The Experts below are selected from a list of 15234 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Seth C Murray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessing the impact of corn variety and texas Terroir on flavor and alcohol yield in new make bourbon whiskey
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Robert J. Arnold, Alejandra Ochoa, Chris R Kerth, Rhonda K. Miller, Seth C MurrayAbstract:The whiskey industry is dominated by whiskey styles with recipes that contain corn as the primary grain. However, little research has been conducted to investigate whiskey specific distinctions arising from different corn varieties and growing environments (i.e. Terroir). Further, no studies have investigated the aroma or flavor impacts of different varieties and Terroirs. Here, three different commodity yellow dent hybrid corn varieties were grown on different farms in Texas, spanning from the Texas Panhandle to the Mexico-United States border. Using novel small-batch mashing techniques, a newly developed new-make (i.e. unaged whiskey,immediate by-product of distillation) bourbon sensory lexicon, a trained sensory panel, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), we report for the first time a method for evaluating sample effects on alcohol yield and flavor in new-make bourbon whiskey. We discover that variety, Terroir and their interactions, previously ignored, can substantially affect valuable sensory aspects of whiskey, suggesting the importance of scientifically evaluating corn genetics and agronomy for developing better whiskey. Excitingly, our data suggest milled corn with higher levels of benzadehyde, readily measured by GC-MS/O, correlates with improved sensory aspects of distillate, which must be expensively evaluated using a trained human sensory panel.
Robert J. Arnold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessing the impact of corn variety and texas Terroir on flavor and alcohol yield in new make bourbon whiskey
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Robert J. Arnold, Alejandra Ochoa, Chris R Kerth, Rhonda K. Miller, Seth C MurrayAbstract:The whiskey industry is dominated by whiskey styles with recipes that contain corn as the primary grain. However, little research has been conducted to investigate whiskey specific distinctions arising from different corn varieties and growing environments (i.e. Terroir). Further, no studies have investigated the aroma or flavor impacts of different varieties and Terroirs. Here, three different commodity yellow dent hybrid corn varieties were grown on different farms in Texas, spanning from the Texas Panhandle to the Mexico-United States border. Using novel small-batch mashing techniques, a newly developed new-make (i.e. unaged whiskey,immediate by-product of distillation) bourbon sensory lexicon, a trained sensory panel, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), we report for the first time a method for evaluating sample effects on alcohol yield and flavor in new-make bourbon whiskey. We discover that variety, Terroir and their interactions, previously ignored, can substantially affect valuable sensory aspects of whiskey, suggesting the importance of scientifically evaluating corn genetics and agronomy for developing better whiskey. Excitingly, our data suggest milled corn with higher levels of benzadehyde, readily measured by GC-MS/O, correlates with improved sensory aspects of distillate, which must be expensively evaluated using a trained human sensory panel.
Gérard Barbeau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Changing the scale of characterization of a wine area : from a single protected designation of origin to a vineyard Loire Valley Observatory (ViLVO)
2010Co-Authors: Marie Thiollet-scholtus, M. Badier, Gérard BarbeauAbstract:Terroir is increasingly important today in wine markets. In a large wine production area such as the Loire Valley, the whole territories/Terroirs can be distinguished according to different combinations of geological, soil, climatic and landscape features but are also characterized by their differences and likenesses in terms of combinations of Terroir units and practices. The objective of the study is to obtain a systemic analysis of the typicality of wines conferred by the Terroir in a large territory and identify which practices are associated with the production of typical wines in a given territory or a specific area of wine production. In a previous work, a method was designed to identify some viticultural and enological practices that allow distinguishing wines at the scale of a PDO (Protected Designation of Origin1), in a small territory. The new challenge is to extend the method to the different subbasins of the Loire Valley, and to check if the same results can be obtained for other types of wines. The extension of our method to study the practices of the winegrowers requires some adaptations before it may be applied on a larger scale as in a Vineyard Loire Valley Observatory. The choice of the strategy was to combine a small scale diagnosis with a participatory method with Research Development and Extension (RDE) officers to answer our questions and organize ViLVO. We were thus able (i) to solve some problems such as the working organization of ViLVO users and databases property, (ii) to combine RDE officers and searchers goals around the identification of significant practices associated with wine quality and fame and (iii) to focus on outstanding practices involved in Terroir typicality of Loire Valley wines
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Viticultural Terroirs in Stellenbosch, South Africa. III. Spatialisation of Viticultural and Oenological Potential for Cabernet-Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc by Means of a Preliminary Model
Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 2009Co-Authors: Victoria A. Carey, Eben Archer, Gérard Barbeau, Dawid SaaymanAbstract:Aims: Identification and characterisation of Terroirs depends on knowledge of environmental parameters, functioning of the grapevine and characteristics of the final product. Field studies, resulting in point data, are necessary to investigate the functioning of the grapevine but in order for this information to be of use withing zoning studies it must be placed in spatial context. Methods and results: A knowledge-driven model used the rules generated in regression tree analyses to directly classify natural Terroir units with respect to expected response of Cabernet-Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District. The natural Terroir units were then grouped into Terroir units that were homogeneous with respect to predicted response of selected viticultural and ocnological variables for each studied cultivar. Conclusions: The use of regression tree methodology (CART analyses) enabled the definition of decision trees for spatialisation of this data. Each natural Terroir unit could be evaluated with respect to its potential viticultural and oenological response and thus grouped to identify Terroir units. Significance and impact of the study: The identified Terroir units can only be considered preliminary but the methodology used has promising implications for different scales of study
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Viticultural Terroirs in Stellenbosch, South Africa. II. The Interaction of Cabernet-Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc with Environment
Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 2008Co-Authors: Victoria A. Carey, Gérard Barbeau, Eric Archer, D. SaaymanAbstract:Aims: A Terroir can be defined as a grouping of homogenous environmental units, or natural Terroir units, based oil the typicality of the products obtained. Terroir studies therefore require ail investigation into the response of grapevines to the natural environment. Methods and results: A network of plots of Sauvignon blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon were delimited in commercial vineyards in proximity to weather stations and their response monitored for a period of seven years. Regression tree methodology was used to determine the relative importance of the environmental and management related variables and to determine regression trees for each dependent variable. Excepting for scion clone, which had a high relative importance for bunch mass of Sauvignon blanc and yield to pruning mass index of Cabernet Sauvignon, no other non-environmental variable included in the analyses appeared to have a strong effect on grapevine performance and wine character. The performance of Cabernet-Sauvignon was related to the potassium content of the subsoil and climate (temperature and rainfall) of the season. The performance of Sauvignon blanc appeared to be related to soil texture, wind exposure and temperature of the site and season, both during the green berry growth stage and the month prior to ripening. Conclusions: From the results presented, it appears that environmental parameters have ail overriding effect oil the performance of both Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc but that these two cultivars Tact differently to environmental stimuli. Significance and impact of study: These results should contribute to the identification of viticultural Terroirs with specific agronomic potential for Cabernet-Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc
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Vers une meilleure valorisation des vins : Une méthode pour caractériser les Terroirs
FaçSADe, 2008Co-Authors: Gérard Barbeau, Nicolas Bottois, Etienne Goulet, René MorlatAbstract:Face à une concurence mondialisée, la viticulture française met en avant l'origine géographique pour se démarquer et imposer la typicité liée au Terroir comme critère de qualité de ses vins. Si les Appellations d'Origine Contrôlées, notamment, sont emblématiques de cette politique, la relation entre le Terroir et les caractéristiques des vins reste encore à approfondir et à objectiver. L'unité expérimentale Vigne & Vin d'Angers, en étroite collaboration avec la profession viti-vinicole, propose une méthode permettant d'affiner les délimitationsdes Terroirs et de préciser les cahiers des charges de la production.
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Viticultural Terroirs in Stellenbosch, South Africa. I. the Identification of Natural Terroir Units
Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 2008Co-Authors: Victoria A. Carey, Eben Archer, Gérard Barbeau, Dawid Saayman, M. WallaceAbstract:Aims: A natural Terroir unit (NTU) can be defined as a unit of land that is characterized by relatively homogenous topography, climate, geological substrate and soil. The mapping of NTUs is the first stage of data acquisition in a Terroir study. This study aimed to identify NTUs using a Geographic Information System and to characterize the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District using existing digital information at the scale of a wine producing district. Methods and results: The study area is bordered by mountains, situated close to the Atlantic Ocean and bisected by the Eerste river valley, resulting in notable spatial variation of all climatic parameters. The geology is complex due to the high degree of tectonic movement and mixing of parent material. Terrain morphological units, altitude, aspect and soil type were used as primary keys/variables for the identification of NTUs. Each of the identified units was further described with respect to the extent of the expected sea breeze effect and, for certain of the soil types, the associated parent material. A total of 1389 NTUs were identified in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District. Conclusions: Many of the natural Terroir units identified for the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District are of a size that is not economically or practically viable. Significance and impact of the study: The natural Terroir units should be grouped into larger, more manageable and thus more viable Terroir units using data relating their viticultural and oenological potential. This task will be addressed in subsequent companion papers
Mathieu Fressard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spatial Patterns of Vineyard Abandonment and Related Land Use Transitions in Beaujolais (France): A Multiscale Approach
Sustainability, 2020Co-Authors: Etienne Cossart, Jessica Pic, Yoann Le Guen, Mathieu FressardAbstract:While the resilience of French vineyards is currently threatened, this paper focuses on the Beaujolais Terroir, where the disappearance of vineyards has been qualitatively observed by local stakeholders. A targeted survey was led at three complementary scales. First, we provide an overview of the evolution of agricultural landscapes and practices for the whole Beaujolais area since 1990 from national statistical databases. It shows that the vineyard extent reached a maximum during the 1990s and that significant bifurcation occurred in 2000. Second, we document land use evolution in relation to vineyard abandonment at a more local scale. Three case studies (lower Ardières, Marverand, Merloux) exemplify the main local settings, and the land uses are described over time from an analysis that employed multitemporal photo interpretation. The results quantified the decrease in the vineyard surface extent since 1999: approximately 30% was lost in regular Terroirs and 5% was lost in high added-value Terroirs. Third, at a fine scale, we explained the precise location of the abandoned parcels regarding the site characteristics (e.g., incoming solar radiation, slope gradient, Terroir quality). The results showed differences in evolution patterns between southern and northern Beaujolais. In northern Beaujolais, winegrowers tended to abandon vine parcels that were considered of lower quality; while, in southern Beaujolais, the winegrowers tended to abandon vine parcels in relation to the difficulty of maintenance (remote and steep parcels were preferentially abandoned) or in relation to suburbanization (parcels close to built-up areas were preferentially abandoned).
René Morlat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The use of surveys among wine growers in vineyards of the middle-Loire Valley (France), in relation to Terroir studies
Land Use Policy, 2011Co-Authors: Etienne Goulet, René MorlatAbstract:Studies of Terroir have been increasingly developed during the last two decades, in different vineyards all around the world. The indigenous knowledge and the know-how of wine growers is an important part of the French Terroir concept which must be taken into account in Terroir studies. In the middle-Loire Valley (France) results of Terroir studies were made readily accessible to all the wine growers through cartographic atlases, including maps of Terroir units and their components as well as advisory maps. In this paper, the authors use different kinds of surveys among wine growers for the knowledge of Terroir and show the interest of this approach.Surveys among farmers, performed at their home were developed within the framework of Terroir studies carried out in the Anjou, Chinon and Sarthe vineyards in the middle-Loire Valley (France). A first category of surveys (59) led at the farm scale were used to characterise different vineyards at the socioeconomic level. A second category of surveys (439) carried out at the plot scale have allowed to obtain a knowledge about agro-viticultural practices, and to study the viticultural and grape quality potentials of Terroir units, in the regions studied. Finally, telephone surveys among 244 growers in the Anjou region were used to assess the level of perception of Terroir studies and their impact through directive and semi-directive questionnaires, Socio-economic surveys at the wine farm scale made it possible to establish a general typology of studied vineyards, to identify their characteristics. Results allowed to distinguish between Chinon and Sarthe vineyards, in terms of operating structure, production potential, and typology of growers. Surveys showed large differences in terms of socio-economic aspects between the two studied vineyards.Agro-viticultural surveys, at the plot scale, provided significant differences for grape varieties, rootstocks and soil management practices, between the Chinon and Sarthe vineyards. Crossed with soils properties, these surveys allowed to identify the plant behaviour in terms of timing of the growth cycle, water supply and vine vigour and the potential for grape quality in different Terroir units within an experimental area in Anjou vineyards.In these same vineyards, surveys about the perception and the acceptance of Terroir studies by growers have shown that Terroir studies and cartographic atlases, readily available to wine growers, were known by a large number of producers and used fairly frequently by some of them. Results of surveys indicated that about one quarter of growers were really influenced in their agro-viticultural practices by Terroir studies.The rigorous and systematic use of adapted surveys bodes well for the rapid development of Terroir studies in different vineyards. They make it possible to significantly alleviate classic studies without decreasing their relevance and they constitute an active contribution of wine growers to the characterization of Terroir units. In addition, surveys can allow to assess the level of adaptation of agro-viticultural practices in use in the vineyards
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Vers une meilleure valorisation des vins : Une méthode pour caractériser les Terroirs
FaçSADe, 2008Co-Authors: Gérard Barbeau, Nicolas Bottois, Etienne Goulet, René MorlatAbstract:Face à une concurence mondialisée, la viticulture française met en avant l'origine géographique pour se démarquer et imposer la typicité liée au Terroir comme critère de qualité de ses vins. Si les Appellations d'Origine Contrôlées, notamment, sont emblématiques de cette politique, la relation entre le Terroir et les caractéristiques des vins reste encore à approfondir et à objectiver. L'unité expérimentale Vigne & Vin d'Angers, en étroite collaboration avec la profession viti-vinicole, propose une méthode permettant d'affiner les délimitationsdes Terroirs et de préciser les cahiers des charges de la production.
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Facteurs naturels et humains des Terroirs viticoles français : méthode d'étude et valorisation
2001Co-Authors: René Morlat, Gérard Barbeau, Christian AsselinAbstract:La notion de Terroir sur laquelle repose le système d'Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée, est aujourd'hui vue comme un atout majeur pour faire face à la mondialisation des échanges et à la standardisation des produits. Mais celle-ci reste à la fois à mieux objectiver et à conforter pour renforcer la typicité des produits et améliorer l'adaptation des itinéraires techniques. L'objectif de cette étude est double: d'une part de faire le point des connaissances scientifiques acquises sur l'effet « Terroir» en viticulture; d'autre part de proposer une méthode opérationnelle pour l'étude des Terroirs associant le savoir empirique des vignerons à ces connaissances scientifiques. Le concept développé en Anjou d'Unité Terroir de Base (UTB) a permis de mettre en évidence une relation forte entre les caractéristiques sensorielles d'un vin et son Terroir d'origine. Trois grandes variables explicatives de l'effet Terroir sur la vigne, ont été dégagées: la précocité, le potentiel de vigueur, et enfin le potentiel d'alimentation en eau. Sur ces bases, un modèle de terrain simple à utiliser, reposant sur la profondeur de sol et son degré d'argilisation, a été développé et testé pour identifier et cartographier chaque UTB. Des algorithmes experts, permettant une estimation chiffrée des variables explicatives de l'effet Terroir pour chaque UTB, ont été mis au point. La confrontation de ces données aux connaissances des vignerons montre que le modèle de terrain utilisé permet d'identifier des unités de Terroir généralement pertinentes, vis-à-vis de la réponse de la vigne. L'ensemble de ces études est actuellement valorisé auprès de la filière viticole en Anjou sous la forme d'atlas cartographiques directement utilisables par les vignerons à l'échelle parcellaire, pour une connaissance des Terroirs et une adaptation des pratiques agro-viticoles.
