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Henrik H. Sørensen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • 4. Textual Material Relating to Esoteric Buddhism in China Outside the Taishō, vol. 18–21
    Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, 2011
    Co-Authors: Henrik H. Sørensen
    Abstract:

    This chapter is primarily devoted to a brief discussion of the Esoteric Buddhist works in Chinese not contained in the four volumes of the Taishō dedicated to Esoteric Buddhism, i.e., vol. 18-21. It therefore includes those texts in the Taishō outside the formal Esoteric Buddhist section, works in the Zokuzōkyō , works found among the hoard of Buddhists manuscripts at Dunhuang texts in the non-standard Mt. Fang Tripiṭaka carved in stone, and the text corpus found in Yunnan, most of which are of Dali provenance. The intent is to provide an overview and succinct introduction to the Esoteric Buddhist Material in Chinese, Material that is either less well known or otherwise not readily available in Taishō volumes 18-21. Keywords: Chinese texts; Esoteric Buddhist works; Taisho volumes 18-21; Zokuzōkyō

  • 4 Textual Material relating to esoteric buddhism in china outside the taishō vol 18 21
    2011
    Co-Authors: Henrik H. Sørensen
    Abstract:

    This chapter is primarily devoted to a brief discussion of the Esoteric Buddhist works in Chinese not contained in the four volumes of the Taishō dedicated to Esoteric Buddhism, i.e., vol. 18-21. It therefore includes those texts in the Taishō outside the formal Esoteric Buddhist section, works in the Zokuzōkyō , works found among the hoard of Buddhists manuscripts at Dunhuang texts in the non-standard Mt. Fang Tripiṭaka carved in stone, and the text corpus found in Yunnan, most of which are of Dali provenance. The intent is to provide an overview and succinct introduction to the Esoteric Buddhist Material in Chinese, Material that is either less well known or otherwise not readily available in Taishō volumes 18-21. Keywords: Chinese texts; Esoteric Buddhist works; Taisho volumes 18-21; Zokuzōkyō

Léa Pasqualotti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A cognitive computational model of eye movements investigating visual strategies on Textual Material
    2011
    Co-Authors: Benoît Lemaire, Anne Guérin-dugué, Thierry Baccino, Myriam Chanceaux, Léa Pasqualotti
    Abstract:

    This article presents a computational model of the visual strategies involved in processing Textual Material. An experiment is presented in which participants performed different tasks on a multi-paragraph page (searching a target word, searching the most relevant paragraph according to a goal, memorizing paragraphs). The proposed model predicts eye movements based on 5 parameters. The weighting of parameters is determined for each task by means of a multidimensional comparison of participant and artificial scanpaths.

  • a cognitive computational model of eye movements investigating visual strategies on Textual Material
    Cognitive Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Benoît Lemaire, Thierry Baccino, Myriam Chanceaux, Anne Guerindugue, Léa Pasqualotti
    Abstract:

    A cognitive computational model of eye movements investigating visual strategies on Textual Material Benoit Lemaire (Benoit.Lemaire@upmf-grenoble.fr) LPNC, CNRS & University of Grenoble, France Anne Guerin-Dugue (anne.guerin@gipsa-lab.grenoble-inp.fr) Gipsa-lab, CNRS & University of Grenoble, France Thierry Baccino (Thierry.Baccino@univ-paris8.fr) Lutin Userlab, CNRS & Cite des Sciences et de l'Industrie, Paris, France Myriam Chanceaux (Myriam.Chanceaux@univ-provence.fr) LPC, CNRS & University of Provence, Marseille, France Lea Pasqualotti (pasqualotti@lutin-userlab.fr) Lutin Userlab, CNRS & Cite des Sciences et de l'Industrie, Paris, France Abstract This article presents a computational model of the visual stra- tegies involved in processing Textual Material. An experiment is presented in which participants performed different tasks on a multi-paragraph page (searching a target word, searching the most relevant paragraph according to a goal, memorizing paragraphs). The proposed model predicts eye movements based on 5 parameters. The weighting of parameters is determined for each task by means of a multidimensional comparison of participant and artificial scanpaths. Keywords: Computational model; Eye movements; Visual strategy; Text. Introduction Reading a text is a complex task which has been widely studied in cognitive science. Several models have been proposed to account for the peculiarities of human eye movements and especially the sequence of fixations and saccades that can be nowadays easily observed and recorded. For instance, EZ-Reader (Reichle, 2003) proposes a detailed model of how low-level processes such as oculomotor control, attention, visual processing and word identification combine to produce a relevant scanpath. In addition to a theoretical framework, EZ-Reader offers a computational model which can be run on a specific text. Those models are models of reading. A typical reading scanpath is a sequence of short forward saccades followed by a long backward saccade going to the beginning of the next line, then short forward saccades, etc. until the end of the text. Not all words are fixated and there can be short regressive saccades (up to 20% of all fixations) but the general shape looks like that. However, texts can be processed in different ways: when you are searching information on a web page, not all the words of all the lines are processed. Sometimes, a specific word tells you that the current sentence is probably not relevant and you jump a few lines. You can also quickly choose to abandon the current paragraph and move to another one. Another way to process a text is to search for a particular word. The scanpath then looks even more different: only some words are fixated in a very fast browsing of the text. However, if you read to learn the text, you will show short forward saccades as usual, but also a high proportion of regressive saccades, even moving to previous lines, in order to make sure that information is correctly stored in memory. Simola et al. (2008) showed that different tasks on Textual Material produce different kind of scanpaths. Carver (1990) distinguished five kinds of processes (visual strategies), based on variations of reading rates: • Scanning is performed at 600 words/min and is used when readers are looking for a particular word; • Skimming is used when readers need to get a quick overview of the content of the text (450 words/min.); • Rauding is normal reading (300 words/min.); • Learning is performed at 200 words/min. It is used when readers try to acquire knowledge from the text; • Memorizing is used when readers want to memorize the text, therefore constantly verifying that information have been memorized (138 words/min.). These processes differ in reading rates, but also in the length of saccades, fixation durations and number of regressions. The aim of the present study was to design a cognitive computational model of eye movement that would account for all these strategies. The idea is to base this model on a very small number of parameters that can generate this variety of scanpaths, when appropriately tuned. The first purpose is to know the contribution of each of these variables in the production of the scanpath. For example, the spatial distance to the next fixation (saccade amplitude) is a key variable in rauding (words that are spatially close are much more likely to be selected than distant words) whereas it is not as important in scanning.

Calvin Kalman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Enabling Students to Develop a Scientific Mindset
    Science & Education, 2010
    Co-Authors: Calvin Kalman
    Abstract:

    This paper is centered on getting students to understand the nature of science (NOS) by considering historical Material in relation to modern philosophers of science. This paper incorporates the methodology of contrasting cases in the calculus-based introductory physics course on optics and modern physics. Students study one philosopher all semester as a group project and report regularly on how their philosopher would view the subject matter of the course. Almost all of the students were able to argue successfully on the final examination about all three philosophers. Students become aware that the same Textual Material can be viewed in a variety of ways. The answers that students give about the NOS have become clearer at the end of the course.

Barbara Gerke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Benoît Lemaire - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A cognitive computational model of eye movements investigating visual strategies on Textual Material
    2011
    Co-Authors: Benoît Lemaire, Anne Guérin-dugué, Thierry Baccino, Myriam Chanceaux, Léa Pasqualotti
    Abstract:

    This article presents a computational model of the visual strategies involved in processing Textual Material. An experiment is presented in which participants performed different tasks on a multi-paragraph page (searching a target word, searching the most relevant paragraph according to a goal, memorizing paragraphs). The proposed model predicts eye movements based on 5 parameters. The weighting of parameters is determined for each task by means of a multidimensional comparison of participant and artificial scanpaths.

  • a cognitive computational model of eye movements investigating visual strategies on Textual Material
    Cognitive Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Benoît Lemaire, Thierry Baccino, Myriam Chanceaux, Anne Guerindugue, Léa Pasqualotti
    Abstract:

    A cognitive computational model of eye movements investigating visual strategies on Textual Material Benoit Lemaire (Benoit.Lemaire@upmf-grenoble.fr) LPNC, CNRS & University of Grenoble, France Anne Guerin-Dugue (anne.guerin@gipsa-lab.grenoble-inp.fr) Gipsa-lab, CNRS & University of Grenoble, France Thierry Baccino (Thierry.Baccino@univ-paris8.fr) Lutin Userlab, CNRS & Cite des Sciences et de l'Industrie, Paris, France Myriam Chanceaux (Myriam.Chanceaux@univ-provence.fr) LPC, CNRS & University of Provence, Marseille, France Lea Pasqualotti (pasqualotti@lutin-userlab.fr) Lutin Userlab, CNRS & Cite des Sciences et de l'Industrie, Paris, France Abstract This article presents a computational model of the visual stra- tegies involved in processing Textual Material. An experiment is presented in which participants performed different tasks on a multi-paragraph page (searching a target word, searching the most relevant paragraph according to a goal, memorizing paragraphs). The proposed model predicts eye movements based on 5 parameters. The weighting of parameters is determined for each task by means of a multidimensional comparison of participant and artificial scanpaths. Keywords: Computational model; Eye movements; Visual strategy; Text. Introduction Reading a text is a complex task which has been widely studied in cognitive science. Several models have been proposed to account for the peculiarities of human eye movements and especially the sequence of fixations and saccades that can be nowadays easily observed and recorded. For instance, EZ-Reader (Reichle, 2003) proposes a detailed model of how low-level processes such as oculomotor control, attention, visual processing and word identification combine to produce a relevant scanpath. In addition to a theoretical framework, EZ-Reader offers a computational model which can be run on a specific text. Those models are models of reading. A typical reading scanpath is a sequence of short forward saccades followed by a long backward saccade going to the beginning of the next line, then short forward saccades, etc. until the end of the text. Not all words are fixated and there can be short regressive saccades (up to 20% of all fixations) but the general shape looks like that. However, texts can be processed in different ways: when you are searching information on a web page, not all the words of all the lines are processed. Sometimes, a specific word tells you that the current sentence is probably not relevant and you jump a few lines. You can also quickly choose to abandon the current paragraph and move to another one. Another way to process a text is to search for a particular word. The scanpath then looks even more different: only some words are fixated in a very fast browsing of the text. However, if you read to learn the text, you will show short forward saccades as usual, but also a high proportion of regressive saccades, even moving to previous lines, in order to make sure that information is correctly stored in memory. Simola et al. (2008) showed that different tasks on Textual Material produce different kind of scanpaths. Carver (1990) distinguished five kinds of processes (visual strategies), based on variations of reading rates: • Scanning is performed at 600 words/min and is used when readers are looking for a particular word; • Skimming is used when readers need to get a quick overview of the content of the text (450 words/min.); • Rauding is normal reading (300 words/min.); • Learning is performed at 200 words/min. It is used when readers try to acquire knowledge from the text; • Memorizing is used when readers want to memorize the text, therefore constantly verifying that information have been memorized (138 words/min.). These processes differ in reading rates, but also in the length of saccades, fixation durations and number of regressions. The aim of the present study was to design a cognitive computational model of eye movement that would account for all these strategies. The idea is to base this model on a very small number of parameters that can generate this variety of scanpaths, when appropriately tuned. The first purpose is to know the contribution of each of these variables in the production of the scanpath. For example, the spatial distance to the next fixation (saccade amplitude) is a key variable in rauding (words that are spatially close are much more likely to be selected than distant words) whereas it is not as important in scanning.

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