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T. W. Welacky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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simulating crop yield surface runoff Tile Drainage and phosphorus loss in a clay loam soil of the lake erie region using epic
Agricultural Water Management, 2018Co-Authors: Zhaozhi Wang, T. Q. Zhang, C. S. Tan, R A J Taylor, X Wang, T. W. WelackyAbstract:Abstract Useful in evaluating best management practices and nutrient management planning, the prediction of phosphorus (P) transfer from agricultural lands to water bodies via surface runoff and Tile Drainage remains as a challenge, as few models can provide reasonably accurate P loss simulations. The EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) model was firstly applied to simulate crop yields, surface runoff, Tile Drainage, and dissolved reactive P (DRP) losses under a corn-soybean rotation grown on a “cracking” Brookston clay loam soil (Vertisol) in the Lake Erie basin, Ontario, Canada. Different potential evapotranspiration and curve number equations were compared to determine the most suitable equations (Penman-Monteith equation and variable Daily Curve Number with soil moisture index) for this region. A crack flow coefficient was used to deal with inflow partitioned to cracks. A soil layer below Tile drain with low saturated hydraulic conductivity was employed in simulating the experimental site, where most water was leaving the field through Tile drain. Lateral subsurface flow was used to substitute for Drainage. Annual simulations of crop grain yield, cumulative surface runoff, and cumulative Drainage closely matched observed data. Over shorter periods (months), surface runoff (NSE = 0.78), Tile Drainage (NSE = 0.57), and relevant DRP loss (NSE > 0.5) simulations were satisfactory, except for two periods of DRP loss in surface runoff, where most DRP moved downward through lateral flow and deep percolation due to limitations in the crack flow coefficient. For this vertic soil, EPIC generally simulated crop yields and flow volumes well, while DRP losses were only adequately simulated.
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Solid Cattle Manure Less Prone to Phosphorus Loss in Tile Drainage Water.
Journal of environmental quality, 2018Co-Authors: Y.t. Wang, Chin S. Tan, T. Q. Zhang, T. W. WelackyAbstract:Forms (e.g., liquid and solid) of manure influence the risk of P loss after land application. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of P-based application of various forms of cattle manure (liquid, LCM; or solid, SCM) or inorganic P as triple superphosphate (IP) on soil P losses in Tile Drainage water. A 4-yr field experiment was conducted in a clay loam soil with a corn ( L.)-soybean [ (L.) Merr.] rotation in the Lake Erie basin. Over the 4 yr, the dissolved reactive P (DRP) flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) in Tile Drainage water was greater under SCM fertilization than under either IP or LCM fertilization. Despite its lower value on an annual basis, DRP FWMC rose dramatically immediately after LCM application. However, the differences in DRP FWMC did not result in detectable differences in DRP loads. Regarding particulate P and total P losses during the 4 yr, they were 68 and 47%, respectively, lower in the soils amended with SCM than in those with IP, whereas both values were similar between IP and LCM treatments. Overall, the P contained in solid cattle manure was less prone to P loss after land application. Accordingly, the present results can provide a basis for manure storage and application of best management practices designed to reduce P losses and improve crop growth.
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Soil phosphorus loss in Tile Drainage water from long-term conventional- and non-tillage soils of Ontario with and without compost addition.
The Science of the total environment, 2016Co-Authors: T. Q. Zhang, C. S. Tan, Y.t. Wang, T. W. WelackyAbstract:Recent ascertainment of Tile Drainage a predominant pathway of soil phosphorus (P) loss, along with the rise in concentration of soluble P in the Lake Erie, has led to a need to re-examine the impacts of agricultural practices. A three-year on-farm study was conducted to assess P loss in Tile Drainage water under long-term conventional- (CT) and non-tillage (NT) as influenced by yard waste leaf compost (LC) application in a Brookston clay loam soil. The effects of LC addition on soil P loss in Tile Drainage water varied depending on P forms and tillage systems. Under CT, dissolved reactive P (DRP) loss with LC addition over the study period was 765g P ha-1, 2.9 times higher than CT without LC application, due to both a 50% increase in Tile Drainage flow volume and a 165% increase in DRP concentration. Under NT, DRP loss in Tile Drainage water with LC addition was 1447gPha-1, 5.3 times greater than that for NT without LC application; this was solely caused by a 564% increase in DRP concentration. However, particulate P loads in Tile Drainage water with LC application remained unchanged, relative to non-LC application, regardless of tillage systems. Consequently, LC addition led to an increase in total P loads in Tile Drainage water by 57 and 69% under CT and NT, respectively. The results indicate that LC application may become an environmental concern due to increased DRP loss, particularly under NT.
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Impacts of soil conditioners and water table management on phosphorus loss in Tile Drainage from a clay loam soil.
Journal of environmental quality, 2015Co-Authors: T. Q. Zhang, Chin S. Tan, T. W. Welacky, Z. M. Zheng, W D ReynoldsAbstract:Adoption of waste-derived soil conditioners and refined water management can improve soil physical quality and crop productivity of fine-textured soils. However, the impacts of these practices on water quality must be assessed to ensure environmental sustainability. We conducted a study to determine phosphorus (P) loss in Tile Drainage as affected by two types of soil conditioners (yard waste compost and swine manure compost) and water table management (free Drainage and controlled Drainage with subirrigation) in a clay loam soil under corn–soybean rotation in a 4-yr period from 1999 to 2003. Tile Drainage flows were monitored and sampled on a year-round continuous basis using on-site auto-sampling systems. Water samples were analyzed for dissolved reactive P (DRP), particulate P (PP), and total P (TP). Substantially greater concentrations and losses of DRP, PP, and TP occurred with swine manure compost than with control and yard waste compost regardless of water table management. Compared with free Drainage, controlled Drainage with subirrigation was an effective way to reduce annual and cumulative losses of DRP, PP, and TP in Tile Drainage through reductions in flow volume and P concentration with control and yard waste compost but not with swine manure compost. Both DRP and TP concentrations in Tile Drainage were well above the water quality guideline for P, affirming that subsurface loss of P from fine-textured soils can be one critical source for freshwater eutrophication. Swine manure compost applied as a soil conditioner must be optimized by taking water quality impacts into consideration.
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reducing nitrate loss in Tile Drainage water with cover crops and water table management systems
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2014Co-Authors: C.f. Drury, T. O. Oloya, T. W. Welacky, T. Q. Zhang, W D Reynolds, Neil B Mclaughlin, J. D. GaynorAbstract:: Nitrate lost from agricultural soils is an economic cost to producers, an environmental concern when it enters rivers and lakes, and a health risk when it enters wells and aquifers used for drinking water. Planting a winter wheat cover crop (CC) and/or use of controlled Tile Drainage-subirrigation (CDS) may reduce losses of nitrate (NO) relative to no cover crop (NCC) and/or traditional unrestricted Tile Drainage (UTD). A 6-yr (1999-2005) corn-soybean study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of CC+CDS, CC+UTD, NCC+CDS, and NCC+UTD treatments for reducing NO loss. Flow volume and NO concentration in surface runoff and Tile Drainage were measured continuously, and CC reduced the 5-yr flow-weighted mean (FWM) NO concentration in Tile Drainage water by 21 to 38% and cumulative NO loss by 14 to 16% relative to NCC. Controlled Tile Drainage-subirrigation reduced FWM NO concentration by 15 to 33% and cumulative NO loss by 38 to 39% relative to UTD. When CC and CDS were combined, 5-yr cumulative FWM NO concentrations and loss in Tile Drainage were decreased by 47% (from 9.45 to 4.99 mg N L and from 102 to 53.6 kg N ha) relative to NCC+UTD. The reductions in runoff and concomitant increases in Tile Drainage under CC occurred primarily because of increases in near-surface soil hydraulic conductivity. Cover crops increased corn grain yields by 4 to 7% in 2004 increased 3-yr average soybean yields by 8 to 15%, whereas CDS did not affect corn or soybean yields over the 6 yr. The combined use of a cover crop and water-table management system was highly effective for reducing NO loss from cool, humid agricultural soils.
J. D. Gaynor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reducing nitrate loss in Tile Drainage water with cover crops and water table management systems
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2014Co-Authors: C.f. Drury, T. O. Oloya, T. W. Welacky, T. Q. Zhang, W D Reynolds, Neil B Mclaughlin, J. D. GaynorAbstract:: Nitrate lost from agricultural soils is an economic cost to producers, an environmental concern when it enters rivers and lakes, and a health risk when it enters wells and aquifers used for drinking water. Planting a winter wheat cover crop (CC) and/or use of controlled Tile Drainage-subirrigation (CDS) may reduce losses of nitrate (NO) relative to no cover crop (NCC) and/or traditional unrestricted Tile Drainage (UTD). A 6-yr (1999-2005) corn-soybean study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of CC+CDS, CC+UTD, NCC+CDS, and NCC+UTD treatments for reducing NO loss. Flow volume and NO concentration in surface runoff and Tile Drainage were measured continuously, and CC reduced the 5-yr flow-weighted mean (FWM) NO concentration in Tile Drainage water by 21 to 38% and cumulative NO loss by 14 to 16% relative to NCC. Controlled Tile Drainage-subirrigation reduced FWM NO concentration by 15 to 33% and cumulative NO loss by 38 to 39% relative to UTD. When CC and CDS were combined, 5-yr cumulative FWM NO concentrations and loss in Tile Drainage were decreased by 47% (from 9.45 to 4.99 mg N L and from 102 to 53.6 kg N ha) relative to NCC+UTD. The reductions in runoff and concomitant increases in Tile Drainage under CC occurred primarily because of increases in near-surface soil hydraulic conductivity. Cover crops increased corn grain yields by 4 to 7% in 2004 increased 3-yr average soybean yields by 8 to 15%, whereas CDS did not affect corn or soybean yields over the 6 yr. The combined use of a cover crop and water-table management system was highly effective for reducing NO loss from cool, humid agricultural soils.
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managing Tile Drainage subirrigation and nitrogen fertilization to enhance crop yields and reduce nitrate loss
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2009Co-Authors: C.f. Drury, T. O. Oloya, T. W. Welacky, C. S. Tan, W D Reynolds, J. D. GaynorAbstract:Abstract Improving field-crop use of fertilizer nitrogen is essential for protecting water quality and increasing crop yields. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of controlled Tile Drainage (CD) and controlled Tile Drainage with subsurface irrigation (CDS) for mitigating off-field nitrate losses and enhancing crop yields. The CD and CDS systems were compared on a clay loam soil to traditional unrestricted Tile Drainage (UTD) under a corn (Zea Mays L.)-soybean (Glycine Max. (L.) Merr.) rotation at two nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (N1: 150 kg N ha(-1) applied to corn, no N applied to soybean; N2: 200 kg N ha(-1) applied to corn, 50 kg N ha(-1) applied to soybean). The N concentrations in Tile flow events with the UTD treatment exceeded the provisional long-term aquatic life limit (LT-ALL) for freshwater (4.7 mg N L(-1)) 72% of the time at the N1 rate and 78% at the N2 rate, whereas only 24% of Tile flow events at N1 and 40% at N2 exceeded the LT-ALL for the CDS treatment. Exceedances in N concentration for surface runoff and Tile Drainage were greater during the growing season than the non-growing season. At the N1 rate, CD and CDS reduced average annual N losses via Tile Drainage by 44 and 66%, respectively, relative to UTD. At the N2 rate, the average annual decreases in N loss were 31 and 68%, respectively. Crop yields from CDS were increased by an average of 2.8% relative to UTD at the N2 rate but were reduced by an average of 6.5% at the N1 rate. Hence, CD and CDS were effective for reducing average nitrate losses in Tile Drainage, but CDS increased average crop yields only when additional N fertilizer was applied.
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effect of tillage and water table control on evapotranspiration surface runoff Tile Drainage and soil water content under maize on a clay loam soil
Agricultural Water Management, 2002Co-Authors: C. S. Tan, J. D. Gaynor, C.f. Drury, T. W. Welacky, W D ReynoldsAbstract:Abstract Two tillage and two water table control treatments under continuous maize cropping were evaluated over a 3-year period (1992–1994) for their effects on evapotranspiration, surface runoff (SR), Tile Drainage (TD) and soil water content in the root-zone on a clay loam soil in southern Ontario. The tillage treatments included soil saver (SS, reduced tillage) and moldboard plow (MP, conventional tillage). The water table control treatments included controlled Drainage-subirrigation (CDS) and regular Tile Drainage (DR). There was no significant difference (P
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EFFECT OF CONTROLLED Drainage AND SUBIRRIGATION ON SUBSURFACE Tile Drainage NITRATE LOSS AND CROP YIELD AT THE FARM SCALE
Canadian Water Resources Journal, 1999Co-Authors: Chin S. Tan, C.f. Drury, J. D. GaynorAbstract:An on-farm evaluation of controlled Drainage and subirrigation systems can raise farmer awareness and acceptance of these innovative technologies. A four hectare field experiment was established on sandy-loam soil near Harrow in Essex County, Ontario. The field was modified to allow the implementation of two water table-management treatments, controlled Drainage with subirrigation (CDS) and free outlet Tile Drainage (DR). Volume of Tile Drainage, nitrate concentration and loss in the Tile Drainage water and crop yields were measured. The objectives of the study were to provide on-farm demonstrations of controlled Drainage and subirrigation systems, and to determine their effect on crop yields and environmental benefits.The CDS system reduced flow weighted mean nitrate concentration in Tile Drainage water by 38% and total nitrate loss by 37% compared to the DR system from May 1995 to April 1997. The CDS system increased marketable tomato yields by 11% in 1995. The average marketable tomato yields were 58.4...
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Effect of controlled Drainage and tillage on soil structure and Tile Drainage nitrate loss at the field scale
Water Science and Technology, 1998Co-Authors: C. S. Tan, J. D. Gaynor, C.f. Drury, M. Soultani, I. J. Van Wesenbeeck, T. W. WelackyAbstract:Conservation tillage has become an attractive form of agricultural management practices for corn and soybean production on heavy textured soil in southern Ontario because of the potential for improving soil quality. A controlled Drainage system combined with conservation tillage practices has also been reported to improve water quality. In Southwestern Ontario, field scale on farm demonstration sites were established in a paired watershed (no-tillage vs. conventional tillage) on clay loam soil to study the effect of tillage system on soil structure and water quality. The sites included controlled Drainage and free Drainage systems to monitor their effect on nitrate loss in the Tile Drainage water. Soil structure, organic matter content and water storage in the soil profile were improved with no-tillage (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT). No-tillage also increased earthworm populations. No-tillage was found to have higher Tile Drainage volume and nitrate loss which were attributed to an increase in soil macropores from earthworm activity. The controlled Drainage system (CD) reduced nitrate loss in Tile Drainage water by 14% on CT site and 25.5% on NT site compared to the corresponding free Drainage system (DR) from May, 1995 to April 30, 1997. No-tillage farming practices are definitely enhanced by using a controlled Drainage system for preventing excessive nitrate leaching through Tile Drainage. Average soybean yields for CT site were about 12 to 14% greater than the NT site in 1995 and 1996. However, Drainage systems had very little effect on soybean yields in 1995 and 1996 due to extremely dry growing seasons.
W D Reynolds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Long-term Cropping Effects on Partitioning of Water Flow and Nitrate Loss between Surface Runoff and Tile Drainage.
Journal of environmental quality, 2018Co-Authors: Alex L. Woodley, Craig F. Drury, Chin S. Tan, W D Reynolds, Xueming Yang, T. O. OloyaAbstract:Surface runoff and Tile Drainage are the main pathways for water movement and entry of agricultural nitrate into water resources. The objective of this 5-yr study was to characterize the partitioning of water flow and nitrate loss between these pathways for a humid-temperate Brookston clay loam soil under 54 to 59 yr of consistent cropping and fertilization. Cropping treatments included monoculture corn ( L., MC), continuous bluegrass ( L.) sod (CS), and a corn-oat-alfalfa ( L.)-alfalfa rotation (RC-RO-RA1-RA2). Fertilization treatments included annual fertilizer addition (F) and no fertilizer addition (NF). Tile Drainage and surface runoff occurred primarily during the nongrowing season (November-April), and they were highly correlated with the mean saturated hydraulic conductivity of the near-surface soil profile. Tile Drainage accounted for 69 to 90% of cumulative water flow and 79 to 96% of cumulative nitrate loss from fertilized rotation and CS, whereas surface runoff accounted for the majority of the nitrate losses in MC (i.e., 75-93% of water flow and 65-96% of nitrate loss). Cumulative nitrate losses were highest in the RC-F (152 kg N ha), RC-NF (101 kg N ha), RA2-F (121 kg N ha), and RA2-NF (75 kg N ha) plots, and these high losses are attributed to N mineralization from the plowed alfalfa and fertilization (if applicable). Fertilization increased cumulative nitrate loss in Tile Drainage from all treatments, whereas no fertilization increased cumulative nitrate loss in surface runoff from the rotation. Cropping system and fertilization on clay loam soil changed how water flow and nitrate loss were partitioned between Tile Drainage and surface runoff.
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Impacts of soil conditioners and water table management on phosphorus loss in Tile Drainage from a clay loam soil.
Journal of environmental quality, 2015Co-Authors: T. Q. Zhang, Chin S. Tan, T. W. Welacky, Z. M. Zheng, W D ReynoldsAbstract:Adoption of waste-derived soil conditioners and refined water management can improve soil physical quality and crop productivity of fine-textured soils. However, the impacts of these practices on water quality must be assessed to ensure environmental sustainability. We conducted a study to determine phosphorus (P) loss in Tile Drainage as affected by two types of soil conditioners (yard waste compost and swine manure compost) and water table management (free Drainage and controlled Drainage with subirrigation) in a clay loam soil under corn–soybean rotation in a 4-yr period from 1999 to 2003. Tile Drainage flows were monitored and sampled on a year-round continuous basis using on-site auto-sampling systems. Water samples were analyzed for dissolved reactive P (DRP), particulate P (PP), and total P (TP). Substantially greater concentrations and losses of DRP, PP, and TP occurred with swine manure compost than with control and yard waste compost regardless of water table management. Compared with free Drainage, controlled Drainage with subirrigation was an effective way to reduce annual and cumulative losses of DRP, PP, and TP in Tile Drainage through reductions in flow volume and P concentration with control and yard waste compost but not with swine manure compost. Both DRP and TP concentrations in Tile Drainage were well above the water quality guideline for P, affirming that subsurface loss of P from fine-textured soils can be one critical source for freshwater eutrophication. Swine manure compost applied as a soil conditioner must be optimized by taking water quality impacts into consideration.
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reducing nitrate loss in Tile Drainage water with cover crops and water table management systems
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2014Co-Authors: C.f. Drury, T. O. Oloya, T. W. Welacky, T. Q. Zhang, W D Reynolds, Neil B Mclaughlin, J. D. GaynorAbstract:: Nitrate lost from agricultural soils is an economic cost to producers, an environmental concern when it enters rivers and lakes, and a health risk when it enters wells and aquifers used for drinking water. Planting a winter wheat cover crop (CC) and/or use of controlled Tile Drainage-subirrigation (CDS) may reduce losses of nitrate (NO) relative to no cover crop (NCC) and/or traditional unrestricted Tile Drainage (UTD). A 6-yr (1999-2005) corn-soybean study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of CC+CDS, CC+UTD, NCC+CDS, and NCC+UTD treatments for reducing NO loss. Flow volume and NO concentration in surface runoff and Tile Drainage were measured continuously, and CC reduced the 5-yr flow-weighted mean (FWM) NO concentration in Tile Drainage water by 21 to 38% and cumulative NO loss by 14 to 16% relative to NCC. Controlled Tile Drainage-subirrigation reduced FWM NO concentration by 15 to 33% and cumulative NO loss by 38 to 39% relative to UTD. When CC and CDS were combined, 5-yr cumulative FWM NO concentrations and loss in Tile Drainage were decreased by 47% (from 9.45 to 4.99 mg N L and from 102 to 53.6 kg N ha) relative to NCC+UTD. The reductions in runoff and concomitant increases in Tile Drainage under CC occurred primarily because of increases in near-surface soil hydraulic conductivity. Cover crops increased corn grain yields by 4 to 7% in 2004 increased 3-yr average soybean yields by 8 to 15%, whereas CDS did not affect corn or soybean yields over the 6 yr. The combined use of a cover crop and water-table management system was highly effective for reducing NO loss from cool, humid agricultural soils.
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managing Tile Drainage subirrigation and nitrogen fertilization to enhance crop yields and reduce nitrate loss
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2009Co-Authors: C.f. Drury, T. O. Oloya, T. W. Welacky, C. S. Tan, W D Reynolds, J. D. GaynorAbstract:Abstract Improving field-crop use of fertilizer nitrogen is essential for protecting water quality and increasing crop yields. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of controlled Tile Drainage (CD) and controlled Tile Drainage with subsurface irrigation (CDS) for mitigating off-field nitrate losses and enhancing crop yields. The CD and CDS systems were compared on a clay loam soil to traditional unrestricted Tile Drainage (UTD) under a corn (Zea Mays L.)-soybean (Glycine Max. (L.) Merr.) rotation at two nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (N1: 150 kg N ha(-1) applied to corn, no N applied to soybean; N2: 200 kg N ha(-1) applied to corn, 50 kg N ha(-1) applied to soybean). The N concentrations in Tile flow events with the UTD treatment exceeded the provisional long-term aquatic life limit (LT-ALL) for freshwater (4.7 mg N L(-1)) 72% of the time at the N1 rate and 78% at the N2 rate, whereas only 24% of Tile flow events at N1 and 40% at N2 exceeded the LT-ALL for the CDS treatment. Exceedances in N concentration for surface runoff and Tile Drainage were greater during the growing season than the non-growing season. At the N1 rate, CD and CDS reduced average annual N losses via Tile Drainage by 44 and 66%, respectively, relative to UTD. At the N2 rate, the average annual decreases in N loss were 31 and 68%, respectively. Crop yields from CDS were increased by an average of 2.8% relative to UTD at the N2 rate but were reduced by an average of 6.5% at the N1 rate. Hence, CD and CDS were effective for reducing average nitrate losses in Tile Drainage, but CDS increased average crop yields only when additional N fertilizer was applied.
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effect of tillage and water table control on evapotranspiration surface runoff Tile Drainage and soil water content under maize on a clay loam soil
Agricultural Water Management, 2002Co-Authors: C. S. Tan, J. D. Gaynor, C.f. Drury, T. W. Welacky, W D ReynoldsAbstract:Abstract Two tillage and two water table control treatments under continuous maize cropping were evaluated over a 3-year period (1992–1994) for their effects on evapotranspiration, surface runoff (SR), Tile Drainage (TD) and soil water content in the root-zone on a clay loam soil in southern Ontario. The tillage treatments included soil saver (SS, reduced tillage) and moldboard plow (MP, conventional tillage). The water table control treatments included controlled Drainage-subirrigation (CDS) and regular Tile Drainage (DR). There was no significant difference (P
C.f. Drury - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reducing nitrate loss in Tile Drainage water with cover crops and water table management systems
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2014Co-Authors: C.f. Drury, T. O. Oloya, T. W. Welacky, T. Q. Zhang, W D Reynolds, Neil B Mclaughlin, J. D. GaynorAbstract:: Nitrate lost from agricultural soils is an economic cost to producers, an environmental concern when it enters rivers and lakes, and a health risk when it enters wells and aquifers used for drinking water. Planting a winter wheat cover crop (CC) and/or use of controlled Tile Drainage-subirrigation (CDS) may reduce losses of nitrate (NO) relative to no cover crop (NCC) and/or traditional unrestricted Tile Drainage (UTD). A 6-yr (1999-2005) corn-soybean study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of CC+CDS, CC+UTD, NCC+CDS, and NCC+UTD treatments for reducing NO loss. Flow volume and NO concentration in surface runoff and Tile Drainage were measured continuously, and CC reduced the 5-yr flow-weighted mean (FWM) NO concentration in Tile Drainage water by 21 to 38% and cumulative NO loss by 14 to 16% relative to NCC. Controlled Tile Drainage-subirrigation reduced FWM NO concentration by 15 to 33% and cumulative NO loss by 38 to 39% relative to UTD. When CC and CDS were combined, 5-yr cumulative FWM NO concentrations and loss in Tile Drainage were decreased by 47% (from 9.45 to 4.99 mg N L and from 102 to 53.6 kg N ha) relative to NCC+UTD. The reductions in runoff and concomitant increases in Tile Drainage under CC occurred primarily because of increases in near-surface soil hydraulic conductivity. Cover crops increased corn grain yields by 4 to 7% in 2004 increased 3-yr average soybean yields by 8 to 15%, whereas CDS did not affect corn or soybean yields over the 6 yr. The combined use of a cover crop and water-table management system was highly effective for reducing NO loss from cool, humid agricultural soils.
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managing Tile Drainage subirrigation and nitrogen fertilization to enhance crop yields and reduce nitrate loss
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2009Co-Authors: C.f. Drury, T. O. Oloya, T. W. Welacky, C. S. Tan, W D Reynolds, J. D. GaynorAbstract:Abstract Improving field-crop use of fertilizer nitrogen is essential for protecting water quality and increasing crop yields. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of controlled Tile Drainage (CD) and controlled Tile Drainage with subsurface irrigation (CDS) for mitigating off-field nitrate losses and enhancing crop yields. The CD and CDS systems were compared on a clay loam soil to traditional unrestricted Tile Drainage (UTD) under a corn (Zea Mays L.)-soybean (Glycine Max. (L.) Merr.) rotation at two nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (N1: 150 kg N ha(-1) applied to corn, no N applied to soybean; N2: 200 kg N ha(-1) applied to corn, 50 kg N ha(-1) applied to soybean). The N concentrations in Tile flow events with the UTD treatment exceeded the provisional long-term aquatic life limit (LT-ALL) for freshwater (4.7 mg N L(-1)) 72% of the time at the N1 rate and 78% at the N2 rate, whereas only 24% of Tile flow events at N1 and 40% at N2 exceeded the LT-ALL for the CDS treatment. Exceedances in N concentration for surface runoff and Tile Drainage were greater during the growing season than the non-growing season. At the N1 rate, CD and CDS reduced average annual N losses via Tile Drainage by 44 and 66%, respectively, relative to UTD. At the N2 rate, the average annual decreases in N loss were 31 and 68%, respectively. Crop yields from CDS were increased by an average of 2.8% relative to UTD at the N2 rate but were reduced by an average of 6.5% at the N1 rate. Hence, CD and CDS were effective for reducing average nitrate losses in Tile Drainage, but CDS increased average crop yields only when additional N fertilizer was applied.
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effect of tillage and water table control on evapotranspiration surface runoff Tile Drainage and soil water content under maize on a clay loam soil
Agricultural Water Management, 2002Co-Authors: C. S. Tan, J. D. Gaynor, C.f. Drury, T. W. Welacky, W D ReynoldsAbstract:Abstract Two tillage and two water table control treatments under continuous maize cropping were evaluated over a 3-year period (1992–1994) for their effects on evapotranspiration, surface runoff (SR), Tile Drainage (TD) and soil water content in the root-zone on a clay loam soil in southern Ontario. The tillage treatments included soil saver (SS, reduced tillage) and moldboard plow (MP, conventional tillage). The water table control treatments included controlled Drainage-subirrigation (CDS) and regular Tile Drainage (DR). There was no significant difference (P
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EFFECT OF CONTROLLED Drainage AND SUBIRRIGATION ON SUBSURFACE Tile Drainage NITRATE LOSS AND CROP YIELD AT THE FARM SCALE
Canadian Water Resources Journal, 1999Co-Authors: Chin S. Tan, C.f. Drury, J. D. GaynorAbstract:An on-farm evaluation of controlled Drainage and subirrigation systems can raise farmer awareness and acceptance of these innovative technologies. A four hectare field experiment was established on sandy-loam soil near Harrow in Essex County, Ontario. The field was modified to allow the implementation of two water table-management treatments, controlled Drainage with subirrigation (CDS) and free outlet Tile Drainage (DR). Volume of Tile Drainage, nitrate concentration and loss in the Tile Drainage water and crop yields were measured. The objectives of the study were to provide on-farm demonstrations of controlled Drainage and subirrigation systems, and to determine their effect on crop yields and environmental benefits.The CDS system reduced flow weighted mean nitrate concentration in Tile Drainage water by 38% and total nitrate loss by 37% compared to the DR system from May 1995 to April 1997. The CDS system increased marketable tomato yields by 11% in 1995. The average marketable tomato yields were 58.4...
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Effect of controlled Drainage and tillage on soil structure and Tile Drainage nitrate loss at the field scale
Water Science and Technology, 1998Co-Authors: C. S. Tan, J. D. Gaynor, C.f. Drury, M. Soultani, I. J. Van Wesenbeeck, T. W. WelackyAbstract:Conservation tillage has become an attractive form of agricultural management practices for corn and soybean production on heavy textured soil in southern Ontario because of the potential for improving soil quality. A controlled Drainage system combined with conservation tillage practices has also been reported to improve water quality. In Southwestern Ontario, field scale on farm demonstration sites were established in a paired watershed (no-tillage vs. conventional tillage) on clay loam soil to study the effect of tillage system on soil structure and water quality. The sites included controlled Drainage and free Drainage systems to monitor their effect on nitrate loss in the Tile Drainage water. Soil structure, organic matter content and water storage in the soil profile were improved with no-tillage (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT). No-tillage also increased earthworm populations. No-tillage was found to have higher Tile Drainage volume and nitrate loss which were attributed to an increase in soil macropores from earthworm activity. The controlled Drainage system (CD) reduced nitrate loss in Tile Drainage water by 14% on CT site and 25.5% on NT site compared to the corresponding free Drainage system (DR) from May, 1995 to April 30, 1997. No-tillage farming practices are definitely enhanced by using a controlled Drainage system for preventing excessive nitrate leaching through Tile Drainage. Average soybean yields for CT site were about 12 to 14% greater than the NT site in 1995 and 1996. However, Drainage systems had very little effect on soybean yields in 1995 and 1996 due to extremely dry growing seasons.
T. Q. Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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simulating crop yield surface runoff Tile Drainage and phosphorus loss in a clay loam soil of the lake erie region using epic
Agricultural Water Management, 2018Co-Authors: Zhaozhi Wang, T. Q. Zhang, C. S. Tan, R A J Taylor, X Wang, T. W. WelackyAbstract:Abstract Useful in evaluating best management practices and nutrient management planning, the prediction of phosphorus (P) transfer from agricultural lands to water bodies via surface runoff and Tile Drainage remains as a challenge, as few models can provide reasonably accurate P loss simulations. The EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) model was firstly applied to simulate crop yields, surface runoff, Tile Drainage, and dissolved reactive P (DRP) losses under a corn-soybean rotation grown on a “cracking” Brookston clay loam soil (Vertisol) in the Lake Erie basin, Ontario, Canada. Different potential evapotranspiration and curve number equations were compared to determine the most suitable equations (Penman-Monteith equation and variable Daily Curve Number with soil moisture index) for this region. A crack flow coefficient was used to deal with inflow partitioned to cracks. A soil layer below Tile drain with low saturated hydraulic conductivity was employed in simulating the experimental site, where most water was leaving the field through Tile drain. Lateral subsurface flow was used to substitute for Drainage. Annual simulations of crop grain yield, cumulative surface runoff, and cumulative Drainage closely matched observed data. Over shorter periods (months), surface runoff (NSE = 0.78), Tile Drainage (NSE = 0.57), and relevant DRP loss (NSE > 0.5) simulations were satisfactory, except for two periods of DRP loss in surface runoff, where most DRP moved downward through lateral flow and deep percolation due to limitations in the crack flow coefficient. For this vertic soil, EPIC generally simulated crop yields and flow volumes well, while DRP losses were only adequately simulated.
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Solid Cattle Manure Less Prone to Phosphorus Loss in Tile Drainage Water.
Journal of environmental quality, 2018Co-Authors: Y.t. Wang, Chin S. Tan, T. Q. Zhang, T. W. WelackyAbstract:Forms (e.g., liquid and solid) of manure influence the risk of P loss after land application. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of P-based application of various forms of cattle manure (liquid, LCM; or solid, SCM) or inorganic P as triple superphosphate (IP) on soil P losses in Tile Drainage water. A 4-yr field experiment was conducted in a clay loam soil with a corn ( L.)-soybean [ (L.) Merr.] rotation in the Lake Erie basin. Over the 4 yr, the dissolved reactive P (DRP) flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) in Tile Drainage water was greater under SCM fertilization than under either IP or LCM fertilization. Despite its lower value on an annual basis, DRP FWMC rose dramatically immediately after LCM application. However, the differences in DRP FWMC did not result in detectable differences in DRP loads. Regarding particulate P and total P losses during the 4 yr, they were 68 and 47%, respectively, lower in the soils amended with SCM than in those with IP, whereas both values were similar between IP and LCM treatments. Overall, the P contained in solid cattle manure was less prone to P loss after land application. Accordingly, the present results can provide a basis for manure storage and application of best management practices designed to reduce P losses and improve crop growth.
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Soil phosphorus loss in Tile Drainage water from long-term conventional- and non-tillage soils of Ontario with and without compost addition.
The Science of the total environment, 2016Co-Authors: T. Q. Zhang, C. S. Tan, Y.t. Wang, T. W. WelackyAbstract:Recent ascertainment of Tile Drainage a predominant pathway of soil phosphorus (P) loss, along with the rise in concentration of soluble P in the Lake Erie, has led to a need to re-examine the impacts of agricultural practices. A three-year on-farm study was conducted to assess P loss in Tile Drainage water under long-term conventional- (CT) and non-tillage (NT) as influenced by yard waste leaf compost (LC) application in a Brookston clay loam soil. The effects of LC addition on soil P loss in Tile Drainage water varied depending on P forms and tillage systems. Under CT, dissolved reactive P (DRP) loss with LC addition over the study period was 765g P ha-1, 2.9 times higher than CT without LC application, due to both a 50% increase in Tile Drainage flow volume and a 165% increase in DRP concentration. Under NT, DRP loss in Tile Drainage water with LC addition was 1447gPha-1, 5.3 times greater than that for NT without LC application; this was solely caused by a 564% increase in DRP concentration. However, particulate P loads in Tile Drainage water with LC application remained unchanged, relative to non-LC application, regardless of tillage systems. Consequently, LC addition led to an increase in total P loads in Tile Drainage water by 57 and 69% under CT and NT, respectively. The results indicate that LC application may become an environmental concern due to increased DRP loss, particularly under NT.
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Tile Drainage phosphorus loss with long-term consistent cropping systems and fertilization.
Journal of environmental quality, 2015Co-Authors: T. Q. Zhang, C. S. Tan, Z. M. Zheng, Craig F. DruryAbstract:Phosphorus (P) loss in Tile Drainage water may vary with agricultural practices, and the impacts are often hard to detect with short-term studies. We evaluated the effects of long-term (≥43 yr) cropping systems (continuous corn [CC], corn-oats-alfalfa-alfalfa rotation [CR], and continuous grass [CS]) and fertilization (fertilization [F] vs. no-fertilization [NF]) on P loss in Tile Drainage water from a clay loam soil over a 4-yr period. Compared with NF, long-term fertilization increased concentrations and losses of dissolved reactive P (DRP), dissolved unreactive P (DURP), and total P (TP) in Tile Drainage water, with the increments following the order: CS > CR > CC. Dissolved P (dissolved reactive P [DRP] and dissolved unreactive P [DURP]) was the dominant P form in Drainage outflow, accounting for 72% of TP loss under F-CS, whereas particulate P (PP) was the major form of TP loss under F-CC (72%), F-CR (62%), NF-CS (66%), NF-CC (74%), and NF-CR (72%). Dissolved unreactive P played nearly equal roles as DRP in P losses in Tile Drainage water. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the concentration of P (DRP, DURP, and PP) in Tile Drainage flow, rather than event flow volume, was the most important factor contributing to P loss in Tile Drainage water, although event flow volume was more important in PP loss than in dissolved P loss. Continuous grass significantly increased P loss by increasing P concentration and flow volume of Tile Drainage water, especially under the fertilization treatment. Long-term grasslands may become a significant P source in Tile-drained systems when they receive regular P addition.
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Impacts of soil conditioners and water table management on phosphorus loss in Tile Drainage from a clay loam soil.
Journal of environmental quality, 2015Co-Authors: T. Q. Zhang, Chin S. Tan, T. W. Welacky, Z. M. Zheng, W D ReynoldsAbstract:Adoption of waste-derived soil conditioners and refined water management can improve soil physical quality and crop productivity of fine-textured soils. However, the impacts of these practices on water quality must be assessed to ensure environmental sustainability. We conducted a study to determine phosphorus (P) loss in Tile Drainage as affected by two types of soil conditioners (yard waste compost and swine manure compost) and water table management (free Drainage and controlled Drainage with subirrigation) in a clay loam soil under corn–soybean rotation in a 4-yr period from 1999 to 2003. Tile Drainage flows were monitored and sampled on a year-round continuous basis using on-site auto-sampling systems. Water samples were analyzed for dissolved reactive P (DRP), particulate P (PP), and total P (TP). Substantially greater concentrations and losses of DRP, PP, and TP occurred with swine manure compost than with control and yard waste compost regardless of water table management. Compared with free Drainage, controlled Drainage with subirrigation was an effective way to reduce annual and cumulative losses of DRP, PP, and TP in Tile Drainage through reductions in flow volume and P concentration with control and yard waste compost but not with swine manure compost. Both DRP and TP concentrations in Tile Drainage were well above the water quality guideline for P, affirming that subsurface loss of P from fine-textured soils can be one critical source for freshwater eutrophication. Swine manure compost applied as a soil conditioner must be optimized by taking water quality impacts into consideration.
