The Experts below are selected from a list of 13434 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Michael A Stoll - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • explaining racial ethnic gaps in Spatial Mismatch in the us the primacy of racial segregation
    Urban Studies, 2012
    Co-Authors: Michael A Stoll, Kenya Covington
    Abstract:

    Despite declines in racial segregation across most US metropolitan areas in recent years, racial and ethnic minorities still display uneven geographical access to jobs but consistently inferior to that of Whites. This article provides a detailed analysis of the factors driving racial and ethnic gaps in Spatial Mismatch conditions across US metropolitan areas. Using data primarily from the 1990 and 2000 US censuses, and the 1994 and 1999 US Department of Commerce's zip code business pattern files, descriptive, multivariate and decompositional evidence is generated to address why Blacks and to a lesser extent Latinos display greater degrees of Spatial Mismatch than Whites. The results indicate that, among many other factors including job sprawl, racial segregation in housing markets is the most important. The models indicate that racial differences in Spatial Mismatch conditions, particularly between Blacks and Whites, should be eliminated in 45–50 years if racial segregation levels continue to decline in t...

  • job sprawl Spatial Mismatch and black employment disadvantage
    Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2006
    Co-Authors: Michael A Stoll
    Abstract:

    This paper examines the relationship between job sprawl and the Spatial Mismatch between blacks and jobs. Using data from a variety of sources, including the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census and U.S. Department of Commerce's ZIP Code Business Patterns, I control extensively for metropolitan area characteristics and other factors. In addition, I use metropolitan area physical geography characteristics as instruments for job sprawl to address the problem of simultaneity bias. I find a significant and positive effect of job sprawl on Mismatch conditions faced by blacks that remains evident in the twostage least squares models but not in first difference change regressions. The crosssectional effect is particularly important in the Midwest and West, and in metropolitan areas where blacks' share of the population is large and where blacks' population growth rate is relatively low. Among others, the results also reveal that the measures of Mismatch and job sprawl used in this analysis are highly correlated with blacks' employment outcomes in the expected direction. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management

  • job sprawl Spatial Mismatch and black employment disadvantage
    California Center for Population Research, 2005
    Co-Authors: Michael A Stoll
    Abstract:

    This paper examines the relationship between job sprawl and the Spatial Mismatch between blacks and jobs. Using data from a variety of sources including the U.S. Census and U.S. Department of Commerce’s ZIP Code Business Patterns, I control extensively for metropolitan area characteristics and other factors. In addition, I use metropolitan area physical geography characteristics as instruments for job sprawl to address the problem of simultaneity bias. I find a significant and positive effect of job sprawl on Mismatch conditions faced by blacks that remains evident across a variety of model specifications. This effect is particularly important in the Midwest and West, and in metropolitan areas where blacks’ share of the population is not large and where blacks’ population growth rate is relatively low. Among others, the results also reveal that the measure of Mismatch used in this analysis is highly correlated across metropolitan areas with blacks’ employment outcomes in the expected direction.

  • Spatial job search Spatial Mismatch and the employment and wages of racial and ethnic groups in los angeles
    Journal of Urban Economics, 1999
    Co-Authors: Michael A Stoll
    Abstract:

    Abstract This article examines racial/ethnic differences in geographic job search behavior and the differential effects that this search has on groups' employment and wages in Los Angeles. Using data from the 1994 Los Angeles Survey of Urban Inequality (LASUI), the results indicate that, controlling for relevant characteristics, blacks, and on certain dimensions Latinos, extensively Spatial job search to a greater degree than whites as measured by the number of areas searched. Moreover, this extensive Spatial job is found to positively affect the employment of blacks and the wages of Latinos. Simulations show that increasing blacks' and Latinos' access to cars or decreasing their average distance to search areas will lead to greater geographic job search. In turn, this greater extensive Spatial job search will lead to greater employment and wages for these groups, respectively. However, the gains in blacks' employment from increased extensive Spatial job search are small in magnitude. These results are consistent with Spatial Mismatch.

Mei-po Kwan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • measuring Spatial Mismatch and job access inequity based on transit based job accessibility for poor job seekers
    Travel behaviour and society, 2020
    Co-Authors: Dong Liu, Mei-po Kwan
    Abstract:

    Abstract The few Spatial Mismatch studies that have examined Spatial Mismatch based on job accessibility consider travel time as the sole travel impedance. However, travel cost (e.g., fuel cost, parking fee and transit fare) is also an important factor in determining job accessibility especially for poor job seekers and needs to be integrated into job accessibility measure, because socially vulnerable people including poor job seekers could be disadvantaged by high travel cost (e.g., poor job seekers discouraged from using transit services for commuting due to high fare). By focusing on transit-based job accessibility, this study seeks to improve the assessment of Spatial Mismatch based on job accessibility by taking transit fare into account and determine the inequity in job accessibility for poor job seekers by conducting comparisons across areas and races. Based on a study of the Chicago Metropolitan Area, we first determine the demand for each census tract’s jobs based on a gravity model that integrates both transit-based travel time and transit fare of poor job seekers from other census tracts. Then, we measure the job accessibility for each census tract based on a gravity model considering the attraction of low-pay jobs weighted by job demand and the friction of transit-based travel time and transit fare. Finally, we assess Spatial Mismatch by comparing the job accessibility of central city poor job seekers against their suburban counterparts and determine the job access inequity for poor job seekers by comparing the results before and after including transit fare across different areas and races. The results show that central city poor job seekers, either before or after including transit fare, do not suffer from Spatial Mismatch and tend to have higher job accessibility compared to their suburban counterparts. However, the results obtained from including transit fare are quite different from those that considered travel time only, especially with respect to the differences between poor job seekers of different races living in different areas. For policymakers to be fully informed about Spatial Mismatch, it is important to take both travel time and transit fare into account.

  • Spatial Mismatch in post-reform urban China: A case study of a relocated state-owned enterprise in Guangzhou
    Habitat International, 2016
    Co-Authors: Suhong Zhou, Yixiong Liu, Mei-po Kwan
    Abstract:

    Accompanying rapid urbanization and economic transformation, the reconstruction of inner city in urban China has been taking place during recent decades. However, the social and geographic inequality resulted from such reconstruction and experienced by minority groups has received less attention to date. To address this, a case study using individual-level data based on a survey of a relocated state-owned enterprise (SOE) in Guangzhou was conducted. The study shows that similar to other cities in the world, the Spatial Mismatch that results in long and time-consuming commuting as well as lower quality of life exists. It has considerable adverse impact on the low- and middle-income employees of the relocated enterprise. However, it was not social or racial segregation but institutional transformation that brought about the Spatial Mismatch in China. Based on the dual economic system in China, both the planned and market systems played important roles in the enterprise's relocation and their employees’ daily lives. Institutional barriers associated with the welfare system had a great impact on the geographic immobility of its employees. These include the retirement and medical insurance systems inherited from the planned economy and the supply of work unit buses, which rendered employees more attached to and dependent on their enterprise. However, these provisions were big burdens to the enterprise which reduced their profit and led to lower Spatial mobility of its lower-income employees.

  • examining commuting patterns results from a journey to work model disaggregated by gender and occupation
    Urban Studies, 2011
    Co-Authors: Sunhee Sang, Morton E Okelly, Mei-po Kwan
    Abstract:

    Typically, the high level of aggregation in conventional analysis of urban commuting may obscure meaningful differences among groups of commuters. This paper disaggregates US census datasets, taking commuters’ gender and occupation into consideration. Refined measures—jobs/workers ratio, average commuting distance and the number of in- and out-commuters—are introduced through the disaggregate approach and are tested for gender differences. Using US Census Transport Planning Package (CTPP) data for Rochester, MN, this study shows the Spatial structure of the labour market among 18 worker groups. The results bear important implications for regional labour market plans considering the Spatial Mismatch between jobs and housing.

Daniel H Weinberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • job displacement and the duration of joblessness the role of Spatial Mismatch
    The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2017
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Mark J Kutzbach, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg
    Abstract:

    This paper presents a new approach to the measurement of the effects of Spatial Mismatch that takes advantage of matched employer-employee administrative data integrated with a person-specific job accessibility measure, as well as demographic and neighborhood characteristics. We focus on a group who are job searchers for plausibly exogenous reasons: lower-income workers with strong labor force attachment separated during a mass layoff. Our results support the Spatial Mismatch hypothesis. We find that better job accessibility significantly decreases the duration of joblessness among lower-income displaced workers and especially for Blacks, females, and older workers. JEL Codes: J64, R23, R41.

  • job displacement and the duration of joblessness the role of Spatial Mismatch
    Research Papers in Economics, 2014
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Mark J Kutzbach, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg
    Abstract:

    This paper presents a new approach to the measurement of the effects of Spatial Mismatch that takes advantage of matched employer-employee administrative data integrated with a person-specific job accessibility measure, as well as demographic and neighborhood characteristics. The basic hypothesis is that if Spatial Mismatch is present, then improved accessibility to appropriate jobs should shorten the duration of unemployment. We focus on lower-income workers with strong labor force attachment searching for employment after being subject to a mass layoff – thereby focusing on a group of job searchers that are plausibly searching for exogenous reasons. We construct person-specific measures of job accessibility based upon an empirical model of transport modal choice and network travel-time data, giving variation both across neighborhoods in nine metropolitan areas, as well as across neighbors. Our results support the Spatial Mismatch hypothesis. We find that better job accessibility significantly decreases the duration of joblessness among lower-paid displaced workers. Blacks, females, and older workers are more sensitive to job accessibility than other subpopulations.

  • job displacement and the duration of joblessness the role of Spatial Mismatch
    Social Science Research Network, 2011
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Mark J Kutzbach, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg
    Abstract:

    This paper explores rich longitudinal data to gain a better understanding of the importance of Spatial Mismatch in lower-paid workers’ job search. The data infrastructure at our disposal allows us to investigate the impact on a variety of job search-related outcomes of localized and individual-specific job accessibility measures using identification strategies that mitigate the impact of residential self-selection. Our results suggest that better access to jobs causes a statistically significant, but modest decrease in the duration of joblessness among lower-paid displaced workers, while an abundance of competing searchers for those jobs increases duration modestly. Search durations for older workers, Hispanic workers, and those displaced from manufacturing jobs are especially sensitive to job accessibility.

  • job accessibility and Spatial Mismatch with longitudinal employment data
    Social Science Research Network, 2010
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg, Mark J Kutzbach
    Abstract:

    The paper examines Spatial Mismatch using confidential longitudinal employment data. Its purpose is to increase our understanding of the implications of Spatial barriers to access to low-wage work in U.S. metropolitan areas. A central assumption of the Spatial Mismatch literature is that accessibility to jobs is crucial for obtaining employment. The present analysis examines the importance and nature of this relationship using confidential Census longitudinal employee-employer linked microdata. In doing so, it addresses self-selection, uses a series of dependent variables based on longitudinal data, and proceeds at a detailed Spatial level. In particular, it examines the opportunities available to displaced workers in terms of the Spatial distribution of potentially-available jobs by industry and earnings. This research is made possible by the availability of a new confidential Census data source: the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) data. These data provide, for over 120 million U.S. workers, confidential detailed information on job location and residential location. They are longitudinal, permitting estimation of models explaining rehiring after a separation. Likewise, measures of job accessibility are defined not only on the Spatial distribution of employment but also based on the Spatial distribution of new hires. Models are estimated for five Great Lakes metropolitan areas. These areas vary in size, changes in manufacturing employment, and opportunities in alternate industry sectors.

John Haltiwanger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • job displacement and the duration of joblessness the role of Spatial Mismatch
    The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2017
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Mark J Kutzbach, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg
    Abstract:

    This paper presents a new approach to the measurement of the effects of Spatial Mismatch that takes advantage of matched employer-employee administrative data integrated with a person-specific job accessibility measure, as well as demographic and neighborhood characteristics. We focus on a group who are job searchers for plausibly exogenous reasons: lower-income workers with strong labor force attachment separated during a mass layoff. Our results support the Spatial Mismatch hypothesis. We find that better job accessibility significantly decreases the duration of joblessness among lower-income displaced workers and especially for Blacks, females, and older workers. JEL Codes: J64, R23, R41.

  • job displacement and the duration of joblessness the role of Spatial Mismatch
    Research Papers in Economics, 2014
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Mark J Kutzbach, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg
    Abstract:

    This paper presents a new approach to the measurement of the effects of Spatial Mismatch that takes advantage of matched employer-employee administrative data integrated with a person-specific job accessibility measure, as well as demographic and neighborhood characteristics. The basic hypothesis is that if Spatial Mismatch is present, then improved accessibility to appropriate jobs should shorten the duration of unemployment. We focus on lower-income workers with strong labor force attachment searching for employment after being subject to a mass layoff – thereby focusing on a group of job searchers that are plausibly searching for exogenous reasons. We construct person-specific measures of job accessibility based upon an empirical model of transport modal choice and network travel-time data, giving variation both across neighborhoods in nine metropolitan areas, as well as across neighbors. Our results support the Spatial Mismatch hypothesis. We find that better job accessibility significantly decreases the duration of joblessness among lower-paid displaced workers. Blacks, females, and older workers are more sensitive to job accessibility than other subpopulations.

  • job displacement and the duration of joblessness the role of Spatial Mismatch
    Social Science Research Network, 2011
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Mark J Kutzbach, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg
    Abstract:

    This paper explores rich longitudinal data to gain a better understanding of the importance of Spatial Mismatch in lower-paid workers’ job search. The data infrastructure at our disposal allows us to investigate the impact on a variety of job search-related outcomes of localized and individual-specific job accessibility measures using identification strategies that mitigate the impact of residential self-selection. Our results suggest that better access to jobs causes a statistically significant, but modest decrease in the duration of joblessness among lower-paid displaced workers, while an abundance of competing searchers for those jobs increases duration modestly. Search durations for older workers, Hispanic workers, and those displaced from manufacturing jobs are especially sensitive to job accessibility.

  • job accessibility and Spatial Mismatch with longitudinal employment data
    Social Science Research Network, 2010
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg, Mark J Kutzbach
    Abstract:

    The paper examines Spatial Mismatch using confidential longitudinal employment data. Its purpose is to increase our understanding of the implications of Spatial barriers to access to low-wage work in U.S. metropolitan areas. A central assumption of the Spatial Mismatch literature is that accessibility to jobs is crucial for obtaining employment. The present analysis examines the importance and nature of this relationship using confidential Census longitudinal employee-employer linked microdata. In doing so, it addresses self-selection, uses a series of dependent variables based on longitudinal data, and proceeds at a detailed Spatial level. In particular, it examines the opportunities available to displaced workers in terms of the Spatial distribution of potentially-available jobs by industry and earnings. This research is made possible by the availability of a new confidential Census data source: the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) data. These data provide, for over 120 million U.S. workers, confidential detailed information on job location and residential location. They are longitudinal, permitting estimation of models explaining rehiring after a separation. Likewise, measures of job accessibility are defined not only on the Spatial distribution of employment but also based on the Spatial distribution of new hires. Models are estimated for five Great Lakes metropolitan areas. These areas vary in size, changes in manufacturing employment, and opportunities in alternate industry sectors.

Fredrik Andersson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • job displacement and the duration of joblessness the role of Spatial Mismatch
    The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2017
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Mark J Kutzbach, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg
    Abstract:

    This paper presents a new approach to the measurement of the effects of Spatial Mismatch that takes advantage of matched employer-employee administrative data integrated with a person-specific job accessibility measure, as well as demographic and neighborhood characteristics. We focus on a group who are job searchers for plausibly exogenous reasons: lower-income workers with strong labor force attachment separated during a mass layoff. Our results support the Spatial Mismatch hypothesis. We find that better job accessibility significantly decreases the duration of joblessness among lower-income displaced workers and especially for Blacks, females, and older workers. JEL Codes: J64, R23, R41.

  • job displacement and the duration of joblessness the role of Spatial Mismatch
    Research Papers in Economics, 2014
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Mark J Kutzbach, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg
    Abstract:

    This paper presents a new approach to the measurement of the effects of Spatial Mismatch that takes advantage of matched employer-employee administrative data integrated with a person-specific job accessibility measure, as well as demographic and neighborhood characteristics. The basic hypothesis is that if Spatial Mismatch is present, then improved accessibility to appropriate jobs should shorten the duration of unemployment. We focus on lower-income workers with strong labor force attachment searching for employment after being subject to a mass layoff – thereby focusing on a group of job searchers that are plausibly searching for exogenous reasons. We construct person-specific measures of job accessibility based upon an empirical model of transport modal choice and network travel-time data, giving variation both across neighborhoods in nine metropolitan areas, as well as across neighbors. Our results support the Spatial Mismatch hypothesis. We find that better job accessibility significantly decreases the duration of joblessness among lower-paid displaced workers. Blacks, females, and older workers are more sensitive to job accessibility than other subpopulations.

  • job displacement and the duration of joblessness the role of Spatial Mismatch
    Social Science Research Network, 2011
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Mark J Kutzbach, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg
    Abstract:

    This paper explores rich longitudinal data to gain a better understanding of the importance of Spatial Mismatch in lower-paid workers’ job search. The data infrastructure at our disposal allows us to investigate the impact on a variety of job search-related outcomes of localized and individual-specific job accessibility measures using identification strategies that mitigate the impact of residential self-selection. Our results suggest that better access to jobs causes a statistically significant, but modest decrease in the duration of joblessness among lower-paid displaced workers, while an abundance of competing searchers for those jobs increases duration modestly. Search durations for older workers, Hispanic workers, and those displaced from manufacturing jobs are especially sensitive to job accessibility.

  • job accessibility and Spatial Mismatch with longitudinal employment data
    Social Science Research Network, 2010
    Co-Authors: Fredrik Andersson, John Haltiwanger, Henry O Pollakowski, Daniel H Weinberg, Mark J Kutzbach
    Abstract:

    The paper examines Spatial Mismatch using confidential longitudinal employment data. Its purpose is to increase our understanding of the implications of Spatial barriers to access to low-wage work in U.S. metropolitan areas. A central assumption of the Spatial Mismatch literature is that accessibility to jobs is crucial for obtaining employment. The present analysis examines the importance and nature of this relationship using confidential Census longitudinal employee-employer linked microdata. In doing so, it addresses self-selection, uses a series of dependent variables based on longitudinal data, and proceeds at a detailed Spatial level. In particular, it examines the opportunities available to displaced workers in terms of the Spatial distribution of potentially-available jobs by industry and earnings. This research is made possible by the availability of a new confidential Census data source: the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) data. These data provide, for over 120 million U.S. workers, confidential detailed information on job location and residential location. They are longitudinal, permitting estimation of models explaining rehiring after a separation. Likewise, measures of job accessibility are defined not only on the Spatial distribution of employment but also based on the Spatial distribution of new hires. Models are estimated for five Great Lakes metropolitan areas. These areas vary in size, changes in manufacturing employment, and opportunities in alternate industry sectors.