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Elizabeth L Brainerd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Functional Morphology of Vertebrate Feeding Systems: New Insights from XROMM and Fluoromicrometry
Feeding in Vertebrates, 2019Co-Authors: Elizabeth L Brainerd, Ariel L. CampAbstract:Investigations in the form–function relationships of vertebrate feeding systems have a long and illustrious history of inferring function from anatomical structure and specimen manipulation, and a shorter but highly successful history of measuring function directly in living animals with sophisticated methods such as electromyography, bone strain gauges, high-speed cinematography, and cineradiography. Two new methods, X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) and fluoromicrometry show great promise for revealing the 3D form–function relationships of cranial and cervical musculoskeletal structures. XROMM has been applied to measure 3D jaw kinematics and Tooth Occlusion in mammalian mastication and 3D pharyngeal jaw mechanics in fishes. The form–function relationships of the temporomandibular and other cranial joints are being explored with XROMM, including cranial kinesis in squamates, birds, and fishes. Muscle strain can be measured with fluoromicrometry by implanting small radio-opaque beads and tracking them with biplanar fluoroscopy. Fluoromicrometry has been used to measure muscle strain in muscles with complex architectures, such as the axial muscles during suction feeding in fishes and tongue deformation during swallowing in mammals. XROMM, fluoromicrometry, and buccal pressure measurements together have been used to measure the instantaneous power required for suction feeding and relate required power to the available muscle power. In the future, some systems that may benefit greatly from XROMM and fluoromicrometry are Tooth–food interactions during mastication, food transport and swallowing, and the form–function relationships of feeding muscles with complex muscle-tendon architecture, such as the mammalian muscles of mastication and the multi-part adductor mandibulae of fishes.
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xromm analysis of Tooth Occlusion and temporomandibular joint kinematics during feeding in juvenile miniature pigs
The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2015Co-Authors: Rachel A Menegaz, David B Baier, Keith A Metzger, Susan W Herring, Elizabeth L BrainerdAbstract:ABSTRACT Like humans, domestic pigs are omnivorous and thus are a common model for human masticatory function. Prior attempts to characterize food–Tooth interactions and jaw movements associated with mastication have been limited to aspects of the oral apparatus that are visible externally (with videography) and/or to 2D movements of oral structures (with monoplanar videofluoroscopy). We used XROMM, a 3D technique that combines CT-based morphology with biplanar videofluoroscopy, to quantify mandibular kinematics, Tooth Occlusion and mandibular condylar displacements within the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during feeding. We observed that the pig TMJ moved detectably in only three of six possible degrees of freedom during mastication: two rotations, pitch and yaw; and one translation, protraction–retraction. Asymmetrical yaw around a dorsoventral axis produced the observed alternating left–right chewing cycles responsible for food reduction. Furthermore, the relative motions of the upper and lower premolars contained a substantial mesiodistal component in addition to the buccolingual component, resulting in an oblique (rather than a strictly transverse) power stroke. This research demonstrates the capacity of XROMM to explore the kinematic underpinnings of key masticatory movements, such as the occlusal power stroke, by integrating Tooth, joint and rigid body jaw movements. XROMM also allowed us to test kinematic hypotheses based on skeletal anatomy with actual kinematics observed during naturalistic feeding behaviors. We observed that the soft tissue structures of the TMJ appear to play a significant role in limiting the range of motion of a joint, and thus analyses based solely on osseous morphology may over-estimate joint mobility.
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Convergence in morphology and masticatory function between the pharyngeal jaws of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and oral jaws of amniote herbivores
Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Nicholas J. Gidmark, James C. Tarrant, Elizabeth L BrainerdAbstract:The cellulose-rich walls that protect plant cells are difficult to digest, and therefore mechanical food processing is a key aspect of herbivory across vertebrates. Cell walls are typically broken down by translation of flattened teeth in the occlusal plane (i.e. grinding) as part of a complex, rhythmic chewing stroke. The grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, is a voracious, invasive herbivorous fish that relies solely on its pharyngeal teeth, located in the back of the throat, for mechanical processing of plant material. Here, we describe the musculoskeletal anatomy of the pharyngeal jaws of grass carp and use XROMM to quantify chewing kinematics and muscle strain. The pharyngeal jaws are suspended in a sling of 11 muscles and maintain no bony articulation with any other skeletal elements in the head. The jaws bear long, serrated teeth that are worn during use into flattened Tooth cusps. Our kinematic data show that this wear is the result of the teeth being elevated into Occlusion against the basioccipital process and keratinous chewing pad, not Tooth-on-Tooth Occlusion. Pharyngeal jaw elevation results from large strains in the jaw elevator muscle, the levator arcus branchialis V, to drive a pulley-like mechanism that rotates the jaws about a pivot point at the symphysis between the left and right pharyngeal jaws. These complex, rhythmic jaw rotations translate the teeth laterally across the chewing surface throughout the Occlusion phase. The grass carp chewing system is strikingly similar in gross morphology and masticatory function to herbivorous chewing strategies in other vertebrates.
Diego Pol - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods
Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2010Co-Authors: José Luis Carballido, Diego PolAbstract:Abstract Amygdalodon patagonicus is the oldest record of Sauropoda from South America and is known from several teeth and fragmentary postcranial remains. Here we describe in detail its dental morphology, characterized by the presence of broad spatulated teeth (with low SI values) and the absence of denticles in their crowns. The enamel bears a particular wrinkling pattern composed only of apicobasally-aligned pits, which are frequently joined to each other by a continuous sulcus. Some worn teeth have large wear-facets that extend over only one of the crown's edges. This unique combination of characters provides a proper diagnosis for Amygdalodon. Despite the fragmentary available material, Amygdalodon is here interpreted as a non-eusauropod sauropod based on the results of a phylogenetic analysis. The presence of derived dental characters in Amygdalodon, such as the presence of Tooth-Tooth Occlusion, shows several features previously thought to diagnose Eusauropoda or Gravisauria appeared earlier during the early evolution of sauropods.
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Tooth morphology of Notosuchus terrestris (Notosuchia: Mesoeucrocodylia): New evidence and implications
Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2008Co-Authors: Agustina Lecuona, Diego PolAbstract:Abstract Notosuchia is a large and diverse group of Crocodyliforms, characterized, among other features, by a heterodont dentition. New information on the Tooth anatomy of Notosuchus terrestris is presented, based on well-preserved specimens from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (southern Argentina). This allows a complete characterization of its dental anatomy (composed by incisiviform, caniniform, and molariform teeth) that includes autapomorphic features and derived features shared with Sphagesaurus and Mariliasuchus . This includes the extensive wear facets in molariforms, indicative of Tooth–Tooth Occlusion and a sharp keel that bears rounded denticles. Notosuchus also shares with Mariliasuchus the presence of a Tooth with a transitional morphology located at the premaxilla–maxilla contact and the absence of interalveolar septa in the entire premaxillary and maxillary dentition.
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Systematic palaeontology (vertebrate paleontology) Tooth morphology of Notosuchus terrestris (Notosuchia: Mesoeucrocodylia): New evidence and implications
2008Co-Authors: Agustina Lecuona, Diego PolAbstract:Notosuchia is a large and diverse group of Crocodyliforms, characterized, among other features, by a heterodont dentition. New information on the Tooth anatomy of Notosuchus terrestris is presented, based on well-preserved specimens from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (southern Argentina). This allows a complete characterization of its dental anatomy (composed by incisiviform, caniniform, and molariform teeth) that includes autapomorphic features and derived features shared with Sphagesaurus and Mariliasuchus. This includes the extensive wear facets in molariforms, indicative of Tooth–Tooth Occlusion and a sharp keel that bears rounded denticles. Notosuchus also shares with Mariliasuchus the presence of a Tooth with a transitional morphology located at the premaxilla–maxilla contact and the absence of interalveolar septa in the entire premaxillary and maxillary dentition. To cite this
Ana Maria Gondim Valença - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characteristics of Primary Tooth Occlusion in 2-5-year-old Children in João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
Brazilian Research in Pediatric Dentistry and Integrated Clinic, 2010Co-Authors: Igor Ricardo Fróes Cândido, Ana Cristina Pessoa De Figueiredo, Swelen Silva Cysne, Bianca Marques Santiago, Ana Maria Gondim ValençaAbstract:Objective: To evaluate the normal occlusal characteristics and malOcclusions in the primary dentition in children aged 2 to 5 years in the city of Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Method: The probabilistic sample was composed of 350 children attending Children Education Reference Centers. The clinical examinations were done by a calibrated single examiner. The normal occlusal characteristics followed the Baume’s classification (types of dental arch, presence of primate spaces and types of terminal plane relationships of the primary second molars). The SBBrasil criteria were used to determine the index of malOcclusion (IM). Data were analyzed statistically (p
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characteristics of primary Tooth Occlusion in 2 5 year old children in joao pessoa pb brazil
Brazilian Research in Pediatric Dentistry and Integrated Clinic, 2010Co-Authors: Igor Ricardo Fróes Cândido, Ana Cristina Pessoa De Figueiredo, Swelen Silva Cysne, Bianca Marques Santiago, Ana Maria Gondim ValençaAbstract:Objective: To evaluate the normal occlusal characteristics and malOcclusions in the primary dentition in children aged 2 to 5 years in the city of Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Method: The probabilistic sample was composed of 350 children attending Children Education Reference Centers. The clinical examinations were done by a calibrated single examiner. The normal occlusal characteristics followed the Baume’s classification (types of dental arch, presence of primate spaces and types of terminal plane relationships of the primary second molars). The SBBrasil criteria were used to determine the index of malOcclusion (IM). Data were analyzed statistically (p<0.05) Results: There was higher prevalence of type I arch in the maxillary (75.7%) and mandibular (74.8%) arches, without association between the type of arch and gender or age group of the children. Primate spaces were observed in 96.9% of the maxillary and 78.6% of the mandibular arches. The occurrence of primate spaces was more frequent in the maxillary than in the mandibular arch (p<0.01), without statistical significance for gender in the maxilla, but with significance in the mandible (p<0.05). There was higher frequency of the mesial terminal step (56.3%), followed by straight (30.6%) and distal (4.6%). There was no association between terminal plane relationship and gender of the children, by association was found between gender and age group (p<0.01). The IM showed that 56% of the preschoolers had normal Occlusion, 12.3% had mild occlusal disorders, and 317% had moderate/severe occlusal disorders, without statistically significant difference between genders, and a significant decrease (p<0.01) in the moderate/severe condition with the increase of age. Conclusion: The majority of the children had favorable characteristics for the normal development of Occlusion in the dentition primary, in spite of the high prevalence of moderate/severe occlusal disorders.
Bhart-anjan S. Bhullar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Re-examination of the Jurassic Mammaliaform Docodon victor by Computed Tomography and Occlusal Functional Analysis
Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2019Co-Authors: Julia A. Schultz, Bhart-anjan S. BhullarAbstract:Docodon was the first described docodont, and has long featured prominently in the comparative and functional morphology of mammaliaform mandibles and teeth. We have now re-examined the dental and mandibular fossils of Docodon from Yale Quarry 9 at the Como Bluff site in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, using Computed Tomography (CT) scans and 3D image analyses. Our CT study revealed that some features used to distinguish the several Docodon “species” in historical studies many decades ago were based on incorrect manual restoration of mandibles, and on variable features of deciduous premolars, which are replaced in typical mammaliaform fashion. This supports a long-held notion that the multiple species of Docodon from the same quarry of the Morrison Formation are over-split and should be synonymized. We formally propose that the specimens examined in this study be synonymized under Docodon victor . Our new Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis (OFA) of Docodon molars supports the hypothesis that Docodon had a consistent dorso-posterior or palinal component in chewing in the disto-distolingual to distolingual direction. This helps to resolve the controversial historical alternative hypotheses postulated for Tooth Occlusion in the taxon. The Docodon occlusal pattern is likely a derived feature, evolved within Docodonta. A posterior component in the occlusal trajectory is a functional convergence of Docodon on unrelated traversodontid cynodonts.
Igor Ricardo Fróes Cândido - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characteristics of Primary Tooth Occlusion in 2-5-year-old Children in João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
Brazilian Research in Pediatric Dentistry and Integrated Clinic, 2010Co-Authors: Igor Ricardo Fróes Cândido, Ana Cristina Pessoa De Figueiredo, Swelen Silva Cysne, Bianca Marques Santiago, Ana Maria Gondim ValençaAbstract:Objective: To evaluate the normal occlusal characteristics and malOcclusions in the primary dentition in children aged 2 to 5 years in the city of Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Method: The probabilistic sample was composed of 350 children attending Children Education Reference Centers. The clinical examinations were done by a calibrated single examiner. The normal occlusal characteristics followed the Baume’s classification (types of dental arch, presence of primate spaces and types of terminal plane relationships of the primary second molars). The SBBrasil criteria were used to determine the index of malOcclusion (IM). Data were analyzed statistically (p
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characteristics of primary Tooth Occlusion in 2 5 year old children in joao pessoa pb brazil
Brazilian Research in Pediatric Dentistry and Integrated Clinic, 2010Co-Authors: Igor Ricardo Fróes Cândido, Ana Cristina Pessoa De Figueiredo, Swelen Silva Cysne, Bianca Marques Santiago, Ana Maria Gondim ValençaAbstract:Objective: To evaluate the normal occlusal characteristics and malOcclusions in the primary dentition in children aged 2 to 5 years in the city of Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Method: The probabilistic sample was composed of 350 children attending Children Education Reference Centers. The clinical examinations were done by a calibrated single examiner. The normal occlusal characteristics followed the Baume’s classification (types of dental arch, presence of primate spaces and types of terminal plane relationships of the primary second molars). The SBBrasil criteria were used to determine the index of malOcclusion (IM). Data were analyzed statistically (p<0.05) Results: There was higher prevalence of type I arch in the maxillary (75.7%) and mandibular (74.8%) arches, without association between the type of arch and gender or age group of the children. Primate spaces were observed in 96.9% of the maxillary and 78.6% of the mandibular arches. The occurrence of primate spaces was more frequent in the maxillary than in the mandibular arch (p<0.01), without statistical significance for gender in the maxilla, but with significance in the mandible (p<0.05). There was higher frequency of the mesial terminal step (56.3%), followed by straight (30.6%) and distal (4.6%). There was no association between terminal plane relationship and gender of the children, by association was found between gender and age group (p<0.01). The IM showed that 56% of the preschoolers had normal Occlusion, 12.3% had mild occlusal disorders, and 317% had moderate/severe occlusal disorders, without statistically significant difference between genders, and a significant decrease (p<0.01) in the moderate/severe condition with the increase of age. Conclusion: The majority of the children had favorable characteristics for the normal development of Occlusion in the dentition primary, in spite of the high prevalence of moderate/severe occlusal disorders.