The Experts below are selected from a list of 999 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Dave R M Langers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Mapping Tonotopy in human auditory cortex
    Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Pim Van Dijk, Dave R M Langers
    Abstract:

    Tonotopy is arguably the most prominent organizational principle in the auditory pathway. Nevertheless, the layout of tonotopic maps in humans is still debated. We present neuroimaging data that robustly identify multiple tonotopic maps in the bilateral auditory cortex. In contrast with some earlier publications, tonotopic gradients were not found to be collinearly aligned along Heschl’s gyrus; instead, two tonotopic maps ran diagonally across the anterior and posterior banks of Heschl’s gyrus, set at a pronounced angle. On the basis of the direction of the tonotopic gradient, distinct subdivisions of the auditory cortex could be clearly demarcated that suggest homologies with the tonotopic organization in other primates. Finally, we applied our method to tinnitus patients to show that – contradictory to some pathophysiological models – tinnitus does not necessarily involve large-scale tonotopic reorganization. Overall, we expect that tonotopic mapping techniques will significantly enhance our ability to study the hierarchical functional organization of distinct auditory processing centers in the healthy and diseased human brain.

  • representation of lateralization and Tonotopy in primary versus secondary human auditory cortex
    NeuroImage, 2007
    Co-Authors: Dave R M Langers, Walter H Backes, Pim Van Dijk
    Abstract:

    Functional MRI was performed to investigate differences in the basic functional organization of the primary and secondary auditory cortex regarding preferred stimulus lateralization and frequency. A modified sparse acquisition scheme was used to spatially map the characteristics of the auditory cortex at the level of individual voxels. In the regions of Heschl's gyrus and sulcus that correspond with the primary auditory cortex, activation was systematically strongest in response to contralateral stimulation. Contrarily, in the surrounding secondary active regions including the planum polare and the planum temporale, large-scale preferences with respect to stimulus lateralization were absent. Regarding optimal stimulus frequency, low- to high-frequency spatial gradients were discernable along the Heschl's gyrus and sulcus in anterolateral to posteromedial direction, especially in the right hemisphere, consistent with the presence of a tonotopic organization in these primary areas. However, in the surrounding activated secondary areas frequency preferences were erratic. Lateralization preferences did not depend on stimulus frequency, and frequency preferences did not depend on stimulus lateralization. While the primary auditory cortex is topographically organized with respect to physical stimulus properties (i.e., lateralization and frequency), such organizational principles are no longer obvious in secondary and higher areas. This suggests a neural re-encoding of sound signals in the transition from primary to secondary areas, possibly in relation to auditory scene analysis and the processing of auditory objects.

Pim Van Dijk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • representation of lateralization and Tonotopy in primary versus secondary human auditory cortex
    NeuroImage, 2007
    Co-Authors: Dave R M Langers, Walter H Backes, Pim Van Dijk
    Abstract:

    Functional MRI was performed to investigate differences in the basic functional organization of the primary and secondary auditory cortex regarding preferred stimulus lateralization and frequency. A modified sparse acquisition scheme was used to spatially map the characteristics of the auditory cortex at the level of individual voxels. In the regions of Heschl's gyrus and sulcus that correspond with the primary auditory cortex, activation was systematically strongest in response to contralateral stimulation. Contrarily, in the surrounding secondary active regions including the planum polare and the planum temporale, large-scale preferences with respect to stimulus lateralization were absent. Regarding optimal stimulus frequency, low- to high-frequency spatial gradients were discernable along the Heschl's gyrus and sulcus in anterolateral to posteromedial direction, especially in the right hemisphere, consistent with the presence of a tonotopic organization in these primary areas. However, in the surrounding activated secondary areas frequency preferences were erratic. Lateralization preferences did not depend on stimulus frequency, and frequency preferences did not depend on stimulus lateralization. While the primary auditory cortex is topographically organized with respect to physical stimulus properties (i.e., lateralization and frequency), such organizational principles are no longer obvious in secondary and higher areas. This suggests a neural re-encoding of sound signals in the transition from primary to secondary areas, possibly in relation to auditory scene analysis and the processing of auditory objects.

Christopher A. Shera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Spiral Staircase: Tonotopic Microstructure and Cochlear Tuning
    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2015
    Co-Authors: Christopher A. Shera
    Abstract:

    Although usually assumed to be smooth and continuous, mammalian cochlear frequency-position maps are predicted to manifest a staircase-like structure comprising plateaus of nearly constant characteristic frequency separated by abrupt discontinuities. The height and width of the stair steps are determined by parameters of cochlear frequency tuning and vary with location in the cochlea. The step height is approximately equal to the bandwidth of the auditory filter (critical band), and the step width matches that of the spatial excitation pattern produced by a low-level pure tone. Stepwise Tonotopy is an emergent property arising from wave reflection and interference within the cochlea, the same mechanisms responsible for the microstructure of the hearing threshold. Possible relationships between the microstructure of the cochlear map and the tiered Tonotopy observed in the inferior colliculus are explored.

  • The spiral staircase: Tonotopic microstructure and cochlear tuning
    2015
    Co-Authors: Christopher A. Shera
    Abstract:

    Cochlear frequency-position maps are predicted to manifest a staircase-like structure comprising plateaus of nearly constant characteristic frequency separated by abrupt discontinuities. The height and width of the stair steps are determined by parameters of cochlear frequency tuning and vary with location in the cochlea. The step height is approximately equal to the critical band, and the step width matches that of the spatial excitation pattern produced by a low-level pure tone. Stepwise Tonotopy is an emergent property arising from wave reflection and interference within the cochlea. Possible relationships between the microstructure of the cochlear map and the tiered Tonotopy observed in the inferior colliculus are explored.

  • Probing cochlear tuning and Tonotopy in the tiger using otoacoustic emissions
    Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 2012
    Co-Authors: Christopher Bergevin, Edward J. Walsh, Joann Mcgee, Christopher A. Shera
    Abstract:

    Otoacoustic emissions (sound emitted from the ear) allow cochlear function to be probed noninvasively. The emissions evoked by pure tones, known as stimulus-frequency emissions (SFOAEs), have been shown to provide reliable estimates of peripheral frequency tuning in a variety of mammalian and non-mammalian species. Here, we apply the same methodology to explore peripheral auditory function in the largest member of the cat family, the tiger ( Panthera tigris ). We measured SFOAEs in 9 unique ears of 5 anesthetized tigers. The tigers, housed at the Henry Doorly Zoo (Omaha, NE), were of both sexes and ranged in age from 3 to 10 years. SFOAE phase-gradient delays are significantly longer in tigers—by approximately a factor of two above 2 kHz and even more at lower frequencies—than in domestic cats ( Felis catus ), a species commonly used in auditory studies. Based on correlations between tuning and delay established in other species, our results imply that cochlear tuning in the tiger is significantly sharper than in domestic cat and appears comparable to that of humans. Furthermore, the SFOAE data indicate that tigers have a larger tonotopic mapping constant (mm/octave) than domestic cats. A larger mapping constant in tiger is consistent both with auditory brainstem response thresholds (that suggest a lower upper frequency limit of hearing for the tiger than domestic cat) and with measurements of basilar-membrane length (about 1.5 times longer in the tiger than domestic cat).

Rudolf Rübsamen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Is it Tonotopy after all
    NeuroImage, 2002
    Co-Authors: Marc Schönwiesner, D. Yves Von Cramon, Rudolf Rübsamen
    Abstract:

    In this functional MRI study the frequency-dependent localization of acoustically evoked BOLD responses within the human auditory cortex was investigated. A blocked design was employed, consisting of periods of tonal stimulation (random frequency modulations with center frequencies 0.25, 0.5, 4.0, and 8.0 kHz) and resting periods during which only the ambient scanner noise was audible. Multiple frequency-dependent activation sites were reliably demonstrated on the surface of the auditory cortex. The individual gyral pattern of the superior temporal plane (STP), especially the anatomy of Heschl's gyrus (HG), was found to be the major source of interindividual variability. Considering this variability by tracking the frequency responsiveness to the four stimulus frequencies along individual Heschl's gyri yielded medio-lateral gradients of responsiveness to high frequencies medially and low frequencies laterally. It is, however, argued that with regard to the results of electrophysiological and cytoarchitectonical studies in humans and in nonhuman primates, the multiple frequency-dependent activation sites found in the present study as well as in other recent fMRI investigations are no direct indication of tonotopic organization of cytoarchitectonical areas. An alternative interpretation is that the activation sites correspond to different cortical fields, the topological organization of which cannot be resolved with the current spatial resolution of fMRI. In this notion, the detected frequency selectivity of different cortical areas arises from an excess of neurons engaged in the processing of different acoustic features, which are associated with different frequency bands. Differences in the response properties of medial compared to lateral and frontal compared to occipital portions of HG strongly support this notion.

  • Postnatal development of central auditory frequency maps
    Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 1992
    Co-Authors: Rudolf Rübsamen
    Abstract:

    In the early postnatal period of many mammals and in the perihatching period of chicks the auditory ranges are restricted to the species-specific low- and mid-frequency ranges. During subsequent development, the high frequency hearing expands (depending on the species) by 1–4 octaves. Adult-like audition is established between the 4th and the 7th week. It is still discussed controversially, how the extension of the auditory ranges relates to the maturation of orderly frequency representation in the cochleae of the respective species. The present review summarizes investigations of the development of Tonotopy in nuclei of the central auditory system, and discusses how the centrally acquired data might contribute to the understanding of the maturation of cochlear stimulus transduction and to the development of frequency maps.

Gi-woo Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A Novel Frequency Selectivity Approach Based on Travelling Wave Propagation in Mechanoluminescence Basilar Membrane for Artificial Cochlea.
    Scientific reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Yooil Kim, Ji-sik Kim, Gi-woo Kim
    Abstract:

    This study presents the initial assessment for a new approach to frequency selectivity aimed at mimicking the function of the basilar membrane within the human cochlea. The term cochlea Tonotopy refers to the passive frequency selectivity and a transformation from the acoustic wave into a frequency signal assisted by the hair cells in the organ of Corti. While high-frequency sound waves vibrate near the base of the cochlea (near the oval windows), low-frequency waves vibrate near the apex (at the maximum distance from the base), which suggests the existence of continuous frequency selectivity. Over the past few decades, frequency selectivity using artificial membranes has been utilized in acoustic transducers by mimicking cochlea Tonotopy using cantilever-beam arrays with defined physical parameters such as length and thickness. Unlike the conventional cantilever-beam array type, the travelling wave propagation based-mechanoluminescence (ML) membrane made of ZnS:Cu- polydimethylsiloxane (ZnS:Cu-PDMS) composite that we describe here provides new frequency selectivity more similar to that demonstrated by the human membrane. Here, we explored the potential of the ML membrane to deliver new frequency selectivity by using a non-contact image sensor to measure visualized frequencies. We report that the ML basilar membrane can provide effective visualization of the distribution of strain rate associated with the position of maximal amplitude of the travelling wave.