)C-labelled roots most of the Soil Invertebrates studied were significantly depleted in (13)C, e.g. earthworms, chilopods, gastropods, diplurans, collembolans, mites and isopods, indicating that these taxa predominantly obtain their carbon from belowground input. In plots with only (13)C-labelled leaf litter only three taxa, including, e.g. juvenile Glomeris spp. (Diplopoda), were significantly depleted in (13)C suggesting that the majority of Soil Invertebrates obtain its carbon from roots. This is in stark contrast to the view that decomposer food webs are based on litter input from aboveground.
Cornelis A M Van Gestel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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application of bioassays with enchytraeus crypticus and folsomia candida to evaluate the toxicity of a metal contaminated Soil before and after remediation
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2011Co-Authors: Verónica González, Maria Diezortiz, M. Simon, Cornelis A M Van GestelAbstract:Purpose A contaminated Soil was amended to reduce bioavailability of metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and to modify its potential environmental impacts. Reproduction toxicity tests using two different Soil Invertebrates, Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida, were used to evaluate efficiency of Soil amendments to reduce metal availability.
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toxicity of abamectin and doramectin to Soil Invertebrates
Environmental Pollution, 2008Co-Authors: Lucija Kolar, Nevenka Kožuh Eržen, Lenny Hogerwerf, Cornelis A M Van GestelAbstract:Abstract This study aimed at determining the toxicity of avermectins to Soil Invertebrates in Soil and in faeces from recently treated sheep. Abamectin was more toxic than doramectin. In Soil, earthworms ( Eisenia andrei ) were most affected with LC50s of 18 and 228 mg/kg dry Soil, respectively, while LC50s were 67–111 and >300 mg/kg for springtails ( Folsomia candida ), isopods ( Porcellio scaber ) and enchytraeids ( Enchytraeus crypticus ). EC50s for the effect on reproduction of springtails and enchytraeids were 13 and 38 mg/kg, respectively for abamectin, and 42 and 170 mg/kg for doramectin. For earthworms, NOEC was 10 and 8.4 mg/kg for abamectin and doramectin effects on body weight. When exposed in faeces, springtails and enchytraeids gave LC50s and EC50s of 1.0–1.4 and 0.94–1.1 mg/kg dry faeces for abamectin and 2.2–>2.4 mg/kg for doramectin. Earthworm reproduction was not affected. This study indicates a potential risk of avermectins for Soil Invertebrates colonizing faeces from recently treated sheep.
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pollution induced community tolerance and functional redundancy in a decomposer food web in metal stressed Soil
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2001Co-Authors: Janne Salminen, Cornelis A M Van Gestel, Jari OksanenAbstract:Pollution may lead to the development of pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) in a stressed community. We studied the presence of PICT in Soil food webs using Soil microcosms. Soil microcosms containing Soil Invertebrates and microbes were collected from polluted and unpolluted areas and exposed to a range of Soil zinc concentrations. A pine seedling was planted in each microcosm to measure the effects of the origin of the community and Zn pollution on above-ground plant production. The effects of the treatments on nutrient content in the Soil were also measured. The diversity of Soil microarthropods and the Soil's mineral nutrient content were low at the Zn-polluted site. We did not observe an increasing Zn tolerance among the Soil organisms in the polluted Soil. However, low population growth rates of Soil Invertebrates from the polluted site may indicate the deleterious effects on fitness of long-lasting pollution. In the Soil from the nonpolluted site, Zn additions caused changes in the invertebrate food web structure. These changes were explained by the good physiological condition of the animals and their insensitivity to Zn. The fact that the food web structure in Soil from the polluted site did not change can be used as a rough indicator of PICT. Structural stability is presumed by the lack of Zn-sensitive species at this site and the inability of populations to acclimate by altering their growth or reproduction patterns in response to changing Soil conditions. Although microbial-based Soil decomposer systems may have a high functional redundancy, our results indicate that metal stress at the polluted site exceeds the tolerance limits of the system. As a consequence, ecosystem function at this site is endangered. This study also shows that the evolution of metal tolerance by Soil decomposer organisms may not be a common reaction to Soil pollution, although changes of population and community structure indicated severe metal stress on organisms.
Kelin Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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differences in the bioaccumulation of selenium by two earthworm species pheretima guillemi and eisenia fetida
Chemosphere, 2018Co-Authors: Kongcao Xiao, Min Song, Dejun Li, Hao Chen, Kelin WangAbstract:Abstract Information on the bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in Soil Invertebrates (e.g. earthworms) is rather scarce. In the present study, bioaccumulation of Se in two eco-physiologically different earthworms, namely anecic Pheretima guillemi and epigeic Eisenia fetida , was determined after 28 days exposure to a successive doses of Se-spiked Soil, specifically 0.5, 5, 50, and 200 μg Se g −1 Soil. The results showed that Se concentration in earthworms elevated with increasing exposure levels, and maximums were up to 54.6 and 83.0 μg g −1 dry weight in Pheretima guillemi and Eisenia fetida , respectively, after 4 weeks exposure to 200 μg Se g −1 Soil. Exposure to Se caused significant inhibition on earthworm growth, with the fresh weight loss ranging from 8.9% to 80.5%. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), empirically-derived and non-steady state, ranged from 0.12 to 4.17 and generally declined at higher exposure levels. Moreover, BAFs of Pheretima guillemi were higher than those of Eisenia fetida in low-dose Se-spiked Soils, but the opposite was true in high-dose Soils, indicating there is a species-specific response to exposure of Se between different earthworms. Further research is thus needed to reveal the accumulation pattern of Se in a wider range of earthworm species other than Eisenia fetida , which allows a better risk assessment of excessive Se to Soil Invertebrates and higher order organisms.
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differences in the bioaccumulation of selenium by two earthworm species pheretima guillemi and eisenia fetida
Chemosphere, 2018Co-Authors: Kongcao Xiao, Min Song, Dejun Li, Hao Chen, Kelin WangAbstract:Abstract Information on the bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in Soil Invertebrates (e.g. earthworms) is rather scarce. In the present study, bioaccumulation of Se in two eco-physiologically different earthworms, namely anecic Pheretima guillemi and epigeic Eisenia fetida , was determined after 28 days exposure to a successive doses of Se-spiked Soil, specifically 0.5, 5, 50, and 200 μg Se g −1 Soil. The results showed that Se concentration in earthworms elevated with increasing exposure levels, and maximums were up to 54.6 and 83.0 μg g −1 dry weight in Pheretima guillemi and Eisenia fetida , respectively, after 4 weeks exposure to 200 μg Se g −1 Soil. Exposure to Se caused significant inhibition on earthworm growth, with the fresh weight loss ranging from 8.9% to 80.5%. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), empirically-derived and non-steady state, ranged from 0.12 to 4.17 and generally declined at higher exposure levels. Moreover, BAFs of Pheretima guillemi were higher than those of Eisenia fetida in low-dose Se-spiked Soils, but the opposite was true in high-dose Soils, indicating there is a species-specific response to exposure of Se between different earthworms. Further research is thus needed to reveal the accumulation pattern of Se in a wider range of earthworm species other than Eisenia fetida , which allows a better risk assessment of excessive Se to Soil Invertebrates and higher order organisms.
Susana Loureiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Soil moisture influences the avoidance behavior of invertebrate species in anthropogenic metal loid contaminated Soils
Environmental Pollution, 2019Co-Authors: Nazaret M Gonzalezalcaraz, Catarina Malheiro, Diogo N Cardoso, Susana LoureiroAbstract:Abstract Water availability is paramount in the response of Soil Invertebrates towards stress situations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of forecasted Soil moisture scenarios on the avoidance behavior of two invertebrate species (the arthropod Folsomia candida and the soft-bodied oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus) in Soils degraded by different types of anthropogenic metal(loid) contamination (mining Soil and agricultural Soil affected by industrial chemical wastes). Different Soil moisture contents (expressed as % of the Soil water holding capacity, WHC) were evaluated: 50% (standard Soil moisture conditions for Soil Invertebrates' tests); 75% (to simulate increasing Soil water availability after intense rainfalls and/or floods); 40%, 30%, 25% and 20% (to simulate decreasing Soil water availability during droughts). Invertebrates’ avoidance behavior and changes in Soil porewater major ions and metal(loid)s were assessed after 48 h exposure. Soil incubations induced a general solubilization/mobilization of porewater major ions, while higher Soil acidity favored the solubilization/mobilization of porewater metal(loid)s, especially at 75% WHC. Folsomia candida preferred Soils moistened at 50% WHC, regardless the Soils were contaminated or not and the changing Soil porewater characteristics. Enchytraeus crypticus avoided metal(loid) contamination, but this depended on the Soil moisture conditions and the corresponding changes in porewater characteristics: enchytraeids lost their capacity to avoid contaminated Soils under water stress situations (75% and 20–25% WHC), but also when contaminated Soils had greater water availability than control Soils. Therefore, forecasted Soil moisture scenarios induced by global warming changed Soil porewater composition and Invertebrates capacity to avoid metal(loid)-contaminated Soils.
