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Daniel A Farber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Thirty Years War over federal regulation
Texas Law Review, 2013Co-Authors: Daniel A FarberAbstract:The Thirty Years War over Federal Regulation FREEDOM TO HARM: THE LASTING LEGACY OF THE LAISSEZ FAIRE REVIVAL. By Thomas O. McGarity. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2013. 408 pages. $45.Freedom to Harm is an impassioned yet meticulous study of the conservative backlash against federal regulation. A coalition of libertarian ideologues and business interests, Professor Thomas McGarity1 argues, has succeeded in undermining federal regulation, putting at risk public health and safety.2 In the course of making this argument, Freedom to Harm provides a remarkably detailed account of how federal regulation has evolved in the third of a century since Ronald Reagan took the oath of office.3 This account extends beyond well-studied areas such as environmental law4 to include less studied areas such as worker and transportation safety.5This Review will use the evidence McGarity assembles as a lens for examining regulatory history since Reagan became president. Although the available evidence presented is necessarily incomplete, it suggests strongly that the opponents of regulation have had only mixed success.6 Legislative efforts to roll back the regulatory state have given rise to pitched political battles but in the end have not infrequently ended in at least small expansions of agency authority. Opponents of regulation have had more luck in the rulemaking process, where they have often succeeded in delaying or killing regulatory efforts or in weakening the final regulations. They have successfully allied with advocates of "smarter regulation" in some of these efforts. Yet, in the end, the body of federal regulation has continued to grow almost unabated.7 The biggest success of the opponents of regulation has come through budget cuts and policy changes that have weakened enforcement, but even there, other factors may have helped soften the impact on the beneficiaries of regulation.A brief roadmap of what follows: The body of the Review begins with an overview of McGarity's thesis. The succeeding sections of the Review cover his discussion of the legislative battles over the scope of federal regulation, followed by evaluations of the evolution of rulemaking and of the evidence about declining agency enforcement efforts. The Review closes with some very brief comments about the implications of the historical record.I. The Origins of the Anti-Regulatory BacklashThe story McGarity tells is one of decline from the laws of the 1960s and 1970s that reformulated the social contract between business and the public. Clearly, the period beginning with the Kennedy Administration and ending with the election of Ronald Reagan, which McGarity dubs the public interest era,8 was a time of remarkable legislative activity.9 The story begins in 1962, when Congress revamped the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in response to the thalidomide tragedy.10 In 1972 Congress created the Consumer Product Safety Commission11 (although legislation significantly weakening the agency was passed in 1976).12 But the biggest advances took place in the 1970s, when Congress empowered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).13 In environmental law, the change in the regulatory landscape was particularly dramatic, with major new federal legislation dealing with air pollution, water pollution, strip-mining, and wetlands,14 as well as offshore oil drilling.15 With considerable justification,16 McGarity argues that these programs have been a boon for Americans, resulting in "many remarkable improvements in consumer welfare, public health and safety, and the environment."17 In particular, "[t]he nation's air is cleaner, its waters are less polluted, and its workplaces, highways, railways, and airways are much safer" than before the wave of government regulation that began a century ago.18 Yet, this era of enthusiasm for new regulations prompted a backlash that continues today. …
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the Thirty Years War over federal regulation
Social Science Research Network, 2013Co-Authors: Daniel A FarberAbstract:Using the evidence Tom McGarity assembles in his recent book 'Freedom to Harm', this paper examines regulatory history during the Thirty-plus Years since Reagan became president. Although the available evidence presented is necessarily incomplete, it suggests strongly that the opponents of regulation have had only mixed success. Legislative efforts to roll back the regulatory state have given rise to pitched political battles, but in the end have not infrequently ended in modest expansions of agency authority. Opponents of regulation have had more luck in the rule-making process, where they have succeeded in delaying or killing regulatory efforts or in weakening the final regulations. They have successfully joined advocates of “smarter regulation” in some of these efforts. Yet, in the end, the body of federal regulation has continued to grow almost unabated. The biggest success of the opponents of regulation has come through budget cuts and policy changes that have weakened enforcement, but even there, other factors may have helped soften the impact on the beneficiaries of regulation. Altogether, despite the frustrations of environmentalists, this has also been a dismal period for opponents of the regulatory state.
Larry Neal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the variety of financial innovations in european War finance during the Thirty Years War 1618 1648
2018Co-Authors: Larry NealAbstract:Financing the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) created new pressures on the traditional forms of War finance for governments throughout Europe, including the monetary reform of 1622 in Naples. Most European governments responded with innovations in public finance, some of which foreshadowed elements of modern financial systems. Nowhere, however, did they coalesce into a fully articulated and effective modern financial system at the time, although both Naples and Milan came close. Failures were especially clear in Austria, Spain and France, but even apparent successes in England and Holland led to three Anglo-Dutch Wars afterWards that stymied further progress by either government. Their failures demonstrate the difficulty of coordinating and maintaining the many components that comprise a modern financial system.
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a concise history of international finance from babylon to bernanke
2015Co-Authors: Larry NealAbstract:1. Introduction 2. Distant beginnings: the first 3,000 Years 3. The Italians invent modern finance 4. The rise of international financial capitalism: the seventeenth century 5. The 'big bang' of financial capitalism: financing and refinancing the Mississippi and South Sea Companies, 1688-1720 6. The rise and spread of financial capitalism, 1720-89 7. Financial innovations during the 'birth of the modern', 1789-1830: a tale of three revolutions 8. British recovery and attempts to imitate in the US, France and Germany, 1825-50 9. Financial globalization takes off: the spread of sterling and the rise of the gold standard, 1848-79 10. The first global financial market and the classical gold standard, 1880-1914 11. The Thirty Years War and the disruption of international finance, 1914-44 12. The Bretton Woods era and the re-emergence of global finance, 1945-73 13. From turmoil to the 'Great Moderation', 1973-2007 14. The sub-prime crisis and the aftermath, 2007-14 References Index.
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the Thirty Years War and the disruption of international finance 1914 1944
2015Co-Authors: Larry NealAbstract:The outbreak of the Great War in the summer of 1914 created a whirlpool of financial disturbances that disrupted completely the global financial market. Until then, international finance, operating both through banks with foreign branches and correspondents and securities markets open to corporations and customers both domestic and foreign, had been expanding worldwide. When Austria declared War on Serbia on Tuesday July 28, stock exchanges in Montreal, Toronto and Madrid closed, followed on Wednesday July 29, by the closure of exchanges in Vienna, Budapest, Brussels, Antwerp, Berlin, and Rome. On July 30, St. Petersburg and all South American countries closed, as did the Paris Bourse ; first on the Coulisse (the bankers’ market) and then on the Parquet (the official exchange). When even the London Stock Exchange shut down on Friday morning July 31, only the exchanges in New York remained as markets where the world's panic could vent. All this happened before the Great Powers themselves got around to declaring War. As with the outbreak of Wars in the past, there was an immediate scramble for liquidity and the pound sterling rose sharply on the foreign exchanges (Keynes 1914). The shock of universal sell orders on all the world's stock exchanges was completely predictable, but two aspects were new and cause for future concern whenever the hostilities ended. First was the extent to which foreigners with open positions on the London Stock Exchange and with the London discount houses were unable to meet their obligations. The importance of the London money market for the finance of international trade meant that the outbreak of general hostilities inflicted what we now call “counterparty risk” upon the entire financial community of London. As the bulk of the world's international trade at the time was then financed through the London money market, whether a British firm was actually involved in the trade or not, counterparty risk reverberated throughout the world. The second problem encountered in London was the pusillanimity with which the London banking community met the systemic liquidity crisis (Keynes 1914, pp. 461–462).
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how it all began the monetary and financial architecture of europe during the first global capital markets 1648 1815
Financial History Review, 2000Co-Authors: Larry NealAbstract:Larry Neal , How it all began: the monetary and financial architecture of Europe during the first global capital markets, 1648–1815 The Treaty of Westphalia created the modern nation-state system of Europe and set the stage for the long-term success of financial capitalism. The new sovereign states experimented with competing monetary regimes during their Wars over the next century and two-thirds while they extended and perfected the financial innovations in War finance developed during the Thirty Years War. The Dutch maintained fixed exchange rates, the French insisted on exercising monetary independence, while the English placed priority on free movement of international capital. In struggling with the trilemma of choosing among the goals of maintaining fixed exchange rates, monetary independence and free movement of capital, the governments of early modern Europe learned many valuable lessons. By the time of the Napoleonic Wars, the innovations that emphasised reliance on financial markets rather than on financial institutions proved their superiority.
Erik Hornung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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immigration and the diffusion of technology the huguenot diaspora in prussia
The American Economic Review, 2014Co-Authors: Erik HornungAbstract:This paper analyzes long-term effects of skilled-worker immigration on productivity for the Huguenots migration to Prussia. We combine Huguenot immigration lists from 1700 with Prussian firm-level data on the value of inputs and outputs in 1802 in a unique data base. In 1685, religious persecution drove highly skilled Huguenots out of France into backWard Brandenburg-Prussia where they were channeled into towns to compensate population losses due to plagues during the Thirty Years’ War. Exploiting this settlement pattern in an instrumental-variable approach, we still find causal effects of Huguenot settlement on the productivity of textile manufactories hundred Years after their immigration.
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immigration and the diffusion of technology the huguenot diaspora in prussia
The American Economic Review, 2014Co-Authors: Erik HornungAbstract:Abstract This paper analyzes long-term effects of skilled-worker immigration on productivity for the Huguenot migration to Prussia. In 1685, religiously persecuted French Huguenots settled in Brandenburg-Prussia and compensated for population losses due to plagues during the Thirty Years’ War. We combine Huguenot immigration lists from 1700 with Prussian firm-level data on the value of inputs and outputs in 1802 in a unique database to analyze the effects of skilled immigration to places with underused economic potential. Exploiting this settlement pattern in an instrumental-variable approach, we find substantial long-term effects of Huguenot settlement on the productivity of textile manufactories. (JEL J24, J61, L67, N33, N63, O33, O47)
Peter H Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Thirty Years War a sourcebook
2010Co-Authors: Peter H WilsonAbstract:List of Maps and Figures Chronology Introduction Political and Religious Tension in the Empire after 1555 Confessional Polarisation? Protestant Union and Catholic League Crisis in the Habsburg Monarchy The Bohemian Revolt and its Aftermath Spain and the Netherlands The War in Western and Northern Germany 1621-9 The Catholic Ascendancy The Edict of Restitution Swedish Intervention The Destruction of Magdeburg, 1631 Sweden's Search for Security and ReWard, 1631-5 Wallenstein's Second Generalship 1632-4 The Peace of Prague, 1635 War and Politics, 1635-40 Military Organisation and the War Economy Experience Peace Making 1641-8 The Peace of Westphalia Peace Implementation, Celebration and Commemoration Guide to Further Reading Index
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europe s tragedy a new history of the Thirty Years War
2010Co-Authors: Peter H WilsonAbstract:This title is the winner of the Society for Military History Distinguished Book AWard 2011. The horrific series of conflicts known as the Thirty Years War (1618-48) tore the heart out of Europe, killing perhaps a quarter of all Germans and laying waste to whole areas of Central Europe to such a degree that many towns and regions never recovered. All the major European powers apart from Russia were heavily involved and, while each country started out with rational War aims, the fighting rapidly spiralled out of control, with great battles giving way to marauding bands of starving soldiers spreading plague and murder. The War was both a religious and a political one and it was this tangle of motives that made it impossible to stop. Whether motivated by idealism or cynicism, everyone drawn into the conflict was destroyed by it. At its end a recognizably modern Europe had been created but at a terrible price. Peter Wilson's book is a major work, the first new history of the War in a generation, and a fascinating, brilliantly written attempt to explain a compelling series of events. Wilson's great strength is in allowing the reader to understand the tragedy of mixed motives that allowed rulers to gamble their countries' future with such horrifying results. The principal actors in the drama (Wallenstein, Ferdinand II, Gustavus Adolphus, Richelieu) are all here, but so is the experience of the ordinary soldiers and civilians, desperately trying to stay alive under impossible circumstances.
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the Thirty Years War europe s tragedy
2009Co-Authors: Peter H WilsonAbstract:* List of Illustrations * List of Maps and Battle Plans * List of Tables * Note on Form * The Habsburg Family Tree 1500-1665 * Note on Currencies * Preface Part one: Beginnings * Introduction Three Men and a Window Interpretations The Argument * Trouble in the Heart of Christendom The Empire Confessionalization Religion and Imperial Law * Casa d'Austria Lands and Dynasty Estates and Confession The Catholic Revival * The Turkish War and its Consequences The Turkish Menace The Ways of War The Long Turkish War The Brothers' Quarrel * Pax Hispanica The Spanish Monarchy The Dutch Revolt 1568-1609 The Spanish Road Spanish Peace-making 161 * Dominium Maris Baltici Denmark The Divided House of Vasa Poland-Lithuania * From Rudolf to Matthias 1582-1612 Religion and the German Princes Confession and Imperial Politics to 1608 Union and Liga 1608-9 The Ju lich-Cleves Crisis 1609-10 * On the Brink? Emperor Matthias The Uskok War and the Habsburg Succession 1615-17 255 Palatine Brinkmanship Part Two: Conflict * The Bohemian Revolt 1618-20 For Liberty and Privilege A King for a Crown Ferdinand Gathers his Forces White Mountain Accounting for Failure * Ferdinand Triumphant 1621-4 The Palatine Cause Protestant Paladins The Catholic Ascendancy 1621-9 * Olivares and Richelieu Olivares Richelieu The Valtellina * Denmark's War against the Emperor 1625-9 Trouble in Lower Saxony Wallenstein Denmark's Defeat 1626-9 * The Threat of European War 1628-30 The Baltic The Netherlands Mantua and La Rochelle The Edict of Restitution The Regensburg Electoral Congress 1630 * The Lion of the North 1630-2 Swedish Intervention Between the Lion and the Eagle The Swedish Empire Calls for Assistance Zenith * Without Gustavus 1633-4 The Heilbronn League Tension along the Rhine Spain Intervenes Wallenstein: the Final Act The Two Ferdinands * For the Liberty of Germany 1635-6 Richelieu Resolves on War The War in the West 1635-6 The Peace of Prague 1635 Appeals to Patriotism Renewed Efforts for Peace * Habsburg High Tide 1637-40 Stalemate Resolution on the Rhine Peace for North Germany? * In the Balance 1641-3 The Franco-Swedish Alliance 1641 The War in the Empire 1642-3 Spain's Growing Crisis 1635-43 From Breda to Rocroi 1637-43 * Pressure to Negotiate 1644-5 The Westphalian Congress France in Germany 1644 The Baltic Becomes Swedish 1643-5 1645: Annus horribilis et mirabilis * War or Peace 1646-8 A Crisis of Confidence 1646 ToWards Consensus Spain's Peace with the Dutch The Final Round 1648 Part Three: Aftermath * The Westphalian Settlement The International Dimension A Christian Peace Demobilization The Imperial Recovery * The Human and Material Cost An All-destructive Fury? The Demographic Impact The Economic Impact The Crisis of the Territorial State Cultural Impact * Experiencing War The Nature of Experience Military-Civil Relations Perceptions Commemoration * Abbreviations * Notes * Index
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europe s tragedy a history of the Thirty Years War
2009Co-Authors: Peter H WilsonAbstract:The horrific series of conflicts known as the Thirty Years War (1618-48) tore the heart out of Europe, killing perhaps a quarter of all Germans and laying waste to whole areas of Central Europe to such a degree that many towns and regions never recovered. All the major European powers apart from Russia were heavily involved and, while each country started out with rational War aims, the fighting rapidly spiralled out of control, with great battles giving way to marauding bands of starving soldiers spreading plague and murder. The War was both a religious and a political one and it was this tangle of motives that made it impossible to stop. Whether motivated by idealism or cynicism, everyone drawn into the conflict was destroyed by it. At its end a recognizably modern Europe had been created but at a terrible price. Peter Wilson's book is a major work, the first new history of the War in a generation, and a fascinating, brilliantly written attempt to explain a compelling series of events. Wilson's great strength is in allowing the reader to understand the tragedy of mixed motives that allowed rulers to gamble their countries' future with such horrifying results. The principal actors in the drama (Wallenstein, Ferdinand II, Gustavus Adolphus, Richelieu) are all here, but so is the experience of the ordinary soldiers and civilians, desperately trying to stay alive under impossible circumstances. The extraordinary narrative of the War haunted Europe's leaders into the twentieth century (comparisons with 1939-45 were entirely appropriate) and modern Europe cannot be understood without reference to this dreadful conflict.
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the causes of the Thirty Years War 1618 48
The English Historical Review, 2008Co-Authors: Peter H WilsonAbstract:The Thirty Years War (1618-48) was the most destructive conflict in Europe before the twentieth-century world Wars. There are several explanations of what caused the War, but these rarely discuss the merits of alternative interpretations, nor do they make their own underlying assumptions explicit. Anglophone scholarship generally fits the War into a wider struggle against Spanish Habsburg hegemony, whereas older German writing saw it as a conflict beginning in the Holy Roman Empire but fusing with Wars elsewhere. Others place greater emphasis on structural causes, interpreting the War as the culmination of a ‘General Crisis of the seventeenth century’ attributed to social, economic or environmental factors. More recently, there has been a return to the view that it was a religious War, or that it was a ‘state-building War’ related to the transition from medieval to modern political organisation. This article reviews these approaches and investigates how they work as historical explanations, before suggesting an alternative. It identifies the difficulty in defining the War as a chief obstacle to explaining its causes. While related to other European conflicts, the Thirty Years War was primarily a struggle over the political and religious order within the Empire. It was neither inevitable, nor the result of irreconcilable religious antagonism. Rather, it stemmed from a coincidence of tension within the Empire with a political and dynastic crisis within the Habsburg monarchy that undermined confidence in the emperor's ability to resolve long-standing constitutional problems.
Iskander Magadeev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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вторая тридцатилетняя война 1914 1945 гг о некоторых особенностях развития международных отношений в европе на пути ко второй мировой войне second Thirty Years War of 1914 1945 some features of international relations on the way to the second world War
Social Science Research Network, 2014Co-Authors: Iskander MagadeevAbstract:Russian Abstract: Статья посвящена критическому анализу концепции «второй тридцатилетней войны», которая активно используется в западной историографии для характеристики международных отношений в 1914–1945 гг. Автор отмечает, что, несмотря на популярность, в настоящий момент в исторической науке так и не сложилось сколько-нибудь четкого определения этой концепции. Стремясь восполнить этот пробел, в первой части статьи автор обращается к изучению истории возникновения концепции «второй тридцатилетней войны» и ее отдельных интерпретаций, выделяя два крупных подхода к определению предмета рассматриваемой концепции: политический и экономический. В первом случае в центре внимания оказываются перипетии международных отношений межвоенного периода, во втором – экономические аспекты послевоенного урегулирования. Во второй части статьи ставится задача на основе анализа ключевых тенденций развития международных отношений в 1920–1930-х годах выявить и оценить эпистемологический потенциал каждого из этих подходов. В центре внимания оказываются такие сюжеты, как Локарнские соглашения 1925 г. и попытки создания системы коллективной безопасности в Европе, проблемы военно-стратегического планирования и послевоенного экономического развития. Автор заключает, что в настоящий момент использование обеих трактовок концепции «второй тридцатилетней войны» ведет к неоправданному упрощению крайне противоречивых тенденций развития международных отношений в межвоенный период, однако в то же время основная идея, заложенная в этой концепции, – о необходимости осмысления периода двух мировых войн как особого, внутренне единого исторического феномена – является весьма перспективной, открывая дорогу для «глобальных», междисциплинарных исторических исследований. English Abstract: The focal point of the article – the conception of ‘Second Thirty Years’ War’ (1941–1945) and its relevance to the history of the international relations in Europe in the interWar period. Basing on the wide range of archival and published sources, the dynamics of the interWar international situation is revealed. Deficit of works dealing with the history of ‘Second Thirty Years’ War’ conception made it necessary to analyse its genesis and evolution. The W.S. Churchill’s role in its formulation and rather wide popularity was shown. After the detection of the main ideas implied in the conception, they were tested on the historical material. It was revealed that not all of them adequately characterize the historical realities of interWar European history. The thesis of predetermination of the Second World War by the Versailles treaty is challenged by the fact that international order in Europe evolved significantly after 1919, some features of the peace treaty were de facto revised. It is argued also that the idea of the Versailles treaty’s viciousness was actively used by the Nazi and the advocates of ‘appeasement’ policy to justify their actions. Finally the German menace was not perceived as primordial by many decision-makers in the 1930s. In the conclusion some perspective ways for further historical researches of the interWar period history are indicated.
