The Experts below are selected from a list of 315 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Charles R. Krause - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spray Delivery to Nursery Trees by Air Curtain and Axial Fan Orchard Sprayers
Journal of environmental horticulture, 2017Co-Authors: R. C. Derksen, Charles R. Krause, Ross D. Brazee, Randall H. ZondagAbstract:Two types of air-assist Sprayers were used to treat, from one side only, a single row of hedge-pruned, red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Red Sunset’) trees in a commercial Ohio nursery. A traditional orchard type sprayer and a prototype air curtain sprayer using crossflow fans and hydraulic nozzles were evaluated for differences in canopy deposits, spray coverage, and downwind ground deposits. The air curtain sprayer produced more uniform deposits vertically but not higher mean deposits than the traditional orchard type sprayer. The air curtain sprayer also produced somewhat higher ground deposits downwind of the treatment area. There were no differences in spray coverage between Sprayers despite differences in the droplet spectrum produced by each sprayer. Evidence from the coverage and ground target samples indicate that slower fans on the air curtain sprayer might be needed to reduce air speed to retain more spray within the tree canopy. As operated, neither of the Sprayers can be expected to produce uniform spray deposits around the nursery stock if treatments are made from one side of the row only. Canopy and ground target deposits indicate that alternate row spraying will not necessarily produce uniform deposits across two tree rows as planted at the test site.
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Spray Delivery to Nursery Trees by Air Curtain and Axial Fan Orchard Sprayers
Journal of environmental horticulture, 2017Co-Authors: R. C. Derksen, Charles R. Krause, Ross D. Brazee, Randall H. ZondagAbstract:Two types of air-assist Sprayers were used to treat, from one side only, a single row of hedge-pruned, red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Red Sunset’) trees in a commercial Ohio nursery. A traditional orchard type sprayer and a prototype air curtain sprayer using crossflow fans and hydraulic nozzles were evaluated for differences in canopy deposits, spray coverage, and downwind ground deposits. The air curtain sprayer produced more uniform deposits vertically but not higher mean deposits than the traditional orchard type sprayer. The air curtain sprayer also produced somewhat higher ground deposits downwind of the treatment area. There were no differences in spray coverage between Sprayers despite differences in the droplet spectrum produced by each sprayer. Evidence from the coverage and ground target samples indicate that slower fans on the air curtain sprayer might be needed to reduce air speed to retain more spray within the tree canopy. As operated, neither of the Sprayers can be expected to produce uniform spray deposits around the nursery stock if treatments are made from one side of the row only. Canopy and ground target deposits indicate that alternate row spraying will not necessarily produce uniform deposits across two tree rows as planted at the test site.
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An experimental variable-rate sprayer for nursery and orchard applications
2011 Louisville Kentucky August 7 - August 10 2011, 2011Co-Authors: Yu Chen, R. C. Derksen, Heping Zhu, H. Erdal Ozkan, Charles R. KrauseAbstract:Most chemical applications in orchards and ornamental nurseries are not target-oriented, resulting in significant loss of pesticides and contamination of the environment. To avoid over- and under-application of chemicals, Sprayers must be designed to apply the appropriate amount of pesticide based on the tree canopy characteristics such as tree height, width, volume, and foliage density. A precision air-assisted sprayer with variable flow rate of individual nozzles was tested for treating ornamental nursery and fruit trees. The sprayer was developed using a modified conventional air-assisted orchard sprayer by implementing a laser scanner to detect canopy characteristics, five-port air-assisted nozzles coupled with pulse width modulation (PWM) solenoid valves to deliver spray, and an automatic flow rate controller to minimize pressure fluctuation. Sprayer treatments included the new precision sprayer, the same precision sprayer without the intelligent control activated and a conventional, axial flow, air blast sprayer in an apple orchard at three different growing stages. Measurements were made for spray deposition and coverage inside canopies, losses on the ground and beyond target trees, and airborne drift downwind from the target trees. Compared to conventional Sprayers, the variable-rate sprayer produced relatively uniform spray coverage and deposition inside canopies, and reduced spray volume by 47% to 73% with significantly less off-target losses on the ground, through gaps between trees, and in the air.
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Comparing greenhouse Sprayers: the dose-transfer process.
Pest management science, 2004Co-Authors: Timothy A. Ebert, R. C. Derksen, Roger A. Downer, Charles R. KrauseAbstract:Three Sprayers were evaluated for their affect on retention and efficacy: a carbon dioxide powered high-volume sprayer, a DRAMM coldfogger, and an Electrostatic Spraying Systems (ESS) sprayer with air-assistance. The active ingredients used were spinosad and azadirachtin. The plant canopy was constructed in the greenhouse using potted soybeans (Glycine max (L) Merrill cr Pioneer 9392). Application efficacy with spinosad was assessed using thrips [Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] and mite (two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch) abundance on shoots and leaves. Application efficacy with azadirachtin was assessed using thrips and aphid (soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura) abundance on shoots and leaves. The atomization characteristics of each sprayer were measured using an Aerometrics phase/Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) 100-1D. The results of four tests are presented. Two tests used each sprayer according to manufacturer recommendations. These are 'recommended volume' tests that confound differences in toxicant distribution caused by the sprayer with differences caused by changes in application volume. The other two tests were 'constant volume' tests in which all three Sprayers were used to deliver the same application volume. Both types of test gave differences between Sprayers in retention of toxicant, but only the recommended volume tests showed significant effects of the Sprayers on pest abundance. We attribute this difference to the role played by changing application volumes in the dose-transfer process. The constant-volume tests showed that application equipment influences efficacy.
Emilio Gil - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spray distribution evaluation of different settings of a hand held trolley sprayer used in greenhouse tomato crops
Pest Management Science, 2016Co-Authors: Jordi Llop, Emilio Gil, Montserrat Gallart, Felipe Contador, Mireia ErcillaAbstract:BACKGROUND Hand-held-trolley Sprayers have recently been promoted to improve spray application techniques in greenhouses in south-eastern Spain. However, certain aspects remain to be improved. A modified hand-held-trolley sprayer was evaluated under two different canopy conditions (high and low canopy density) and with several sprayer settings (nozzle type, air assistance and spray volume). In this study, the deposition, coverage and uniformity of distribution of the spray on the canopy have been assessed. RESULTS The deposition on leaves was significantly higher when flat-fan nozzles and air assistance were used at both high and low spray volumes. No differences were detected between the reference system at a high spray volume and the modified trolley at a low spray volume. Flat-fan nozzles with air assistance increased penetrability into the canopy. CONCLUSIONS Air assistance and flat-fan nozzles allow volume rates to be reduced while maintaining or improving spray quality distribution. The working parameters of hand-held Sprayers must be considered to reduce environmental risk and increase the efficacy of the spraying process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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Spray distribution evaluation of different settings of a hand‐held‐trolley sprayer used in greenhouse tomato crops
Pest management science, 2015Co-Authors: Jordi Llop, Emilio Gil, Montserrat Gallart, Felipe Contador, Mireia ErcillaAbstract:Hand-held-trolley Sprayers have recently been promoted to improve spray application techniques in greenhouses in south-eastern Spain. However, certain aspects remain to be improved. A modified hand-held-trolley sprayer was evaluated under two different canopy conditions (high and low canopy density) and with several sprayer settings (nozzle type, air assistance and spray volume). In this study, the deposition, coverage and uniformity of distribution of the spray on the canopy have been assessed. RESULTS The deposition on leaves was significantly higher when flat-fan nozzles and air assistance were used at both high and low spray volumes. No differences were detected between the reference system at a high spray volume and the modified trolley at a low spray volume. Flat-fan nozzles with air assistance increased penetrability into the canopy. CONCLUSIONS Air assistance and flat-fan nozzles allow volume rates to be reduced while maintaining or improving spray quality distribution. The working parameters of hand-held Sprayers must be considered to reduce environmental risk and increase the efficacy of the spraying process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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Environmentally Optimised Sprayer (EOS)--A software application for comprehensive assessment of environmental safety features of Sprayers.
The Science of the total environment, 2014Co-Authors: Grzegorz Doruchowski, Emilio Gil, Paolo Balsari, Paolo Marucco, Manfred Roettele, Hans-joachim WehmannAbstract:Despite technological progress in pesticide application equipment, chemical crop protection continues to contribute to environmental pollution. Water is at risk of contamination with pesticides from point and diffuse sources and could be reduced to a great extent with a better sprayer design. The sprayer manufacturers and pesticide applicators need to take more responsibility for the prevention of water pollution and therefore they have to make environmentally responsible decisions at different stages, from designing to servicing Sprayers. The objective of the presented work was to develop an interactive application that would support decisions made by sprayer manufacturers during the production process, and by pesticide applicators when selecting and operating the Sprayers. The EOS (Environmentally Optimised Sprayer) is an application evaluating the risk mitigation potential of Sprayers based on their technological features, within five risk areas, representing sources of pollution: (i) Inside Contamination; (ii) Outside Contamination; (iii) Filling; (iv) Spray Loss & Drift; (v) Remnants. The evaluator completes the EOS questionnaire by checking for the technical solutions identified in the evaluated sprayer and the result reflects the sprayer quality in terms of potential environmental risk mitigation. The EOS tool also proved its awareness raising facility and educative value when used during training activities and university courses.
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Study and development of a test methodology to assess potential drift generated by air-assisted Sprayers
Aspects of applied biology, 2014Co-Authors: Paolo Balsari, Jordi Llop, Emilio Gil, Paolo Marucco, C. Bozzer, Mario TamagnoneAbstract:DiSAFA – University of Torino and DEAB – Polytechnic University of Catalonia started a set of experiments aimed at defining a new methodology for the assessment of potential drift generated by fruit crop Sprayers using ad hoc test benches, operated in absence of wind and without any target in front of the machine. A set of tests using two different air-assisted sprayer models, one for vineyard and one for orchard, was made in order to compare the results obtained combining conventional and air induction nozzles with high and low air flow rates. Results pointed out that thanks to the use of the test benches is possible to discriminate the potential drift of the different sprayer configurations tested and that trends of the ranked sprayer configurations resulted the same for both Sprayers. Further studies are needed to verify the consistency of the results obtained with those achieved applying ISO 22866 test method for drift assessment in the field.
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development of two portable patternators to improve drift control and operator training in the operation of vineyard Sprayers
Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2013Co-Authors: Emilio Gil, Montserrat Gallart, Andrew J Landers, J LlorensAbstract:Spray drift can be defined as the quantity of plant protection product that is carried out of the sprayed area by the action of air currents during the application process. Efficacy of pesticide applications in orchards and vineyards is highly dependent on matching the canopy characteristics with the liquid distribution on a vertical plane, this being influenced by the type of sprayer, the nozzle orientation and air outlet adjustment. Two simple vertical patternators were designed and developed with the express purpose to be used in field conditions for the adjustment of vineyard canopy Sprayers. Three different orchard Sprayers were selected for comparative field trials of two new patternators with an already commercially available portable vertical patternator designed at University of Turin (Italy). The objective was to evaluate their efficiency in terms of spray recovery, symmetry and repeatability. Results show the ability of the two prototypes to measure the vertical distribution of liquid, as well as the important similarities between the liquid distribution profiles obtained with both patternators in comparison to the reference one. Trials conducted with the three different orchard Sprayers show the suitability of this kind of tool, not only for research purposes but also for training activities and as part of the sprayer calibration process. Important benefits from both an economic and a sustainable point of view can be obtained regarding adequate liquid distribution according to the crop characteristics, this being especially interesting in field conditions.
Jordi Llop - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spray distribution evaluation of different settings of a hand held trolley sprayer used in greenhouse tomato crops
Pest Management Science, 2016Co-Authors: Jordi Llop, Emilio Gil, Montserrat Gallart, Felipe Contador, Mireia ErcillaAbstract:BACKGROUND Hand-held-trolley Sprayers have recently been promoted to improve spray application techniques in greenhouses in south-eastern Spain. However, certain aspects remain to be improved. A modified hand-held-trolley sprayer was evaluated under two different canopy conditions (high and low canopy density) and with several sprayer settings (nozzle type, air assistance and spray volume). In this study, the deposition, coverage and uniformity of distribution of the spray on the canopy have been assessed. RESULTS The deposition on leaves was significantly higher when flat-fan nozzles and air assistance were used at both high and low spray volumes. No differences were detected between the reference system at a high spray volume and the modified trolley at a low spray volume. Flat-fan nozzles with air assistance increased penetrability into the canopy. CONCLUSIONS Air assistance and flat-fan nozzles allow volume rates to be reduced while maintaining or improving spray quality distribution. The working parameters of hand-held Sprayers must be considered to reduce environmental risk and increase the efficacy of the spraying process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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Spray distribution evaluation of different settings of a hand‐held‐trolley sprayer used in greenhouse tomato crops
Pest management science, 2015Co-Authors: Jordi Llop, Emilio Gil, Montserrat Gallart, Felipe Contador, Mireia ErcillaAbstract:Hand-held-trolley Sprayers have recently been promoted to improve spray application techniques in greenhouses in south-eastern Spain. However, certain aspects remain to be improved. A modified hand-held-trolley sprayer was evaluated under two different canopy conditions (high and low canopy density) and with several sprayer settings (nozzle type, air assistance and spray volume). In this study, the deposition, coverage and uniformity of distribution of the spray on the canopy have been assessed. RESULTS The deposition on leaves was significantly higher when flat-fan nozzles and air assistance were used at both high and low spray volumes. No differences were detected between the reference system at a high spray volume and the modified trolley at a low spray volume. Flat-fan nozzles with air assistance increased penetrability into the canopy. CONCLUSIONS Air assistance and flat-fan nozzles allow volume rates to be reduced while maintaining or improving spray quality distribution. The working parameters of hand-held Sprayers must be considered to reduce environmental risk and increase the efficacy of the spraying process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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Study and development of a test methodology to assess potential drift generated by air-assisted Sprayers
Aspects of applied biology, 2014Co-Authors: Paolo Balsari, Jordi Llop, Emilio Gil, Paolo Marucco, C. Bozzer, Mario TamagnoneAbstract:DiSAFA – University of Torino and DEAB – Polytechnic University of Catalonia started a set of experiments aimed at defining a new methodology for the assessment of potential drift generated by fruit crop Sprayers using ad hoc test benches, operated in absence of wind and without any target in front of the machine. A set of tests using two different air-assisted sprayer models, one for vineyard and one for orchard, was made in order to compare the results obtained combining conventional and air induction nozzles with high and low air flow rates. Results pointed out that thanks to the use of the test benches is possible to discriminate the potential drift of the different sprayer configurations tested and that trends of the ranked sprayer configurations resulted the same for both Sprayers. Further studies are needed to verify the consistency of the results obtained with those achieved applying ISO 22866 test method for drift assessment in the field.
Mireia Ercilla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spray distribution evaluation of different settings of a hand held trolley sprayer used in greenhouse tomato crops
Pest Management Science, 2016Co-Authors: Jordi Llop, Emilio Gil, Montserrat Gallart, Felipe Contador, Mireia ErcillaAbstract:BACKGROUND Hand-held-trolley Sprayers have recently been promoted to improve spray application techniques in greenhouses in south-eastern Spain. However, certain aspects remain to be improved. A modified hand-held-trolley sprayer was evaluated under two different canopy conditions (high and low canopy density) and with several sprayer settings (nozzle type, air assistance and spray volume). In this study, the deposition, coverage and uniformity of distribution of the spray on the canopy have been assessed. RESULTS The deposition on leaves was significantly higher when flat-fan nozzles and air assistance were used at both high and low spray volumes. No differences were detected between the reference system at a high spray volume and the modified trolley at a low spray volume. Flat-fan nozzles with air assistance increased penetrability into the canopy. CONCLUSIONS Air assistance and flat-fan nozzles allow volume rates to be reduced while maintaining or improving spray quality distribution. The working parameters of hand-held Sprayers must be considered to reduce environmental risk and increase the efficacy of the spraying process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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Spray distribution evaluation of different settings of a hand‐held‐trolley sprayer used in greenhouse tomato crops
Pest management science, 2015Co-Authors: Jordi Llop, Emilio Gil, Montserrat Gallart, Felipe Contador, Mireia ErcillaAbstract:Hand-held-trolley Sprayers have recently been promoted to improve spray application techniques in greenhouses in south-eastern Spain. However, certain aspects remain to be improved. A modified hand-held-trolley sprayer was evaluated under two different canopy conditions (high and low canopy density) and with several sprayer settings (nozzle type, air assistance and spray volume). In this study, the deposition, coverage and uniformity of distribution of the spray on the canopy have been assessed. RESULTS The deposition on leaves was significantly higher when flat-fan nozzles and air assistance were used at both high and low spray volumes. No differences were detected between the reference system at a high spray volume and the modified trolley at a low spray volume. Flat-fan nozzles with air assistance increased penetrability into the canopy. CONCLUSIONS Air assistance and flat-fan nozzles allow volume rates to be reduced while maintaining or improving spray quality distribution. The working parameters of hand-held Sprayers must be considered to reduce environmental risk and increase the efficacy of the spraying process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
R. C. Derksen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spray Delivery to Nursery Trees by Air Curtain and Axial Fan Orchard Sprayers
Journal of environmental horticulture, 2017Co-Authors: R. C. Derksen, Charles R. Krause, Ross D. Brazee, Randall H. ZondagAbstract:Two types of air-assist Sprayers were used to treat, from one side only, a single row of hedge-pruned, red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Red Sunset’) trees in a commercial Ohio nursery. A traditional orchard type sprayer and a prototype air curtain sprayer using crossflow fans and hydraulic nozzles were evaluated for differences in canopy deposits, spray coverage, and downwind ground deposits. The air curtain sprayer produced more uniform deposits vertically but not higher mean deposits than the traditional orchard type sprayer. The air curtain sprayer also produced somewhat higher ground deposits downwind of the treatment area. There were no differences in spray coverage between Sprayers despite differences in the droplet spectrum produced by each sprayer. Evidence from the coverage and ground target samples indicate that slower fans on the air curtain sprayer might be needed to reduce air speed to retain more spray within the tree canopy. As operated, neither of the Sprayers can be expected to produce uniform spray deposits around the nursery stock if treatments are made from one side of the row only. Canopy and ground target deposits indicate that alternate row spraying will not necessarily produce uniform deposits across two tree rows as planted at the test site.
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Spray Delivery to Nursery Trees by Air Curtain and Axial Fan Orchard Sprayers
Journal of environmental horticulture, 2017Co-Authors: R. C. Derksen, Charles R. Krause, Ross D. Brazee, Randall H. ZondagAbstract:Two types of air-assist Sprayers were used to treat, from one side only, a single row of hedge-pruned, red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Red Sunset’) trees in a commercial Ohio nursery. A traditional orchard type sprayer and a prototype air curtain sprayer using crossflow fans and hydraulic nozzles were evaluated for differences in canopy deposits, spray coverage, and downwind ground deposits. The air curtain sprayer produced more uniform deposits vertically but not higher mean deposits than the traditional orchard type sprayer. The air curtain sprayer also produced somewhat higher ground deposits downwind of the treatment area. There were no differences in spray coverage between Sprayers despite differences in the droplet spectrum produced by each sprayer. Evidence from the coverage and ground target samples indicate that slower fans on the air curtain sprayer might be needed to reduce air speed to retain more spray within the tree canopy. As operated, neither of the Sprayers can be expected to produce uniform spray deposits around the nursery stock if treatments are made from one side of the row only. Canopy and ground target deposits indicate that alternate row spraying will not necessarily produce uniform deposits across two tree rows as planted at the test site.
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An experimental variable-rate sprayer for nursery and orchard applications
2011 Louisville Kentucky August 7 - August 10 2011, 2011Co-Authors: Yu Chen, R. C. Derksen, Heping Zhu, H. Erdal Ozkan, Charles R. KrauseAbstract:Most chemical applications in orchards and ornamental nurseries are not target-oriented, resulting in significant loss of pesticides and contamination of the environment. To avoid over- and under-application of chemicals, Sprayers must be designed to apply the appropriate amount of pesticide based on the tree canopy characteristics such as tree height, width, volume, and foliage density. A precision air-assisted sprayer with variable flow rate of individual nozzles was tested for treating ornamental nursery and fruit trees. The sprayer was developed using a modified conventional air-assisted orchard sprayer by implementing a laser scanner to detect canopy characteristics, five-port air-assisted nozzles coupled with pulse width modulation (PWM) solenoid valves to deliver spray, and an automatic flow rate controller to minimize pressure fluctuation. Sprayer treatments included the new precision sprayer, the same precision sprayer without the intelligent control activated and a conventional, axial flow, air blast sprayer in an apple orchard at three different growing stages. Measurements were made for spray deposition and coverage inside canopies, losses on the ground and beyond target trees, and airborne drift downwind from the target trees. Compared to conventional Sprayers, the variable-rate sprayer produced relatively uniform spray coverage and deposition inside canopies, and reduced spray volume by 47% to 73% with significantly less off-target losses on the ground, through gaps between trees, and in the air.
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Comparing greenhouse Sprayers: the dose-transfer process.
Pest management science, 2004Co-Authors: Timothy A. Ebert, R. C. Derksen, Roger A. Downer, Charles R. KrauseAbstract:Three Sprayers were evaluated for their affect on retention and efficacy: a carbon dioxide powered high-volume sprayer, a DRAMM coldfogger, and an Electrostatic Spraying Systems (ESS) sprayer with air-assistance. The active ingredients used were spinosad and azadirachtin. The plant canopy was constructed in the greenhouse using potted soybeans (Glycine max (L) Merrill cr Pioneer 9392). Application efficacy with spinosad was assessed using thrips [Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] and mite (two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch) abundance on shoots and leaves. Application efficacy with azadirachtin was assessed using thrips and aphid (soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura) abundance on shoots and leaves. The atomization characteristics of each sprayer were measured using an Aerometrics phase/Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) 100-1D. The results of four tests are presented. Two tests used each sprayer according to manufacturer recommendations. These are 'recommended volume' tests that confound differences in toxicant distribution caused by the sprayer with differences caused by changes in application volume. The other two tests were 'constant volume' tests in which all three Sprayers were used to deliver the same application volume. Both types of test gave differences between Sprayers in retention of toxicant, but only the recommended volume tests showed significant effects of the Sprayers on pest abundance. We attribute this difference to the role played by changing application volumes in the dose-transfer process. The constant-volume tests showed that application equipment influences efficacy.
