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Naoki Nishino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Identification of lactic acid bacteria in the rumen and feces of dairy cows fed Total Mixed Ration silage to assess the survival of silage bacteria in the gut
Journal of dairy science, 2014Co-Authors: Hongyan Han, Y. Ogata, Y. Yamamoto, S. Nagao, Naoki NishinoAbstract:The survival of silage lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the gut of dairy cows was evaluated by examining the LAB communities of silage and gut contents. Samples were collected at 2 different research institutes (Mie and Okayama) that offered Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage throughout the year. Silage and feces were sampled in August, October, and November at the Mie institute, whereas silage, rumen fluid, and feces were sampled in June and August at the Okayama institute. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis using Lactobacillus-specific primers was performed to detect LAB species in the samples. The selected bands were purified for species identification and the band patterns were used for principal component analysis. Lactic acid was the predominant fermentation product in all the TMR silages analyzed, and the lactic acid level tended to be constant regardless of the sampling time and region. A Total of 14 LAB species were detected in the TMR silage samples, of which 5 (Lactobacillus acetotolerans, Lactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus suebicus, and Lactobacillus plantarum) were detected in the dairy cow feces. Most of the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis bands for the feces samples were also detected in the rumen fluid, suggesting that any elimination of silage LAB occurred in the rumen and not in the postruminal gut segments. The principal component analysis indicated that the LAB communities in the silage, rumen fluid, and feces were separately grouped; hence, the survival of silage LAB in the cow rumen and lower gut was deemed difficult. It was concluded that, although the gut LAB community is robust and not easily affected by the silage conditions, several LAB species can inhabit both silage and feces, which suggests the potential of using silage as a vehicle for conveying probiotics.
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effects of storage temperature and ensiling period on fermentation products aerobic stability and microbial communities of Total Mixed Ration silage
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2013Co-Authors: C. Wang, Naoki NishinoAbstract:AIMS To examine how storage temperatures influence ensiling fermentation, aerobic stability and microbial communities of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage. METHODS AND RESULTS Laboratory-scale silos were stored at 5, 15, 25 and 35°C for 10, 30 and 90 days. If silage was stored at 5°C, fermentation was weak until day 30, but acceptable lactic acid production was observed on day 90. The ethanol content was higher than the acetic acid content when stored at 15 and 25°C, whereas the ethanol content was lower when stored at 35 than at 25°C. Aerobic deterioRation did not occur when silage was exposed to air at the same temperature at which it was stored. Although 10-day silages stored at 5 and 15°C deteriorated when the aerobic stability test was conducted at 25°C, heating was not observed in silages stored at 25 or 35°C or in any 90-day silages regardless of storage temperature. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis demonstrated that bands indicative of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii were less prominent, while bands indicative of Lactobacillus panis became more distinct in silages stored at high temperatures. Bands of Kluyveromyces marxianus were seen exclusively in silages that were spoiled at 25°C. CONCLUSION High ambient temperature enhances acetic acid production in TMR silage. Lactobacillus panis may be associated with changes in the fermentation products due to differences in storage temperature. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The role of Lacto. panis in ensiling fermentation and aerobic stability is worth examining.
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Presence of sourdough lactic acid bacteria in commercial Total Mixed Ration silage as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis.
Letters in applied microbiology, 2010Co-Authors: C. Wang, Naoki NishinoAbstract:Aims: To characterize the bacterial communities in commercial Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage, which is known to have a long bunk life after silo opening. Methods and Results: Samples were collected from four factories that produce TMR silage according to their own recipes. Three factories were sampled three times at 1-month intervals during the summer to characterize the differences between factories; one factory was sampled 12 times, three samples each during the summer, autumn, winter and spring, to determine seasonal changes. Bacterial communities were determined by culture-independent denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. All silages contained lactic acid as the predominant acid, and the contents appeared stable regardless of factories and product seasons. Acetic acid and 1-propanol contents were different between factories and indicated seasonal changes, with increases in warm seasons compared to cool seasons. Both differences and similarities existed among the bacterial communities from each factory and product season. Lactobacillus parabuchneri was found in the products from three of four factories. Various sourdough lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were identified in commercial TMR silage; Lactobacillus panis, Lactobacillus hammesii, Lactobacillus mindensis, Lactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus frumenti and Lactobacillus farciminis were detected in many products. Moreover, changes owing to product season were distinctive, and Lact. pontis and Lact. frumenti became detectable in summer products. Conclusion: Sourdough LAB are involved in the ensiling of commercial TMR silage. Silage bacterial communities vary more by season than by factory. The LAB species Lact. parabuchneri was detected in the TMR silage but may not be essential to the product’s long bunk life after silo opening. Significance and Impact of the Study: Commercial TMR silage resembles sourdough with respect to bacterial communities and long shelf life. The roles of sourdough LAB in the ensiling process and aerobic stability are worth examining.
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ensiling of soybean curd residue and wet brewers grains with or without other feeds as a Total Mixed Ration
Journal of Dairy Science, 2008Co-Authors: Fujin Wang, Naoki NishinoAbstract:Wet brewers grains and soybean curd residue were stored in laboratory-scale silos without (BG and SC silages, respectively) or with other ingredients as Total Mixed Rations (BGT and SCT silages, respectively). Silages were opened after 14 and 56 d, and microbial counts, fermentation products, and aerobic stability were determined. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was carried out to examine bacterial communities, and several bacteria that appeared to be involved in fermentation were identified. Lactic acid content was greater in SCT than in BGT silage, but lower in SC than in BG silage. Ethanol content was greater in BG than in SC regardless of silage type. Aerobic deterioRation occurred promptly in ensiling materials (nonensiled by-products and Total Mixed Ration mixtures) and in silages stored alone; however, SCT and BGT silages resisted deterioRation and no heating was found for more than 5.5 d regardless of storage period. Silages were stable even with high yeast populations at silo opening, whereas prolonged ensiling decreased yeast counts in the 2 Total Mixed Ration silages. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles appeared similar between SCT and BGT silages but not between SC and BG silages. Weissella spp. and Lactobacillus brevis were common in aerobically stable SCT and BGT silages, and Lactobacillus buchneri was detected only in BGT silage. Both L. brevis and L. buchneri were found in silage but not in ensiling materials. Several other lactic acid bacteria were also identified in SCT and BGT silages, but did not appear to be related to fermentation and aerobic stability.
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resistance to aerobic deterioRation of Total Mixed Ration silage effect of Ration formulation air infiltRation and storage period on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2008Co-Authors: Fujin Wang, Naoki NishinoAbstract:BACKGROUND: High aerobic stability can be expected when wet brewers' grains are stored as a Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage. To understand the factors affecting the stability, the effects of Ration formulation, air infiltRation and storage period were studied. RESULTS: A TMR containing wet brewers' grains, hay, maize, wheat bran, beet pulp and molasses was ensiled in laboratory silos for 14 and 56 days. The effects of hay species (lucerne or sudangrass) and air infiltRation (Exp. 1) and of excluding one, two or three items from the six ingredients (Exp. 2) were examined. Ethanol was the main fermentation product in all TMR silages in this study. Aerobic deterioRation occurred in 14 day silages prepared with sudangrass hay along with air infiltRation (Exp. 1), and with the simplest recipe where three items (hay, maize and wheat bran) were excluded (Exp. 2). No deterioRation occurred in 56 day silages regardless of Ration formulation and air infiltRation. Yeasts receded in 56 day silages, except with the simplest recipe, to the 102 cfu g−1 level and remained undetectable in the presence of air (Exp. 2). CONCLUSION: TMR silage can resist aerobic deterioRation provided that a sufficient ensiling period has elapsed. Silages stored for only a few weeks may be susceptible to deterioRation when air is infiltrated or where fewer ingredients are used in the TMR mixture. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Tao Shao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nutritional evaluation of wet brewers grains as substitute for common vetch in ensiled Total Mixed Ration
Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2020Co-Authors: Siran Wang, Jie Zhao, Xuxiong Tao, Sifan Chen, Tao ShaoAbstract:The interest of ensiling Total Mixed Ration for ruminants re-emerged in the last decades. In many situations, ensiled Total Mixed Ration (ETMR) has been a sustainable alternative to efficiently han...
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fermentation quality in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of Total Mixed Ration silages prepared with whole plant corn zea mays l and hulless barley hordeum vulgare l straw
Animal Production Science, 2017Co-Authors: Xianjun Yuan, Aiyou Wen, Jian Wang, Seare T Desta, D J Undersander, Tao ShaoAbstract:This study was carried out to assess the effects of adding Lactobacillus plantarum, molasses or/and ethanol on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage, which is well accepted in small-scale dairy farms in Tibet. Total Mixed Ration were ensiled in laboratory silos (1 L) and treated with (1) no additive (Control), (2) ethanol (E, 25 ml/kg fresh weight (FW)), (3) molasses (M, 30 g/kg FW); (4) Lactobacillus plantarum (L, 106cfu/g FW); (5) ethanol + molasses (EM); and (6) ethanol + Lactobacillus plantarum (EL). After 45 days of ensiling, six silos per treatment were opened for the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility analyses, whereas 18 silos were used for the aerobic stability test for the following 9 days. All TMR silages were well preserved with dominant lactic acid (LA), low pH and ammonia nitrogen, and negligible propionic and butyric acid. The L and EL silages had the lowest pH and highest LA concentRations. The addition of ethanol did not inhibit silage fermentation as there were no significant differences for the pH, LA, acetic acid, negligible propionic acid or ammonia nitrogen content, lactic acid bacteria and yeast counts between Control and the E silage. During the aerobic stability test, pH increased by 1.39, 1.67, 1.69 and 0.74 for the Control, M, L and EM silages, but only 0.40 and 0.34 for E and EL silages, respectively. Upon exposure to air, the LA concentRation in the L silage was evidently (P < 0.05) decreased, whereas LA concentRation in the EL silage remained the highest value after the third day of aerobic exposure. Mean populations of aerobic bacteria and yeast in the E and EL silages were lower (P < 0.05) than those of the Control. These findings suggested that L. plantarum is effective in improving fermentation quality of TMR silages. Although the addition of ethanol in our study did not depress the fermentation of the TMR silages, it showed potential to inhibit the aerobic spoilage of TMR silages, either alone or in combination with the L. plantarum. It is concluded that L. plantarum combined with ethanol not only ensures better fermentation but also could improve aerobic stability.
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the effect of different additives on the fermentation quality in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of a Total Mixed Ration silage
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2015Co-Authors: Xianjun Yuan, Aiyou Wen, Jian Wang, Seare T Desta, Gang Guo, Yong Wang, Tao ShaoAbstract:Fermented Total Mixed Ration (TMR) is novel feed for ruminants in Tibet. Studies were conducted to compare the effects of using microbial inoculants, molasses and ethanol on the fermentation quality, nutritive value and aerobic stability of TMR silage. TMR were ensiled in laboratory silos (5 L) and treated with (1) no additive (control), (2) ethanol (E), (3) molasses (M); (4) Lactobacillus plantarum (L); (5) ethanol + molasses (EM); (6) ethanol + L. plantarum (EL). Ethanol was applied at 25 ml/kg fresh weight (FW), molasses was applied at 30 g/kg FW, and L. plantarum was applied at 106 cfu/g FW. All silos were opened after 45 days of ensiling, three silos per treatment were used for fermentation quality study and 18 silos for aerobic stability test. After 45 days of ensiling, TMR silages treated with ethanol had highest pH (P < 0.05), inoculant with or without ethanol significantly (P < 0.05) increased lactic acid (LA) concentRation, decreased pH and ammonia nitrogen (AN) compared with control. Butyric acid (BA) concentRation in L, EM and EL silages were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of control. Ethanol significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), aerobic bacteria and yeast. Ethanol alone or in combination with molasses or inoculant improved aerobic stability of TMR silages, indicated by higher and more stable LA content, smaller rise in pH, aerobic bacteria and yeast count than silages without ethanol. The pH for EL and EM remained at 3.91–4.41, whereas that in control, M and L gradually increased to exceed 4.80 after 9 days of aerobic exposure. Aerobic bacteria and yeast counts in control, M and L silages were increased to significantly (P < 0.05) higher value than those of E, EM and EL silages after 9 days of aerobic exposure. These results indicate that ethanol played an important role in the inhibition of aerobic bacteria and yeast growth and improvement of aerobic stability of TMR silages.
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the effects of replacement of whole plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality chemical composition and aerobic stability of Total Mixed Ration silage in tibet
Animal Science Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Lei Chen, Gang Guo, Masataka Shimojo, Jie Zhang, Tao ShaoAbstract:The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacement of whole-plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage in Tibet. Four TMR that varied in the forage sources on dry matter basis were used: (i) 52% whole-plant corn (Control); (ii) 43% oat + 12% common vetch (OC3.6); (iii) 38% oat + 18% common vetch (OC2.2); and (iv) 33% oat + 23% common vetch (OC1.5). Silos were opened on day 45 and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 12 days. The results showed that all silages were well preserved with low pH and NH3-N, and high lactic acid and V-scores. With the increasing proportion of common vetch, crude protein, ether extract increased (P<0.05), and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased (P<0.05). Under aerobic conditions, treated silages were more stable than the control silage as indicated by lower (P<0.05) pH and yeast population. It was concluded that replacement of whole-plant corn with oat and common vetch had no unfavorable effects on the fermentation quality and improved crude protein content and aerobic stability of TMR silage. OC2.2 silage was the best among three treated TMR silages.
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effects of adding acetic acid and molasses on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of Total Mixed Ration silage prepared with hulless barley straw in tibet
Grassland Science, 2014Co-Authors: Xiaoyan Qiu, Gang Guo, Xianjun Yuan, Tao ShaoAbstract:In order to enlarge the feed resources in Tibet, hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw was conserved as Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage by combining it with whole crop oat (Avena sativa L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and concentrate. This experiment was carried out to study the effects of acetic acid or/and molasses on the quality of TMR silages prepared with hulless barley straw. Treatments included: control (C) silage without additive, or silage with acetic acid (A, 0.3% fresh matter basis), molasses (M, 3% fresh matter basis) and A+M. Triplicate silos were opened after 45 days of ensiling and chemical and microbial analyses were conducted on the samples. Aerobic stability was tested 2, 4 and 6 days after exposure to air. Silages of all four TMR treatments were of good quality with high lactic acid (LA) concentRation and low ratios of ammonia nitrogen in Total nitrogen and butyric acid contents. Both the M and A+M silages had higher concentRations of LA (P < 0.05) and lower pH (P < 0.05) than the C and A silages. During aerobic exposure, aerobic deterioRation occurred in the C and M silages with air infiltRation. Resistance to deterioRation was sustained in the A and A+M silages, with high concentRation of acetic acid and low population (~4 log cfu g−1) of yeast throughout the 6-day test. Furthermore, the A+M treatment showed a slow change in pH and LA in comparison to the A treatment. These findings indicate that adding acetic acid inhibited the yeast growth and improved the aerobic stability. The present study suggested that A+M addition was effective for improving both the fermentation quality and the aerobic stability of TMR silages containing hulless barley straw.
A J Heinrichs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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limiting Total Mixed Ration availability alters eating and rumination patterns of lactating dairy cows
JDS Communications, 2021Co-Authors: A J Heinrichs, B S Heinrichs, Damiano Cavallini, Mattia Fustini, Andrea FormigoniAbstract:Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of restricting Total Mixed Ration (TMR) eating time with or without supplemental long hay offered on diurnal Total intake, rumination, and rumen pH patterns in mid-lactation dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design study with 21-d periods. The basal diet was the same for all 4 treatments with or without additional long grass hay (the same hay used in the TMR). For cows on limited-time TMR, diets were taken away at 1500 h (5 h before evening milking and feeding), and dry matter intake (DMI), ruminating, and rumen pH were monitored and summarized every 10 m for 7 d in each period. With restricted feeding, cows changed DMI patterns by consuming a large meal after feed was reinstated, resulting in lower DMI. Ruminating patterns closely mirrored intake patterns, as could be expected. Rumen pH was not different between groups but resulted in different diurnal patterns due to differences in eating and rumination patterns between the groups. Limiting feed availability can be used to change eating and rumination patterns, resulting in different rumen pH patterns.
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effect of converting weaned dairy calves from a component fed diet to a Total Mixed Ration on growth and nutrient digestibility
Journal of Dairy Science, 2020Co-Authors: L K Mitchell, C M Jones, A J HeinrichsAbstract:The objective was to determine the effects of converting calves from a component-fed Ration to a Total Mixed Ration (TMR) at 8, 10, or 12 wk of age on intake, growth, and nutrient digestibility. Holstein calves (n = 40) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (no TMR, TMR conversion at 8, 10 or 12 wk; T0, T8, T10, and T12, respectively). Calves were weaned at 6 wk of age, housed individually, and studied from 7 to 14 wk of age. Rations, consisting of a 20% crude protein texturized starter and grass hay, were offered ad libitum as separate components or as a TMR with 85% starter and 15% grass hay on a dry matter (DM) basis. Intakes and body weights (BW) were measured weekly. Component intake for TMR was calculated from the proportion of grass hay and starter contained in the TMR. Fecal grab samples were collected every 9 h over 3 d for a Total of 8 samples that formed a composite at 9, 11, and 13 wk of age from the same 4 calves per group. Rumen fluid samples were collected via esophageal tube at -1, 0, 3, and 7 d relative to conversion from component to TMR. Feed and feces were evaluated for DM, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin (internal flow marker) to estimate digestibility. Average daily gain and final BW tended to be least for T8. Empty BW gain was significantly less for T8 than for T0 but not different from T10 or T12 (T0 = 1.07, T8 = 0.93, T10 = 1.02, T12 = 1.04 kg/d). Hip growth tended to be least for T8 and resulted in lower final hip width (T0 = 25.9, T8 = 25.2, T10 = 25.6, T12 = 25.8 cm). Intake tended to be reduced for calves converted to TMR earlier. Throughout the study, calves fed TMR ate more hay and less starter than component-fed calves. Metabolizable energy intake was less for T8 versus T0 but not different from T10 or T12 (T0 = 8.46, T8 = 7.55, T10 = 8.01, T12 = 8.23 Mcal/d). We observed no differences in feed efficiency for the duRation of the study. Differences in DM digestibility were not observed, but fiber digestibility was greater for calves fed TMR at 9, 11, and 13 wk of age. Conversion to TMR increased rumen pH. These results indicate that TMR conversion increased hay consumption and subsequently decreased starter and Total DM intake. This led to reduced weight and structural growth; however, calves that were converted to TMR as early as 8 wk still achieved adequate growth. The increase in rumen pH and subsequent increase in fiber digestibility allowed for calves to be converted to a 15% grass hay TMR as early as 8 wk and still achieve desirable growth goals.
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feeding lactating dairy cattle long hay separate from the Total Mixed Ration can maintain dry matter intake during incidents of low rumen ph
Journal of Dairy Science, 2014Co-Authors: A D Kmicikewycz, A J HeinrichsAbstract:Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate effects of offering dry hay of different quality and length on rumen pH and feed preference in lactating dairy cows. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (104±34 d in milk, body weight of 601±116kg, and parity of 2.38±1.69; mean ± standard deviation) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design. Each period encompassed 21 d divided into 5 phases: adaptation (d 1 to 14), with ad libitum Total Mixed Ration (TMR); baseline (d 15 to 17), with ad libitum TMR; restricted feeding (d 18), with cows fed for 75% of baseline dry matter intake; challenge (d 19), with 4kg (as-fed) of finely ground wheat Mixed into the digesta of each cow via rumen cannula before feeding; and recovery (d 20 to 21), with ad libitum TMR. Cows were assigned to squares by parity and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments were 5.2% low-quality hay TMR (CL), 5.2% high-quality hay TMR (CH; both hays were chopped and included in TMR), TMR with 5.2% supplemental long low-quality hay (TMR+L), and TMR with 5.2% supplemental long high-quality hay (TMR+H; both hays were unprocessed and fed separate from TMR).Low-quality hay contained 8.6% crude protein and 67.1% neutral detergent fiber, whereas high-quality hay contained 14.4% crude protein and 56.2% neutral detergent fiber. Animals were housed individually, milked twice per day, and fed once per day for 10% refusal rate. Data were analyzed using PROC Mixed of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Subacute ruminal acidosis challenge decreased weighted average rumen pH from 5.72 to 5.51. Cows fed TMR+L had higher rumen pH compared with CL and TMR+H on d 19. During d 20, cows fed chopped hay had higher rumen pH than cows fed supplemental long hay. Cows fed supplemental long hay had greater dry matter intake during baseline and challenge days compared with when hay was chopped and included in the TMR. Minimal differences among diets were found for TMR particle size selection during the challenge day; however, cows had a greater preference for high-quality long hay during recovery days. Milk production averaged 38.3kg/d and did not differ among treatments. Fat, protein, and lactose yields were also not different among treatments. Milk fatty acid profile was altered by treatment. The TMR+L and CH treatments increased production of cis -9, trans -11 conjugated linoleic acid. Results of this study indicate that feeding TMR plus supplemental long hay can maintain dry matter intake during incidents of and recovery from periods of low ruminal pH.
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subacute ruminal acidosis and Total Mixed Ration preference in lactating dairy cows1
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013Co-Authors: D D Maulfair, K K Mcintyre, A J HeinrichsAbstract:Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a condition where the pH of the rumen becomes abnormally acidic because of increased and altered production of volatile fatty acids. The objective of this experiment was to determine how a SARA challenge affects Total Mixed Ration selection in dairy cows. In this study, 8 multiparous, lactating, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were given a choice between a long-forage-particle-size diet with slow-fermenting starch (LC) and a short-forage-particle-size diet with fast-fermenting starch in a crossover design. Cows were allowed to adapt to this feeding scheme and were then subjected to a rumen challenge to induce a bout of SARA. The rumen challenge successfully decreased rumen pH and altered rumen volatile fatty acid profiles. Daily average rumen pH decreased from 6.02 to 5.77, and average minimum rumen pH decreased from 5.59 to 5.28. In addition, following the rumen challenge, concentRations of acetate, butyrate, and valerate, and acetate-to-propionate ratio increased. In response to the rumen challenge, intake of LC increased from the baseline level of 18.1% of Total daily dry matter intake to 38.3% for that day. During the first recovery day after the rumen challenge, LC intake moderated to 28.0% of Total daily dry matter intake. On the second recovery day, LC intake returned to baseline levels at 18.6%. These results indicate that cows are able to alter their diet preference for higher physically effective fiber and slower starch fermentability during a bout of SARA and that they can effectively fully recover from this type of SARA within 72 h when appropriate diets are available.
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effect of varying Total Mixed Ration particle size on rumen digesta and fecal particle size and digestibility in lactating dairy cows1
Journal of Dairy Science, 2011Co-Authors: D D Maulfair, Mattia Fustini, A J HeinrichsAbstract:The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of feeding Rations of different particle sizes on rumen digesta and fecal matter particle size. Four rumen-cannulated, multiparous, Holstein cows (104±15 d in milk) were randomly assigned to treatments in a 4×4 Latin square design. The diets consisted of 29.4% corn silage, 22.9% ground corn, 17.6% alfalfa haylage, and 11.8% dry grass hay [20% of forage dry matter (DM)] on a DM basis. Dry grass hay was chopped to 4 different lengths to vary the Total Mixed Ration (TMR) particle size. Geometric mean particle sizes of the Rations were 4.46, 5.10, 5.32, and 5.84 mm for short, medium, long, and extra long diets, respectively. The Ration affected rumen digesta particle size for particles ≥3.35 mm, and had no effect on distribution of particles 1.18 mm had Ration by time interactions. Fecal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and indigestible NDF concentRations decreased with increasing TMR particle size. Fecal particle size expressed as Total geometric mean particle length followed this same tendency. Fecal particle size, expressed as retained geometric mean particle length, averaged 1.13 mm with more than 36% of particles being larger than 1.18 mm. All fecal nutrient concentRations measured were significantly affected by time after feeding, with NDF and indigestible NDF increasing after feeding and peaking at about 12h later and then decreasing to preprandial levels. Starch concentRations were determined to have the opposite effect. Additionally, apparent digestibility of diet nutrients was analyzed and DM digestibility tended to decrease with increasing TMR particle size, whereas other nutrient digestibilities were not different among Rations. These results show that the critical size for increased resistance to rumen escape is larger than 1.18 mm and this critical size is constant throughout the day. This study also concludes that, when using average quality grass hay to provide the range of particle sizes fed, DM digestibility tends to decrease with increasing Ration particle size.
Hiroki Matsuyama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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milk production nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in lactating cows fed Total Mixed Ration silages containing steam flaked brown rice as substitute for steam flaked corn and wet food by products
Animal Science Journal, 2013Co-Authors: Makoto Miyaji, Hiroki Matsuyama, Kenji Hosoda, Kazuhisa NonakaAbstract:: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting brown rice grain for corn grain in Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage containing food by-products on the milk production, whole-tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows. Six multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a diet containing 30.9% steam-flaked corn (corn TMR) or 30.9% steam-flaked brown rice (rice TMR) with wet soybean curd residue and wet soy sauce cake. Dietary treatment did not affect the dry matter intake, milk yield and compositions in dairy cows. The dry matter and starch digestibility were higher, and the neutral detergent fiber digestibility was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR. The urinary nitrogen (N) excretion as a proportion of the N intake was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR with no dietary effect on N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. These results indicated that the replacement of corn with brown rice in TMR silage relatively reduced urinary N loss without adverse effects on feed intake and milk production, when food by-products such as soybean curd residue were included in the TMR silage as dietary crude protein sources.
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effect of replacing corn with brown rice in a Total Mixed Ration silage on milk production ruminal fermentation and nitrogen balance in lactating dairy cows
Animal Science Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Makoto Miyaji, Hiroki Matsuyama, Kenji Hosoda, Kazuhisa NonakaAbstract:Nine multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of substituting corn grain with brown rice (BR) grain in Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage on milk yield, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen (N) balance. The TMR silages were made from the ensiling of TMR containing (dry matter basis) 50.1% forage in rice silage and corn silage combination, and 49.9% concentrate. The grain portion of the diets contained 31.2% steam-flaked corn, 31.2% steam-flaked BR or an equal mixture of corn and BR. Dietary treatments did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield and milk fat, protein and lactose yields. The ruminal pH and Total volatile fatty acid concentRations were not affected by dietary treatment. The urinary N excretion decreased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to increased levels of BR, with no dietary effect on N intake, N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. Our results indicate that steam-flaked BR is a suitable replacement for steam-flaked corn in dairy cow diets, and that it can be included in Rations to a level of at least 31.2% of dry matter without adverse effects on milk production, when cows were fed rice silage and corn silage-based diets.
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fermentation characteristics and microorganism composition of Total Mixed Ration silage with local food by products in different seasons
Animal Science Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Yang Cao, Yimin Cai, Tomomi Hirakubo, Hiroyuki Fukui, Hiroki MatsuyamaAbstract:Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silage in different seasons was prepared with apple refuse, orchardgrass hay, orchardgrass silage, corn silage and a commercial compound feed in Tohoku, Japan, and with tofu cake, brewers' grains, tall fescue hay, Sudangrass hay, timothy hay, alfalfa hay and a commercial compound feed in Shikoku, Japan, respectively, and their fermentation quality and microorganism composition were evaluated. In Tohoku, the TMR silage in spring, autumn and winter displayed poor quality, with pH value above 4.7, and the harmful microorganisms such as escherichia, yeasts and molds were detected even after 60 days of ensiling; but the TMR silage in summer was well preserved and the escherichia were too few to count after 7 days of ensiling. In Shikoku, the TMR silage in all seasons was well preserved, with low pH, high lactic acid contents, and escherichia, yeasts and molds were consistently at or below the detectable numbers after 7 days of ensiling. The results showed that the TMR silage could not produce sufficient lactic acid to improve silage quality under low-temperature conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop prepaRation techniques of promoting the lactic acid fermentation for TMR silage in cold seasons.
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feeding value of Total Mixed Ration silage with spent mushroom substrate
Animal Science Journal, 2010Co-Authors: Yimin Cai, Jianguo Zhang, Hiroki MatsuyamaAbstract:Six wethers were used in a digestibility experiment arranged as replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the nutritive value of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silages that were made from ensiling of TMR containing 0, 6.5 and 13.0% (dry matter basis) of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) for 45 days (treatments denoted as CSMS, LSMS and HSMS, respectively). The amount of SMS replaced the same amount of timothy hay in the respective TMR. All TMR were well preserved as indicated by their low pH, low ammonia-N and high lactic acid contents. Increasing levels of SMS in the TMR silage quadratically reduced (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility with the exception of ether extract. The difference of Total digestible nutrients and digestible energy contents between LSMS and CSMS TMR silage were less than those between LSMS and HSMS. Increasing concentRation of SMS in the Ration tended to decrease content of Total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid but increased the ratio of acetate to propionate and pH. The study suggests that a SMS level of 6.5% in the diet DM can be recommended for silage based TMR.
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the effect of replacing brewers grains with barley tea grounds in Total Mixed Ration silage on feed intake digestibility and ruminal fermentation in wethers
Animal Science Journal, 2008Co-Authors: X U Chuncheng, Hiroki Matsuyama, Y Cai, Michiru Fukasawa, Naoko MoriyaAbstract:Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to study the feed intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed Total Mixed Ration (TMR) silages which included wet barley tea grounds (WBTG). The TMR silages were prepared using compound feed including wet brewers' grains (WBG), corn, oat hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, salt and vitamin-mineral supplement in a ratio of 30.7:15:8:24:10:12:0.15:0.15, respectively, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The WBTG and soybean meal mixture (7:3 on DM basis) were substituted for WBG at ratio of 0% (Control), 5% (LTG), 10% (MTG), and 15% (HTG) on DM of TMR. WBTG addition to the TMR silages increased lactic acid concentRation, decreased pH, acetic acid and ammonia-N (P 0.05). However, EE and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, crude protein, EE and NDF digestibility was lower, but the DM and gross energy digestibility was higher for the HTG treatment compared to control (P < 0.01). With progressive increases in WBTG concentRations, nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen and retention nitrogen did not differ, but the urinary nitrogen for MTG and HTG treatments were lower than that of the control (P = 0.001). The ruminal Total volatile fatty acid concentRation and the molar ratios of propionate and butyrate were higher, but the acetate, ratio of acetate to propionate and ammonia-N content were lower for the HTG treatment compared with the control (P < 0.05). Therefore, the possible proportion of replacing WBG with WBTG for TMR silage can be 10% or less of the diet DM.
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short communication effect of straw inclusion rate in a dry Total Mixed Ration on the behavior of weaned dairy calves
Journal of Dairy Science, 2015Co-Authors: M J Groe, M A Steele, T J DevriesAbstract:The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of straw inclusion levels on the feeding behavior of young, weaned calves adapted to a dry Total Mixed Ration (TMR) composed of a multitextured concentrate and chopped straw. A secondary objective was to determine how developed feeding patterns persist after calves were switched to a conventional silage-based diet. Ten Holstein bull calves (91 ± 2.4 d of age, weighing 136 ± 12.3 kg) were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a TMR containing [dry matter (DM) basis] either (1) 85% concentrate and 15% chopped straw for 10 wk (wk 1 to 10) or (2) 85% concentrate and 15% chopped straw for 5 wk (wk 1 to 5), then 70% concentrate and 30% chopped straw for 5 wk (wk 6 to 10). After 10 wk, all animals were transitioned to a TMR containing (DM basis) 42.3% corn silage and 57.7% haylage for 2 wk (wk 11 to 12). During wk 1 to 5, all calves had similar DMI (5.5 kg/d), average daily gain (1.7 kg/d), feed efficiency (3.5 kg of DM/kg of gain), and eating time (151.9 min/d). During wk 6 to 10, calves transitioned to the 70% diet ate less DM (5.5 vs. 7.4 kg/d), grew more slowly (1.3 vs. 1.6 kg/d), sorted more against long forage particles (62.8 vs. 103.8%), and had greater feeding times (194.9 vs. 102.6 min/d). The difference in feeding time occurred only during the first 8 h after feed delivery. Despite similar DMI (5.2 kg/d) and average daily gain (1.1 kg/d) in wk 11 to 12, differences in behavior were observed resulting from previous diets. In wk 11 to 12, calves previously fed the 70% diet continued to have a longer meal immediately after feed delivery. Overall, the results indicate that diluting a dry TMR containing a multitextured concentrate and chopped straw with more straw resulted in calves spending more time feeding and having longer meals immediately after feed delivery; this feeding pattern carried over after calves were transitioned to a silage-based Ration.
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effect of water addition to a Total Mixed Ration on feed temperature feed intake sorting behavior and milk production of dairy cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2010Co-Authors: C A Felton, T J DevriesAbstract:Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of water addition to a high-moisture Total Mixed Ration (TMR) on feed temperature, feed intake, feed sorting behavior, and milk production of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Holstein cows (155.8±60.1 DIM), individually fed once daily at 1000h, were exposed to 3 diets in a Latin square design with 28-d treatment periods. Diets had the same ingredient composition [30.9% corn silage, 30.3% alfalfa haylage, 21.2% high-moisture corn, and 17.6% protein supplement; dry matter (DM) basis] and differed only in DM concentRation, which was reduced by the addition of water. Treatment diets averaged 56.3, 50.8, and 44.1% DM. The study was conducted between May and August when environmental temperature was 18.2±3.6°C and ambient temperature in the barn was 24.4±3.3°C. Dry matter intake (DMI) was monitored for each animal for the last 14 d of each treatment period. For the final 7 d of each period, milk production was monitored, feed temperature and ambient temperature and humidity were recorded (daily at 1000, 1300, and 1600h), and fresh feed and orts were sampled for determination of sorting. For the final 4 d of each period, milk samples were taken for composition analysis. Samples taken for determining sorting were separated using a Penn State Particle Separator that had 3 screens (19, 8, and 1.18mm) and a bottom pan, resulting in 4 fractions (long, medium, short, and fine). Sorting was calculated as the actual intake of each particle size fraction expressed as a percentage of the predicted intake of that fraction. Greater amounts of water added to the TMR resulted in greater increases in feed temperature in the hours after feed delivery, greater sorting against long particles, and decreased DMI, reducing the overall intake of starch and neutral detergent fiber. Milk production and composition were not affected by the addition of water to the TMR. Efficiency of production of milk was, however, increased with greater amounts of water added to the TMR. The increases in feed temperature in the hours after feed delivery were enhanced by higher ambient temperatures; this may be indicative of feed spoilage and thus may have contributed to the reduced DMI observed. Overall, these results suggest that the addition of water to high-moisture TMR (less than 60% DM) containing primarily haylage and silage forage sources will not always discourage cows from sorting, but rather may increase this behavior and limit the nutrient consumption of cows, particularly when ambient temperature is high.
