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Marc R L Cattet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anesthesia of polar bears using xylazine zolazepam Tiletamine or zolazepam Tiletamine
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Marc R L Cattet, Nigel A Caulkett, Nicholas J LunnAbstract:Immobilization features and physiologic effects of combinations of xylazine-zolaze-pam-Tiletamine (XZT) and zolazepam-Tiletamine (ZT or Telazol®) were compared in nine captive and 17 free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) between 1998 and 2001. Although induction time was similar between drugs, induction dosage and volume were less with XZT. Induction of immobilization with XZT was predictable and smooth, muscle relaxation was good, and all bears remained completely immobilized and unresponsive to stimuli throughout a 1 hr handling period. The combination XZT was safely tolerated at two to three times the recommended dosage of 5 mg/kg (i.e., xylazine at 2 mg/kg + Telazol® at 3 mg/kg). Bears immobilized with XZT had slower pulse rates, higher mean arterial pressures, and lower arterial oxygen tensions than bears immobilized with ZT. Rectal temperature increased slowly over time (∼0.5 C per hr) following immobilization with XZT. Based on response to a painful stimulus (compression of a claw bed), XZT wa...
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anesthesia of wood bison with medetomidine zolazepam Tiletamine and xylazine zolazepam Tiletamine combinations
Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne, 2000Co-Authors: Nigel A Caulkett, Marc R L Cattet, S Cantwell, N Cool, W OlsenAbstract:This study was designed to evaluate 2 combinations for immobilization of bison. Seven wood bison received 1.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) of xylazine HCl + 1.5 mg/kg BW of zolazepam HCl and 1.5 mg/kg BW of Tiletamine HCl on one occasion. The bison received 60 micrograms/kg BW of medetomidine HCl + 0.6 mg/kg BW of zolazepam HCl and 0.6 mg/kg BW of Tiletamine HCL on another occasion. Xylazine was antagonized with 3 mg/kg BW of tolazoline HCl and medetomidine HCl was antagonized with 180 micrograms/kg (BW) of atipamezole HCl. Temporal characteristics of immobilization and physiological effects (acid-base status, thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects) of the drug combinations were compared. Induction was significantly faster with xylazine HCl-zolazepam HCl/Tiletamine HCl. Recovery following antagonist administration was significantly faster with medetomidine HCl-zolazepam HCl/Tiletamine HCl. The average drug volumes required were 7.00 mL of xylazine HCl-zolazepam HCl/Tiletamine HCL and 2.78 mL of medetomidine HCl-zolazepam HCl/Tiletamine HCl. Hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and rumenal tympany were the major adverse effects with both drug combinations.
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ANESTHESIA OF POLAR BEARS (URSUS MARITIMUS) WITH ZOLAZEPAM-Tiletamine, MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE, AND MEDETOMIDINE-ZOLAZEPAM-Tiletamine
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Marc R L Cattet, Nigel A Caulkett, Susan C. Polischuk, Malcolm A. RamsayAbstract:A 1:1 combination (by weight) of zolazepam and Tiletamine is the drug of choice for anesthetizing polar bears (Ursus maritimus), but recovery time is prolonged when additional doses are administered. Recoveries may last 24 hr and may threaten the health of the bears. We compared the anesthetic effects of zolazepam-Tiletamine (ZT) with those of medetomidine-ketamine (MK) and medetomidine-zolazepam-Tiletamine (MZT) in 93 free-ranging polar bears. The MZT combination was administered in smaller dose and volume, resulted in more rapid, safer, and more predictable induction, provided more reliable anesthesia, and was safely reversed with atipamezole. Frequent occurrence of sudden recoveries during anesthesia with MK limited our use of this combination. MK and MZT sometimes caused apnea and bradycardia initially and hyperthermia at increased ambient temperatures. Hypoxemia occurred transiently with all combinations. When anesthesia with ZT and MK exceeded 1 hr, frequent necessary top-up doses caused irregular physiologic function. ZT is recommended for short duration anesthesia (
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anesthesia of polar bears ursus maritimus with zolazepam Tiletamine medetomidine ketamine and medetomidine zolazepam Tiletamine
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Marc R L Cattet, Nigel A Caulkett, Susan C. Polischuk, Malcolm A. RamsayAbstract:A 1:1 combination (by weight) of zolazepam and Tiletamine is the drug of choice for anesthetizing polar bears (Ursus maritimus), but recovery time is prolonged when additional doses are administered. Recoveries may last 24 hr and may threaten the health of the bears. We compared the anesthetic effects of zolazepam-Tiletamine (ZT) with those of medetomidine-ketamine (MK) and medetomidine-zolazepam-Tiletamine (MZT) in 93 free-ranging polar bears. The MZT combination was administered in smaller dose and volume, resulted in more rapid, safer, and more predictable induction, provided more reliable anesthesia, and was safely reversed with atipamezole. Frequent occurrence of sudden recoveries during anesthesia with MK limited our use of this combination. MK and MZT sometimes caused apnea and bradycardia initially and hyperthermia at increased ambient temperatures. Hypoxemia occurred transiently with all combinations. When anesthesia with ZT and MK exceeded 1 hr, frequent necessary top-up doses caused irregular physiologic function. ZT is recommended for short duration anesthesia (<1 hr), but MZT is better for anesthesia of
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reversible immobilization of free ranging polar bears with medetomidine zolazepam Tiletamine and atipamezole
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 1997Co-Authors: Marc R L Cattet, Nigel A Caulkett, Susan C. Polischuk, Malcolm A. RamsayAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine if the potent α2 agonist, medetomidine, and its specific antagonist, atipamezole, could be effectively used to immobilize polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Specifically, our goal was to develop a drug combination containing medetomidine that addressed some of the problems such as prolonged recovery time, non-reversibility, and poor analgesia that have been identified with the currently preferred drug combination, zolazepam-Tiletamine (Telazol® or Zoletil®). During 1995 and 1996, 51 free-ranging polar bears along the western coast of Hudson Bay, Canada, were immobilized with a combination of medetomidine, zolazepam, and Tiletamine (MZT). Immobilization with MZT was characterized by a short induction time, low volume, reliable and predictable immobilization and reversibility, adequate analgesia, and relative safety in handling for field personnel. Few adverse physiological effects were observed in any target animals with the exception of a single bear which convulse...
Rory P Remmel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pharmacokinetic study in pigs and in vitro metabolic characterization in pig and human liver microsomes reveal marked differences in disposition and metabolism of Tiletamine and zolazepam telazol
Xenobiotica, 2014Co-Authors: Atul Kumar, Henry J Mann, Rory P Remmel, Gregory J Beilman, Nitin KailaAbstract:Abstract1. An equal-dose combination of Tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) is used as a veterinary anesthetic. There also have been reports of human abuse of Telazol®. The pharmacokinetics and metabolic fate of Tiletamine and zolazepam and the rationale for their administration as an equal-dose combination are unclear.2. The single-dose pharmacokinetics of intramuscular Tiletamine and zolazepam (3 mg/kg each) in 16 Yorkshire-crossbred pigs were determined. The metabolites of Tiletamine and zolazepam in pig plasma and urine were identified by mass spectrometry. The metabolic stability of Tiletamine and zolazepam and the kinetics of formation of their metabolites by pig- and human-liver microsomes were determined.3. Higher concentrations of zolazepam were observed in pig plasma and it was cleared more slowly compared to Tiletamine (apparent clearance: 11 versus 134 l/h; half-life: 2.76 versus 1.97 h). Three metabolites of zolazepam and one metabolite of Tiletamine were identified in pig urine, plasma and i...
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determination of constituents of telazol Tiletamine and zolazepam by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry based method
Journal of Chromatography B, 2006Co-Authors: Atul Kumar, Henry J Mann, Rory P RemmelAbstract:Abstract Tiletamine and zolazepam injection (Telazol®) is used in veterinary surgical practice to induce short-term anesthesia and also to immobilize wild animals. The present work describes a sensitive method to measure Tiletamine and zolazepam concentrations in plasma by means of GC/EI–MS on a 5% phenyl/95% methylpolysiloxane column. A simple liquid extraction procedure with ethyl acetate was used to isolate the two compounds and the same were separated and analyzed by GC/MS without derivatization. A formal validation of the assay demonstrated good accuracy and precision for both Tiletamine (98–100.8%; C.V.total
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Determination of constituents of Telazol®—Tiletamine and zolazepam by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based method
Journal of Chromatography B, 2006Co-Authors: Atul Kumar, Henry J Mann, Rory P RemmelAbstract:Abstract Tiletamine and zolazepam injection (Telazol®) is used in veterinary surgical practice to induce short-term anesthesia and also to immobilize wild animals. The present work describes a sensitive method to measure Tiletamine and zolazepam concentrations in plasma by means of GC/EI–MS on a 5% phenyl/95% methylpolysiloxane column. A simple liquid extraction procedure with ethyl acetate was used to isolate the two compounds and the same were separated and analyzed by GC/MS without derivatization. A formal validation of the assay demonstrated good accuracy and precision for both Tiletamine (98–100.8%; C.V.total
Allan V Kalueff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of a non competitive n methyl d aspartate nmda antagonist Tiletamine in adult zebrafish
Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2017Co-Authors: Tatiana O Kolesnikova, Sergey L Khatsko, Vadim Shevyrin, Yuri Yu Morzherin, Allan V KalueffAbstract:Abstract Tiletamine is a non-competitive N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist chemically related to ketamine and phencyclidine. A common veterinary anesthetic drug, Tiletamine is currently a Schedule III controlled substance in USA. This compound exerts sedative effects in humans and animals, also having an abuse potential, toxicity and dissociative hallucinogenic properties clinically. However, the neurotropic profile of Tiletamine remains poorly understood, necessitating novel models and in-vivo screens, including non-mammalian species. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are rapidly becoming a popular model organism for screening various CNS drugs, including those acting at NMDA receptors. Here, we investigated acute behavioral effects of 1, 5 and 10 mg/L of Tiletamine on adult zebrafish. In the standard novel tank test, a 20-min immersion in 1 mg/L of Tiletamine produced no overt differences from control zebrafish (receiving 0.1% DMSO vehicle), except for reduced top entries. In contrast, Tiletamine at 5 and 10 mg/L exerted robust dose-dependent sedative effects in zebrafish (also darkening their skin coloration, similar to ketamine and PCP). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses revealed no Tiletamine peaks in control and 1 mg/L groups, but detected Tiletamine peaks in zebrafish brain samples at 5 and 10 mg/L. Together, these findings demonstrate potent neurotropic effects of Tiletamine in zebrafish, and their high sensitivity to this drug. Our findings also support the growing utility of fish-based aquatic screens for studying neuroactive properties of NMDA antagonists in-vivo.
Nigel A Caulkett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anesthesia of polar bears using xylazine zolazepam Tiletamine or zolazepam Tiletamine
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Marc R L Cattet, Nigel A Caulkett, Nicholas J LunnAbstract:Immobilization features and physiologic effects of combinations of xylazine-zolaze-pam-Tiletamine (XZT) and zolazepam-Tiletamine (ZT or Telazol®) were compared in nine captive and 17 free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) between 1998 and 2001. Although induction time was similar between drugs, induction dosage and volume were less with XZT. Induction of immobilization with XZT was predictable and smooth, muscle relaxation was good, and all bears remained completely immobilized and unresponsive to stimuli throughout a 1 hr handling period. The combination XZT was safely tolerated at two to three times the recommended dosage of 5 mg/kg (i.e., xylazine at 2 mg/kg + Telazol® at 3 mg/kg). Bears immobilized with XZT had slower pulse rates, higher mean arterial pressures, and lower arterial oxygen tensions than bears immobilized with ZT. Rectal temperature increased slowly over time (∼0.5 C per hr) following immobilization with XZT. Based on response to a painful stimulus (compression of a claw bed), XZT wa...
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treatment of hypoxemia during xylazine Tiletamine zolazepam immobilization of wapiti
Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne, 2001Co-Authors: M R Read, Nigel A Caulkett, A Symington, T K ShuryAbstract:Hypoxemia is a commonly observed complication during the chemical immobilization of wild ruminants. If severe and left untreated, it can predispose animals to arrhythmias, organ failure, and capture myopathy. The following prospective study was designed to measure the degree of hypoxemia in wapiti that were immobilized with a combination of xylazine and Tiletamine-zolazepam and to assess the response to nasal oxygen therapy. Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas analysis were used to assess the degree of hypoxemia prior to nasal insufflation of oxygen and to demonstrate any beneficial effects of this intervention. All wapiti exhibited mild to marked hypoxemia (PaO2 = 43 +/- 11.8 mmHg) prior to treatment and showed marked improvement after 5 minutes of nasal insufflation of oxygen at 10 L/min (PaO2 = 207 +/- 60 mmHg). This inexpensive, noninvasive technique has great benefit in treating clinical hypoxemia under field conditions, and we recommend that nasal insufflation of oxygen be implemented during xylazine-Tiletamine-zolazepam-induced immobilization of wapiti and other wild ruminants.
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anesthesia of wood bison with medetomidine zolazepam Tiletamine and xylazine zolazepam Tiletamine combinations
Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne, 2000Co-Authors: Nigel A Caulkett, Marc R L Cattet, S Cantwell, N Cool, W OlsenAbstract:This study was designed to evaluate 2 combinations for immobilization of bison. Seven wood bison received 1.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) of xylazine HCl + 1.5 mg/kg BW of zolazepam HCl and 1.5 mg/kg BW of Tiletamine HCl on one occasion. The bison received 60 micrograms/kg BW of medetomidine HCl + 0.6 mg/kg BW of zolazepam HCl and 0.6 mg/kg BW of Tiletamine HCL on another occasion. Xylazine was antagonized with 3 mg/kg BW of tolazoline HCl and medetomidine HCl was antagonized with 180 micrograms/kg (BW) of atipamezole HCl. Temporal characteristics of immobilization and physiological effects (acid-base status, thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects) of the drug combinations were compared. Induction was significantly faster with xylazine HCl-zolazepam HCl/Tiletamine HCl. Recovery following antagonist administration was significantly faster with medetomidine HCl-zolazepam HCl/Tiletamine HCl. The average drug volumes required were 7.00 mL of xylazine HCl-zolazepam HCl/Tiletamine HCL and 2.78 mL of medetomidine HCl-zolazepam HCl/Tiletamine HCl. Hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and rumenal tympany were the major adverse effects with both drug combinations.
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ANESTHESIA OF POLAR BEARS (URSUS MARITIMUS) WITH ZOLAZEPAM-Tiletamine, MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE, AND MEDETOMIDINE-ZOLAZEPAM-Tiletamine
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Marc R L Cattet, Nigel A Caulkett, Susan C. Polischuk, Malcolm A. RamsayAbstract:A 1:1 combination (by weight) of zolazepam and Tiletamine is the drug of choice for anesthetizing polar bears (Ursus maritimus), but recovery time is prolonged when additional doses are administered. Recoveries may last 24 hr and may threaten the health of the bears. We compared the anesthetic effects of zolazepam-Tiletamine (ZT) with those of medetomidine-ketamine (MK) and medetomidine-zolazepam-Tiletamine (MZT) in 93 free-ranging polar bears. The MZT combination was administered in smaller dose and volume, resulted in more rapid, safer, and more predictable induction, provided more reliable anesthesia, and was safely reversed with atipamezole. Frequent occurrence of sudden recoveries during anesthesia with MK limited our use of this combination. MK and MZT sometimes caused apnea and bradycardia initially and hyperthermia at increased ambient temperatures. Hypoxemia occurred transiently with all combinations. When anesthesia with ZT and MK exceeded 1 hr, frequent necessary top-up doses caused irregular physiologic function. ZT is recommended for short duration anesthesia (
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anesthesia of polar bears ursus maritimus with zolazepam Tiletamine medetomidine ketamine and medetomidine zolazepam Tiletamine
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Marc R L Cattet, Nigel A Caulkett, Susan C. Polischuk, Malcolm A. RamsayAbstract:A 1:1 combination (by weight) of zolazepam and Tiletamine is the drug of choice for anesthetizing polar bears (Ursus maritimus), but recovery time is prolonged when additional doses are administered. Recoveries may last 24 hr and may threaten the health of the bears. We compared the anesthetic effects of zolazepam-Tiletamine (ZT) with those of medetomidine-ketamine (MK) and medetomidine-zolazepam-Tiletamine (MZT) in 93 free-ranging polar bears. The MZT combination was administered in smaller dose and volume, resulted in more rapid, safer, and more predictable induction, provided more reliable anesthesia, and was safely reversed with atipamezole. Frequent occurrence of sudden recoveries during anesthesia with MK limited our use of this combination. MK and MZT sometimes caused apnea and bradycardia initially and hyperthermia at increased ambient temperatures. Hypoxemia occurred transiently with all combinations. When anesthesia with ZT and MK exceeded 1 hr, frequent necessary top-up doses caused irregular physiologic function. ZT is recommended for short duration anesthesia (<1 hr), but MZT is better for anesthesia of
Nicholas J Kenyon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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injectable anesthesia for mice combined effects of dexmedetomidine Tiletamine zolazepam and butorphanol
Anesthesiology Research and Practice, 2017Co-Authors: Laura A Cagle, Philip H. Kass, Lisa M Franzi, Steven E Epstein, Nicholas J KenyonAbstract:Anesthetic protocols for murine models are varied within the literature and medetomidine has been implicated in the development of urethral plugs in male mice. Our objective was to evaluate the combination of butorphanol, dexmedetomidine, and Tiletamine-zolazepam. A secondary objective was to identify which class of agent was associated with urethral obstructions in male mice. BALB/c male () and female () mice were assigned to dexmedetomidine and Tiletamine-zolazepam with or without butorphanol or to single agent dexmedetomidine or Tiletamine-zolazepam. Anesthesia was achieved in 58% (14/24) of mice without butorphanol and in 100% (24/24) of mice with butorphanol. The combination of dexmedetomidine (0.2 mg/kg), Tiletamine-zolazepam (40 mg/kg), and butorphanol (3 mg/kg) resulted in an induction and anesthetic duration of 12 and 143 minutes, respectively. Urethral obstructions occurred in 66% (25/38) of trials in male mice that received dexmedetomidine with a mortality rate of 38% (5/13). Tiletamine-zolazepam, when used alone, resulted in a 0% (0/21) incidence of urethral obstructions. Combination use of dexmedetomidine, Tiletamine-zolazepam, and butorphanol results in a longer and more reliable duration of anesthesia than the use of dexmedetomidine and Tiletamine-zolazepam alone. Dexmedetomidine is not recommended for use in nonterminal procedures in male mice due to the high incidence of urethral obstructions and resultant high mortality rate.
