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Myung-jin Moon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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CNS microstructure in the wandering wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Entomological Research, 2015Co-Authors: Sung-chan Yang, Myung-jin MoonAbstract:The Supraesophageal Ganglion of the wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis is made up of a protocerebral and tritocerebral Ganglion, whereas the subesophageal Ganglionic mass is composed of a single pair of pedipalpal ganglia, four pairs of appendage ganglia, and a fused mass of abdominal neuromeres. In the Supraesophageal Ganglion, complex neuropile masses are located in the protocerebrum which include optic ganglia, the mushroom bodies, and the central body. Characteristically, the only nerves arising from the protocerebrum are the optic nerves, and the neuropiles of the principal eyes are the most thick and abundant in this wandering spider. The central body which is recognized as an important association center is isolated at the posterior of the protocerebrum and appears as a complex of highly condensed neurons. These cells give off fine parallel bundles of axons arranged in the mushroom bodies. The subesophageal nerve mass can be divided into two main tracts on the basis of direction of the neuropiles. The dorsal tracts are contributed to from the motor or interneurons of each Ganglion, whereas the ventral tracts are from incoming sensory axons.
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Fine structure of the CNS ganglia in the geometric spider Nephila clavata (Araneae: Nephilidae)
Entomological Research, 2013Co-Authors: Yong-ki Park, Hoon Kim, Hyo-jeong Kim, Myung-jin MoonAbstract:As web spiders usually hang with their head downward, geometrical differences in body position could affect the organization of their central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, most of our knowledge of spider's CNS is dependent on what has been revealed from wandering spiders. To fill the gap, we describe here the fine structural organization of the Ganglionic neurons and nerves in the geometric orb web spider Nephila clavata. Nerve cells in the Supraesophageal Ganglion in N. clavata are packed in the frontal, dorsal and lateral regions, but the nerve cells of the subesophageal mass are only restricted to the ventral and ventrolateral regions. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals the fine structural details of the neuroglial cells and the neuronal cells which have a conspicuous Golgi apparatus, rough ER, free ribosomes and well-developed mitochondria. Comparing fine structural characteristics of the CNS ganglia with those of wandering spiders in most respects, it has been revealed that the geometrical difference may affects to the arrangement of receptors in the central body known as an important association center for web building behavior. In particular, remarkable differences can be detected in the protocerebral area by the extraordinary development of the central body including absence of the globuli and associated mushroom bodies.
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Microstructural Organization of the Central Nervous System in the Orb-Web Spider Araneus ventricosus (Araneae: Araneidae)
Applied Microscopy, 2013Co-Authors: Yong-ki Park, Myung-jin MoonAbstract:Although the geometrical difference in body position between web-building and wandering spiders could affect the organization of their central nervous system (CNS), however most of our informations about spider's CNS are dependent on those revealed from the wandering spiders. Therefore, this paper describes microstructural organizations of the CNS in the geometric orb-web spider Araneus ventricosus. Similarly to other wandering spiders, the CNS of A. ventricosus is also consisted of a dorsal Supraesophageal Ganglion and a ventral subesophageal mass. The Supraesophageal ganglia are fused together and made up of a large sized nerve cell clusters, whereas the subesophageal ganglia are made up of the foremost part of the ventral nerve cord. It has been revealed that the only nerve arising from the Supraesophageal mass was the optic nerve which connected with four pairs of eyes, whereas a pair of pedipalpal and four pairs of appendage nerves including abdominal nerve pairs were arisen from the subesophageal nerve mass. Fibrous masses are highly organized into longitudinal and transverse tracts, and are only consisted of processes of neurons and the terminal ramnifications of peripheral sensory neurons. In addition, central fibrous mass of both the brain and the subesophageal mass are totally devoid of nerve cell bodies.
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immunoreactivity of glutamic acid decarboxylase gad isoforms in the central nervous system of the barn spider araneus cavaticus
Entomological Research, 2013Co-Authors: Myung-jin Moon, Edward K TillinghastAbstract:The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has long been considered as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of both vertebrates and arthropods. Since the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has a restricted tissue distribution and catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate to GABA, immunoreactivity of GAD isoforms can reveal distribution of GABAergic neurons in the CNS. In the CNS of the spider Araneus cavaticus, immunoreactivity of GAD isoforms can be detected in the optic lobes including neurons and neuropiles of the Supraesophageal ganglia. Strong GAD-like immunoreactive cell bodies are concentrated in two bilaterally symmetric cell clusters of the protocerebrum. Some intrinsic cell bodies near the central body also show strong immunoreactivity. However, the intrinsic nerve masses and some of the longitudinal and transverse tracts within the Supraesophageal Ganglion are only lightly labelled, and the fibers transverse the hemisphere and the central fibrous masses are not labelled. Among the three basic types of cell bodies surrounding the central body, several clusters of the Type-C cells show strong GAD-like immunoreactivity, however both of the Type-A and Type-B cells are not labelled at all.
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Development of the Central Nervous System in the Wolf Spider Arctosa kwangreungensis (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Korean Journal of Microscopy, 2012Co-Authors: Sung-chan Yang, Myung-jin MoonAbstract:The morphological and histologic differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) in the wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis with respect to postembryonic development are studied using light and scanning electron microscopes. The organization of CNS which consisted of Supraesophageal Ganglion (SpG) and subesophageal Ganglion (SbG) are established prior to the postembryo stage. The brain of first instar spiderling after a molt of the postembryo is also made up of Supraesophageal Ganglion and subesophageal Ganglion. Although development of the optic nerve and optic lobe in SpG are not completed during the postembryoic stage, completion of whole neural system resemble to that of adult are established during the second instar stage. In particular, optic gangalion is developed from the undifferentiated cell clusters of the SpG, moreover four pairs of appendage ganglia and another pairs of abdominal ganglia are produced from the SbG. Nerve cells of the most developing stages are composed of typical monopolar neur1ons, and total three types of neurons can be identified through the histological and morphological basis of present study. These cell clusters are differentiated into neurons and grow dendritic fibers according to further development of the CNS.
Sung-chan Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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CNS microstructure in the wandering wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Entomological Research, 2015Co-Authors: Sung-chan Yang, Myung-jin MoonAbstract:The Supraesophageal Ganglion of the wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis is made up of a protocerebral and tritocerebral Ganglion, whereas the subesophageal Ganglionic mass is composed of a single pair of pedipalpal ganglia, four pairs of appendage ganglia, and a fused mass of abdominal neuromeres. In the Supraesophageal Ganglion, complex neuropile masses are located in the protocerebrum which include optic ganglia, the mushroom bodies, and the central body. Characteristically, the only nerves arising from the protocerebrum are the optic nerves, and the neuropiles of the principal eyes are the most thick and abundant in this wandering spider. The central body which is recognized as an important association center is isolated at the posterior of the protocerebrum and appears as a complex of highly condensed neurons. These cells give off fine parallel bundles of axons arranged in the mushroom bodies. The subesophageal nerve mass can be divided into two main tracts on the basis of direction of the neuropiles. The dorsal tracts are contributed to from the motor or interneurons of each Ganglion, whereas the ventral tracts are from incoming sensory axons.
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Development of the Central Nervous System in the Wolf Spider Arctosa kwangreungensis (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Korean Journal of Microscopy, 2012Co-Authors: Sung-chan Yang, Myung-jin MoonAbstract:The morphological and histologic differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) in the wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis with respect to postembryonic development are studied using light and scanning electron microscopes. The organization of CNS which consisted of Supraesophageal Ganglion (SpG) and subesophageal Ganglion (SbG) are established prior to the postembryo stage. The brain of first instar spiderling after a molt of the postembryo is also made up of Supraesophageal Ganglion and subesophageal Ganglion. Although development of the optic nerve and optic lobe in SpG are not completed during the postembryoic stage, completion of whole neural system resemble to that of adult are established during the second instar stage. In particular, optic gangalion is developed from the undifferentiated cell clusters of the SpG, moreover four pairs of appendage ganglia and another pairs of abdominal ganglia are produced from the SbG. Nerve cells of the most developing stages are composed of typical monopolar neur1ons, and total three types of neurons can be identified through the histological and morphological basis of present study. These cell clusters are differentiated into neurons and grow dendritic fibers according to further development of the CNS.
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Postembryonic Development of the Central Nervous System in the Wolf Spider. Arctosa kwangreungensis (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Entomological Research, 2011Co-Authors: Sung-chan Yang, Myung-jin MoonAbstract:Microstructural characteristics of the central nervous system from postembryo to early instar spiderings in the wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis were studied using paraffine embedded tissue preparation and three dimensional image reconstruction techniques. The CNS of the postembryo was fully functional, despite its primitive microstructure. The CNS consists of a Supraesophageal Ganglion (brain) and a subesophageal mass, and they are joined with circumesophageal connectives. The brain of 1st instar spidering after a molt of the postembryo is also made up of a protocerebral and tritocerebral Ganglion. Moreover, the subesophageal Ganglionic mass is composed of a single pair of pedipalpal ganglia, four pairs of appendage ganglia, and a fused mass of abdominal neuromeres. For image processing and reconstruction, serially sectioned paraffin blocks were scanned with research complex microscopy and 3D images were reconstructed from the brain sections. The image stacks of the central complex and surrounding neuropils obtained from the brain sections were processed using Amira 5.3.2 software.
Jean Malecha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Immunocytochemical identification of peptidergic neurons in compartment 4 of the Supraesophageal Ganglion of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum (O.F.M.)
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1992Co-Authors: M. Verger-bocquet, C. Wattez, Michel Salzet, Jean MalechaAbstract:The use of polyclonal antibodies directed against mammalian peptide hormones and of monoclonal antibodies raised against molecules of Supraesophageal Ganglion neurons of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum has led to the identification of more than half of the 30 neurons present in compartment 4 of the Supraesophageal Ganglion. Six cellular types were characterized at stage 3B of the life cycle: (1) a group of four or five large angiotensin II and γ-melanocyte stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) immunopositive cells also immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies Tt-7 and Tt-159 (cells of class I), (2) a group of five small growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) positive cells, (3) three motilin-positive cells, (4) one met-enkephalin-positive cell, (5) one oxytocin-positive cell that also immunoreacts with monoclonal antibody Tt-1, and (6) one vasopressin-positive cell immunoreactive with monoclonal antibody Tt-9. This study shows the heterogeneity of the neurons constituting compartment 4 and demonstrates that most of...
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Evidence for angiotensin-like molecules in the central nervous system of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum (O.F.M.). A possible diuretic effect.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A Comparative physiology, 1992Co-Authors: Michel Salzet, M. Verger-bocquet, C. Wattez, Jean MalechaAbstract:Abstract 1. 1. Cells in the central nervous system of the leech Theromyzon tessulalum were revealed with an antiserum against angiotensin II. Among these cells, a group of 4–5 pairs of neurons, called β giant cells, and located in the posterior compartments of the Supraesophageal Ganglion was particularly investigated. 2. 2. The amount of angiotensin II-like substanee(s) in the brain increased notably in the days immediately following the third meal. 3. 3. Injections of angiotensin II, fragments 1–4 or 5–8 of angiotensin II and of angiotensin III into stage 3 leeches showed that fragment 5–8 of angiotensin II was the most effective: it provokes a loss of mass of the leeches, which could express a diuretic effect.
Ulrike Janssen-bienhold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in locust Supraesophageal Ganglion and optic lobes.
Brain research, 1994Co-Authors: Josef Ammermüller, Martina Oltrogge, Ulrike Janssen-bienholdAbstract:Abstract A substance immunoreactive to antibodies directed against bovine neurotensin (NT) was localized in neurons in the Supraesophageal Ganglion (SEG) and optic lobes of larval and adult Locusta migratoria L. Two large somata were located in the caudal cortex, ventral to the calyces and symmetrical to the medium of the SEG. Four smaller somata also in the caudal cortex were located as two symmetrical pairs at the level of the central body. These somata formed a diffuse network of varicose fibers from the superior lateral to the ventro-lateral protocerebrum between the pedunculi and frontal cortical region. Some fibers crossed the median to the contralateral sides of the SEG. Another pair of immunoreactive somata whose terminating processes remained unclear was found at the level of the antennal lobes. Intrinsic networks of fibers were labeled in the accessory medulla and in layer 4/5 of the medulla. These fibers originated from 8–10 small somata near the dorso-frontal rim of the medulla. All larval stages contained these NT-like immunoreactive structures. Results from isoelectric focusing and press-blot analysis of SEG homogenates, synthetic neurotensin and neurotensin fragments indicate that this substance is similar to bovine neurotensin(1–13).
Sergey V. Galkin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The neuroanatomy of the siboglinid Riftia pachyptila highlights sedentarian annelid nervous system evolution.
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Nadezhda N. Rimskaya-korsakova, Sergey V. GalkinAbstract:Tracing the evolution of the siboglinid group, peculiar group of marine gutless annelids, requires the detailed study of the fragmentarily explored central nervous system of vestimentiferans and other siboglinids. 3D reconstructions of the neuroanatomy of Riftia revealed that the "brain" of adult vestimentiferans is a fusion product of the Supraesophageal and subesophageal ganglia. The Supraesophageal Ganglion-like area contains the following neural structures that are homologous to the annelid elements: the peripheral perikarya of the brain lobes, two main transverse commissures, mushroom-like structures, commissural cell cluster, and the circumesophageal connectives with two roots which give rise to the palp neurites. Three pairs of giant perikarya are located in the Supraesophageal Ganglion, giving rise to the paired giant axons. The circumesophageal connectives run to the VNC. The subesophageal Ganglion-like area contains a tripartite ventral aggregation of perikarya (= the postoral Ganglion of the VNC) interconnected by the subenteral commissure. The paired VNC is intraepidermal, not Ganglionated over most of its length, associated with the ciliary field, and comprises the giant axons. The pairs of VNC and the giant axons fuse posteriorly. Within siboglinids, the vestimentiferans are distinguished by a large and considerably differentiated brain. This reflects the derived development of the tentacle crown. The tentacles of vestimentiferans are homologous to the annelid palps based on their innervation from the dorsal and ventral roots of the circumesophageal connectives. Neuroanatomy of the vestimentiferan brains is close to the brains of Cirratuliiformia and Spionida/Sabellida, which have several transverse commissures, specific position of the giant somata (if any), and palp nerve roots (if any). The palps and palp neurite roots originally developed in all main annelid clades (basally branching, errantian and sedentarian annelids), show the greatest diversity in their number in sedentarian species. Over the course of evolution of Sedentaria, the number of palps and their nerve roots either dramatically increased (as in vestimentiferan siboglinids) or were lost.
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Hypothetical vestimentiferan brain origin.
2018Co-Authors: Nadezhda N. Rimskaya-korsakova, Sergey V. GalkinAbstract:Orrhage and Müller [47] showed the general presence of 4 transverse commissures in the brain (a.k.a. Supraesophageal Ganglion) of numerous annelids (A), which join through their roots and circumesophageal connectives to the ventral nerve cords. The palp neurites extend from the dorsal root of the circumesophageal connectives in annelids. In vestimentiferans (C), the “brain” is a fusion of the supra- and subesophageal ganglia. Longitudinal nerve tracts (LNT), as circumesophageal connectives, connect the ganglia. The dorsal (DC) and supraenteral (SPC) commissures connect transversely the paired structures of the Supraesophageal Ganglion, whereas the subenteral commissure (SBC) connects transversely the structures of the subesophageal Ganglion. The innervation of tentacles from the DC makes them homologous to peristomial palps of other annelids. Hypothetical ancestral state of vestimentiferan brain (B) is transitional between annelid brain (A) and vestimentiferan brain (C). Dorsal side to the top. A–supra- and subesophageal ganglia in annelids (after [47]). B–hypothetical transitional state. C–vestimentiferan brain. APN–neurite bundles of palps, B–brain, C–commissure of sbg, CC–circumesophageal connectives, DC–dorsal commissure, DRCC–dorsal (posterior) root of the CC, EC–enteral coelom, LNT–longitudinal nerve tracts projecting from ventral nerve cord into brain, sbg–subesophageal Ganglion, SBC–subenteral commissure, spg–Supraesophageal Ganglion (the brain in annelids), SPC–supraenteral commissure, VRCC–ventral (anterior) root of CC, TEN–neurite bundles of tentacles (palps).
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Longitudinal nerve tracts and main commissures in Riftia brain.
2018Co-Authors: Nadezhda N. Rimskaya-korsakova, Sergey V. GalkinAbstract:3D models of the Riftia brain. Longitudinal nerve tracts (LNT), as circumesophageal connectives, connect supra- and subesophageal ganglia and give rise to dorsal commissure (DC) and supraenteral commissure (SPC) in Supraesophageal Ganglion, and to subenteral commissure (SBC) in subesophageal Ganglion. Giant axons running from giant perikaya lie in anterior DC (not shown) to ventral nerve cord. A-E–main commissures (dorsal, DC, supra-, SPC, and subesophageal, SBC) and longitudinal nerve tracts (LNT). The latter is homologous to circumesophageal connectives in other annelid brains. View sides shown at bottom right of each image. Cube side 255 μm. Dashed lines: neural elements under transparent structures. DC–dorsal commissure, GA–giant axons, EC–enteral coelom, LNT–longitudinal nerve tracts projecting from ventral nerve cord into brain, SBC–subenteral commissure, SPC–supraenteral commissure, XXL–pair of prominent bundles of large longitudinal nerve tracts (part of LNT).
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Brain of juvenile Riftia with a gut rudiment.
2018Co-Authors: Nadezhda N. Rimskaya-korsakova, Sergey V. Galkin, Vladimir V. MalakhovAbstract:Brain of R. pachyptila consists of dorsal and ventral parts divided by the enteral coelom (EC) containing the gut (G) (A, B). The dorsal part is associated with the Supraesophageal Ganglion, the ventral part with the subesophageal Ganglion. A–idealised scheme of sagittal section of vestimentiferan brain, which consists of Supraesophageal and subesophageal ganglia divided by the enteral coelom (EC). Anterior ends to left. B–one of the parasagittal sections of 8-mm-long juvenile; gut rudiment passes through brain. Anterior ends to left. amp–anterior median aggregation of perikarya, CUP–cuticle schield, DC–dorsal commissure, DLN–dorsal longitudinal bundles, ET–excretory tree, G–gut lumen, EC–enteral coelom, H–heart, nep–peripheral perikarya of lateral brain lobes, OBC–obturacular coelom, OBL–obturacular lobes, OBN–obturacular neurite bundles, OBV–obturacular blood vessels, pmp–posterior median perikarya aggregation, SBC–subenteral commissure, SLN–supraenteral longitudinal neurite bundles, SPC–supraenteral commissure, SV–sinus valvatus, vtp–tripartite ventral aggregation of perikarya, VNC–ventral nerve cord, VWF–collar of vestimental wings.
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Anterior brain organization of Riftia.
2018Co-Authors: Nadezhda N. Rimskaya-korsakova, Sergey V. Galkin, Vladimir V. MalakhovAbstract:Scheme of histological cross section based on the anterior brain sections of a 79-mm-long specimen (S1 Fig). Level of section shown at diagram at bottom right. The enteral coelom (EC) enables demarcating position of supra- and subesophageal elements. Enteral coelom (EC) overlain by structures of Supraesophageal Ganglion: peripheral perikarya (nep) surround neuropile of lateral brain lobes (NE). Pair of NE connected via dorsal commissure (DC). Obturacular neurite bundles (OBN) enter DC. Structures of subesophageal Ganglion (tripartite ventral aggregation of perikarya) underlie enteral coelom (EC). amp–anterior median aggregation of perikarya, DC–dorsal commissure, DLN–dorsal longitudinal bundles, dop–dorsal aggregation of perikarya, EP–epidermis, EC–enteral coelom, LNT–longitudinal nerve tracts projecting from VNC into brain, LR–undifferential tentacle lamellae, NE–neuropile of lateral brain lobes, nep–peripheral perikarya of lateral brain lobes, OBC–obturacular coelom, OBL–obturacular lobes, OBN–obturacular neurite bundles, OBV–obturacular blood vessels, SLN–supraenteral longitudinal neurite bundles, TEN–neurite bundles of tentacles (palps), VSN–vertical supraenteral neurite bundles, vtp—tripartite ventral aggregation of perikarya, vvtp–ventral perikarya of vtp, XXL–pair of prominent bundles of large longitudinal nerve tracts (part of LNT).